浅埋煤层长壁开采矿压特点及其安全开采界限研究
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摘要
本文针对“浅埋煤层开采”问题,基于矿山压力及其控制、功能梯度材料、散体动力学等理论,通过现场调研与观测、实验室物理模拟、计算机数值模拟、理论分析等大量充实的工作,研究深入研究了浅埋煤层开采界定、工作面初次来压及周期来压机理、工作面来压动载成因、长壁开采工作面不发生溃砂涌水的条件即长壁开采安全界限、矿压控制原理等多方面内容,对于补充和完善矿山压力及其控制理论体系、弄清浅埋煤层矿压特点解决其安全开采技术问题具有重要的理论意义和实践应用价值。
论文研究的创新点及主要结论如下:
1)分析提出了浅埋煤层开采的三个界定指标:煤层上覆岩层组成即煤层上覆岩层由薄基岩及松散载荷层组成,基岩厚度小于50m;长壁回采工作面覆岩活动规律即基岩呈一同步运动的组合岩层即单一关键层,松散载荷层随基岩层移动,顶板来压剧烈,动压现象明显;煤层埋藏深度小于100m。
2)建立了浅埋煤层长壁开采工作面上覆岩层力学模型,即弹性基础上的由基岩体内所有岩层构成、其上作用由松散载荷层形成的均布载荷的梯度复合板;工作面初次来压经历了关键层破断垮落来压开始,关键层上方基岩层分层的破坏垮落并形成第一次冲击载荷,松散载荷层滞后垮落形成第二次冲击载荷三个过程。
3)构建了关键层破断后基岩断裂体“承压砌块”模型,阐明了浅埋煤层工作面周期来压机理,分析认为上覆岩层不能形成相对稳定的“砌体梁”式的结构,这是浅埋煤层主要矿压特点之一。
4)分析了浅埋煤层上覆松散层动载荷作用下的运动规律,提出回采工作面初次来压过程中,基岩层上方的松散载荷体经历了“与基岩层脱离、整体垮落、冲压在垮落的基岩层上”这一运动过程,形成工作面来压时短暂剧烈的动载现象。
5)给出了浅埋煤层长壁开采工作面不发生溃砂涌水所需具备的煤层地质及水文地质条件即长壁开采安全界限的计算方法,同时给出了工作面支架合理工作阻力的确定方法。;提出了强支架、短砌块的工作面项板安全控制原理。
Based on theory of ground pressure and its control, functionally graded material, granular dynamic and so on, in view of the questions of shallow coal seam mining, through a large number substantial work such as laboratory physical analogue experimental techniques and in situ observation method and numerical simulation, shallow coal seam exploitation demarcation, mechanization of primary weighting and periodic weighting, dynamic load cause of working face weighting, the condition named safe exploitation demarcation of guarantee sand and water against coming into shallow coal seam longwall working face and theory of ground pressure control, etc are studied deeply in this paper, those have important theory significance and practice value for making up and improving the theory system of ground pressure and its control and make clear ground pressure characteristic of shallow coal seam and its safe mining technology.
The main conclusion and innovation in thesis as following:
1) The three defining index of shallow coal seam mining are brought forward: The coal bed overburden composition is made up of the thin bedrock and the loose loading layer, bedrock thickness is smaller than 50m; The surrounding rock activity law of longwall working face namely the single key seam, the loose loading layer is moved with bedrock seam, the roof pressure fiercely and the dynamic pressure phenomenon is obvious; The coal bed burial depth is smaller than 100m.
2) Established overburden mechanics model of the shallow coal seam longwall working face, namely gradient compound board which formed elastic foundation is made of bedrock seam and uniform load gradient which formed by the loose loading layer; the working face first pressure go through three processes: the key rock layer broken bring pressure load and key rock layer above rock layer broke down falls bring the first pressure load, the loose loading layer broke down fall bring the second pressure load.
3) The model of the bearing pressure bricklaying after key layer broken is constructed, the cycle pressure mechanism of the shallow coal seam mining working face is expounded, the overburden rock cannot form relatively stably "bricklaying beam" structure is obtained. This is one of the main characteristics shallow coal seam mining ground pressure.
4) The dynamic laws of shallow coal seam overburden loose loading layer are analyzed, the process for the first time pressure of working face consist of above bedrock loose load body separate from bedrock and pressed the bedrock violently bring working face violent dynamic load phenomenon are brought forward.
