森林与湿地资源综合监测集成研究
|
摘要
随着时代与技术的发展,森林与湿地资源监测,已经逐渐过渡到多资源、多功能的监测,再发展到与林业可持续发展相适应的森林与湿地资源综合监测。森林与湿地资源综合监测数据反应森林与湿地资源的数量、质量以及相关生态系统的发展变化趋势,是全面掌握森林、湿地与生态状况变化的有效手段。综合监测产生的成果是林业科学发展重要的决策依据,也是实施林业可持续发展、评价重点林业工程和生态建设成效、提升林业经营管理水平等的基础信息。
由于目前森林资源监测、湿地资源监测等各项监测相对独立,难以发挥综合效果。并且,现有的各项监测无法满足客观地评价我国林业建设成效以及生态状况变化情况,并预测其发展趋势的需求。同时,与国际上开展森林资源监测及相关领域监测的先进国家相比,我国的森林资源与湿地监测在组织管理、队伍建设、工作保障以及信息的准确性、时效性、综合性和信息的管理、使用等方面都存在着差距。
本研究通过分析森林与湿地资源综合监测体系基本内涵,研究国内外相关的综合监测体系的建设思路,归纳和总结我国目前森林与湿地资源监测体系的应用现状和热点问题。从理论上、技术上、内容上、方法上探讨了我国森林与湿地资源综合监测的集成建设思路,提出了集成建设的重点内容,在方法上提出了以标准的规范和建设为核心的森林与湿地资源综合监测集成总体思路。基于3S、PDA、网络、数据库等技术,在构建统一的森林与湿地资源综合监测集成平台的基础上,整合和集成森林资源、湿地、森林灾害和重点林业工程各种监测与评价技术及专项系统,实现森林资源、湿地、森林灾害、重点林业工程监测技术、数据、模型的统一存储、管理和系统的集成运行。
本研究主要涉及以下内容:
(1)本研究通过对现有林业及相关标准进行分析,建立森林资源与湿地资源综合监测集成标准体系,作为森林与湿地资源综合集成的标准与规范,包括元数据标准、数据集成标准、系统集成标准及综合服务标准。
(2)数据集成是森林与湿地资源综合监测数据库的支撑,是信息系统的基础。本研究使用空间数据引擎技术结合对象关系数据库建立统一的数据模型和统一的数据库管理系统,打破森林与湿地资源数据固有的管理模式和界限,实现多源森林与湿地资源数据集成,为森林与湿地资源数据的共享提供参考。数据组织使用面向主题的组织方式,分公共基础数据和各种专题数据,公共基础数据可以为各业务部门所共享。
(3)技术集成是森林与湿地资源综合系统集成的基础。森林与湿地资源综合监测技术集成中,最主要的是GIS,GPS,RS的集成,3S技术及其集成是数字林业实现的关键。本研究中将3S、PDA、数据库、可视化建模等技术集成应用到森林与湿地资源监测、管理、评价等各个环节,形成一体化的森林与湿地资源综合监测体系。
(4)功能集成是系统集成的目标和灵魂。本研究通过对林业各专业系统的功能进行分析,抽取出各专业系统的公共功能、模型与算法等。在分析总结各种集成方式的基础上,在现代软件开发技术的支撑下,提出了基于构件技术的的集成思想:地理信息系统功能使用北京超图公司的类库进行开发,和业务相关的专业功能使用插件的方式按照一定的规范集成到系统中,克服了以往系统的开放性、可扩充性、维护性、重组合能力、较差的缺点。
(5)研究面向应用主题的多目标监测技术和综合服务技术,使用Web服务和可视化方式为森林资源、湿地、森林灾害和重点林业工程监测和管理提供共享、分析等服务。
With the times and technology development, forest and wetlands resources monitoring has been a gradual transition to more resources, multi-function monitoring, and further development to adapt to sustainable development of forestry and forest resources, and Integrated monitoring of wetlands. Forest and wetlands resources Integrated monitoring data indicate the development trend of wetlands resource quantity, quality and that of other related ecosystems; furthermore, these data can be given an effective way to study on forest, wetlands and variations of ecological conditions. The results of Integrated monitoring are important bases of the development of forestry science, and give some basic information for sustainable forestry development, evaluation of key forestry ecological construction projects and forest management.