5) The coal seam and hydrology geological condition of guarantee sand and water against pouring shallow coal seam longwall working face is get and the definite method of the working surface support reasonable working resistance is given simultaneously, the strong support and the short bricklaying working surface roof safety control principle are presented.
论文研究的创新点及主要结论如下:
1)分析提出了浅埋煤层开采的三个界定指标:煤层上覆岩层组成即煤层上覆岩层由薄基岩及松散载荷层组成,基岩厚度小于50m;长壁回采工作面覆岩活动规律即基岩呈一同步运动的组合岩层即单一关键层,松散载荷层随基岩层移动,顶板来压剧烈,动压现象明显;煤层埋藏深度小于100m。
2)建立了浅埋煤层长壁开采工作面上覆岩层力学模型,即弹性基础上的由基岩体内所有岩层构成、其上作用由松散载荷层形成的均布载荷的梯度复合板;工作面初次来压经历了关键层破断垮落来压开始,关键层上方基岩层分层的破坏垮落并形成第一次冲击载荷,松散载荷层滞后垮落形成第二次冲击载荷三个过程。
3)构建了关键层破断后基岩断裂体“承压砌块”模型,阐明了浅埋煤层工作面周期来压机理,分析认为上覆岩层不能形成相对稳定的“砌体梁”式的结构,这是浅埋煤层主要矿压特点之一。
4)分析了浅埋煤层上覆松散层动载荷作用下的运动规律,提出回采工作面初次来压过程中,基岩层上方的松散载荷体经历了“与基岩层脱离、整体垮落、冲压在垮落的基岩层上”这一运动过程,形成工作面来压时短暂剧烈的动载现象。
5)给出了浅埋煤层长壁开采工作面不发生溃砂涌水所需具备的煤层地质及水文地质条件即长壁开采安全界限的计算方法,同时给出了工作面支架合理工作阻力的确定方法。;提出了强支架、短砌块的工作面项板安全控制原理。
Based on theory of ground pressure and its control, functionally graded material, granular dynamic and so on, in view of the questions of shallow coal seam mining, through a large number substantial work such as laboratory physical analogue experimental techniques and in situ observation method and numerical simulation, shallow coal seam exploitation demarcation, mechanization of primary weighting and periodic weighting, dynamic load cause of working face weighting, the condition named safe exploitation demarcation of guarantee sand and water against coming into shallow coal seam longwall working face and theory of ground pressure control, etc are studied deeply in this paper, those have important theory significance and practice value for making up and improving the theory system of ground pressure and its control and make clear ground pressure characteristic of shallow coal seam and its safe mining technology.
The main conclusion and innovation in thesis as following:
1) The three defining index of shallow coal seam mining are brought forward: The coal bed overburden composition is made up of the thin bedrock and the loose loading layer, bedrock thickness is smaller than 50m; The surrounding rock activity law of longwall working face namely the single key seam, the loose loading layer is moved with bedrock seam, the roof pressure fiercely and the dynamic pressure phenomenon is obvious; The coal bed burial depth is smaller than 100m.
2) Established overburden mechanics model of the shallow coal seam longwall working face, namely gradient compound board which formed elastic foundation is made of bedrock seam and uniform load gradient which formed by the loose loading layer; the working face first pressure go through three processes: the key rock layer broken bring pressure load and key rock layer above rock layer broke down falls bring the first pressure load, the loose loading layer broke down fall bring the second pressure load.
3) The model of the bearing pressure bricklaying after key layer broken is constructed, the cycle pressure mechanism of the shallow coal seam mining working face is expounded, the overburden rock cannot form relatively stably "bricklaying beam" structure is obtained. This is one of the main characteristics shallow coal seam mining ground pressure.
4) The dynamic laws of shallow coal seam overburden loose loading layer are analyzed, the process for the first time pressure of working face consist of above bedrock loose load body separate from bedrock and pressed the bedrock violently bring working face violent dynamic load phenomenon are brought forward.
5) The coal seam and hydrology geological condition of guarantee sand and water against pouring shallow coal seam longwall working face is get and the definite method of the working surface support reasonable working resistance is given simultaneously, the strong support and the short bricklaying working surface roof safety control principle are presented.
引文
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