The resultant effect was hard to exert because of the relatively independence of monitoring of forest, wetlands resources and other ecosystems each other; in addition, the results of forestry development and ecological variation could not be evaluated objectively by existing monitoring data, and development trend could not be forecasted. Compared to other nations that used more advanced monitoring technologies, in our country, more technologies were still backward, for example, organization, management and veracity of monitoring data and so on. According to the analysis of the basic meanings of forest and wetlands resources, and then studied on Integrated monitoring system our country and abroad, and summarized the current situations and key problems of forest and wetlands resource monitoring technology of China. The trains of thought of integration of forest and wetland resources Integrated monitoring were discussed in theory, technology, content and method level, and the key elements of Integrated construction were put forward; and moreover, the integration of forest and wetland resources Integrated monitoring based on standard specification and construction was conceived. Based on 3S, PDA, Network, Database and other technologies, built the platform of integration of forest and wetland resources Integrated monitoring, and furthermore, integrated with forest resources, wetlands, forest disaster, and key forestry projects of various monitoring and evaluation of technology and special systems, and achieve forest resources, wetlands, forest disasters, monitoring of key forestry projects, data, models of unified storage, management and system integrated running sequentially. This study involves the following:
(1) According to the analysis of existing forestry and related standards, building forest and wetlands resources Integrated monitoring integrated standards, as forest and wetland resources Integrated integration standard specification, including metadata standards, data integration standards, systems integration standards and integrated services standards.
(2) Data integration supported the database of forest and wetland resources Integrated monitoring which is the basis of information systems. Our study used spatial data engine technology combined with object-relational database to establish an unified data model and an unified database management system, to break out inherent management and boundaries of forest and wetland resources data, to achieve multi-source forest and wetland resources data integration, as the foundation of forests and wetlands for sharing. Data organization is organized by application subject, divided the public data and various special data, public data can be shared for all business sectors.
(3) Technology integration is the base of system integration of forest resources. In the Integrated monitoring of forest resources of technology integration, the most important part is integration of GIS, GPS, RS, 3S technology and its integration are the key to realization of digital forestry. Applied 3S, PDA, database, integration of visual modeling techniques to forest and wetland resources monitoring, management, evaluation and other aspects, and formed integrated monitoring system.
(4) Function integration is the goal and soul of system integration. According to analysis the function of the system of forestry, extracting public functions, models and algorithms from the professional systems. On the basic of analysis of different kinds of integration methods, in support of modern software development techniques, proposed component-based technology integration ideas: geographic information system functions used Beijing Chaotu company's library and developed, business-related professional feature in accordance with certain specifications into the system by plug-in manner, overcome the disadvantages such as openness, scalability, maintainability, recombination capacity of old system.
(5) Faced to application subject of multiple targets monitoring technology and integrated service technology, and used Web services and visualization methods for forest resources, wetlands, forests disaster and monitoring and evaluation of main forestry projects to supply sharing and analysis services.
由于目前森林资源监测、湿地资源监测等各项监测相对独立,难以发挥综合效果。并且,现有的各项监测无法满足客观地评价我国林业建设成效以及生态状况变化情况,并预测其发展趋势的需求。同时,与国际上开展森林资源监测及相关领域监测的先进国家相比,我国的森林资源与湿地监测在组织管理、队伍建设、工作保障以及信息的准确性、时效性、综合性和信息的管理、使用等方面都存在着差距。
本研究通过分析森林与湿地资源综合监测体系基本内涵,研究国内外相关的综合监测体系的建设思路,归纳和总结我国目前森林与湿地资源监测体系的应用现状和热点问题。从理论上、技术上、内容上、方法上探讨了我国森林与湿地资源综合监测的集成建设思路,提出了集成建设的重点内容,在方法上提出了以标准的规范和建设为核心的森林与湿地资源综合监测集成总体思路。基于3S、PDA、网络、数据库等技术,在构建统一的森林与湿地资源综合监测集成平台的基础上,整合和集成森林资源、湿地、森林灾害和重点林业工程各种监测与评价技术及专项系统,实现森林资源、湿地、森林灾害、重点林业工程监测技术、数据、模型的统一存储、管理和系统的集成运行。
本研究主要涉及以下内容:
(1)本研究通过对现有林业及相关标准进行分析,建立森林资源与湿地资源综合监测集成标准体系,作为森林与湿地资源综合集成的标准与规范,包括元数据标准、数据集成标准、系统集成标准及综合服务标准。
(2)数据集成是森林与湿地资源综合监测数据库的支撑,是信息系统的基础。本研究使用空间数据引擎技术结合对象关系数据库建立统一的数据模型和统一的数据库管理系统,打破森林与湿地资源数据固有的管理模式和界限,实现多源森林与湿地资源数据集成,为森林与湿地资源数据的共享提供参考。数据组织使用面向主题的组织方式,分公共基础数据和各种专题数据,公共基础数据可以为各业务部门所共享。
(3)技术集成是森林与湿地资源综合系统集成的基础。森林与湿地资源综合监测技术集成中,最主要的是GIS,GPS,RS的集成,3S技术及其集成是数字林业实现的关键。本研究中将3S、PDA、数据库、可视化建模等技术集成应用到森林与湿地资源监测、管理、评价等各个环节,形成一体化的森林与湿地资源综合监测体系。
(4)功能集成是系统集成的目标和灵魂。本研究通过对林业各专业系统的功能进行分析,抽取出各专业系统的公共功能、模型与算法等。在分析总结各种集成方式的基础上,在现代软件开发技术的支撑下,提出了基于构件技术的的集成思想:地理信息系统功能使用北京超图公司的类库进行开发,和业务相关的专业功能使用插件的方式按照一定的规范集成到系统中,克服了以往系统的开放性、可扩充性、维护性、重组合能力、较差的缺点。
(5)研究面向应用主题的多目标监测技术和综合服务技术,使用Web服务和可视化方式为森林资源、湿地、森林灾害和重点林业工程监测和管理提供共享、分析等服务。
With the times and technology development, forest and wetlands resources monitoring has been a gradual transition to more resources, multi-function monitoring, and further development to adapt to sustainable development of forestry and forest resources, and Integrated monitoring of wetlands. Forest and wetlands resources Integrated monitoring data indicate the development trend of wetlands resource quantity, quality and that of other related ecosystems; furthermore, these data can be given an effective way to study on forest, wetlands and variations of ecological conditions. The results of Integrated monitoring are important bases of the development of forestry science, and give some basic information for sustainable forestry development, evaluation of key forestry ecological construction projects and forest management.
The resultant effect was hard to exert because of the relatively independence of monitoring of forest, wetlands resources and other ecosystems each other; in addition, the results of forestry development and ecological variation could not be evaluated objectively by existing monitoring data, and development trend could not be forecasted. Compared to other nations that used more advanced monitoring technologies, in our country, more technologies were still backward, for example, organization, management and veracity of monitoring data and so on. According to the analysis of the basic meanings of forest and wetlands resources, and then studied on Integrated monitoring system our country and abroad, and summarized the current situations and key problems of forest and wetlands resource monitoring technology of China. The trains of thought of integration of forest and wetland resources Integrated monitoring were discussed in theory, technology, content and method level, and the key elements of Integrated construction were put forward; and moreover, the integration of forest and wetland resources Integrated monitoring based on standard specification and construction was conceived. Based on 3S, PDA, Network, Database and other technologies, built the platform of integration of forest and wetland resources Integrated monitoring, and furthermore, integrated with forest resources, wetlands, forest disaster, and key forestry projects of various monitoring and evaluation of technology and special systems, and achieve forest resources, wetlands, forest disasters, monitoring of key forestry projects, data, models of unified storage, management and system integrated running sequentially. This study involves the following:
(1) According to the analysis of existing forestry and related standards, building forest and wetlands resources Integrated monitoring integrated standards, as forest and wetland resources Integrated integration standard specification, including metadata standards, data integration standards, systems integration standards and integrated services standards.
(2) Data integration supported the database of forest and wetland resources Integrated monitoring which is the basis of information systems. Our study used spatial data engine technology combined with object-relational database to establish an unified data model and an unified database management system, to break out inherent management and boundaries of forest and wetland resources data, to achieve multi-source forest and wetland resources data integration, as the foundation of forests and wetlands for sharing. Data organization is organized by application subject, divided the public data and various special data, public data can be shared for all business sectors.
(3) Technology integration is the base of system integration of forest resources. In the Integrated monitoring of forest resources of technology integration, the most important part is integration of GIS, GPS, RS, 3S technology and its integration are the key to realization of digital forestry. Applied 3S, PDA, database, integration of visual modeling techniques to forest and wetland resources monitoring, management, evaluation and other aspects, and formed integrated monitoring system.
(4) Function integration is the goal and soul of system integration. According to analysis the function of the system of forestry, extracting public functions, models and algorithms from the professional systems. On the basic of analysis of different kinds of integration methods, in support of modern software development techniques, proposed component-based technology integration ideas: geographic information system functions used Beijing Chaotu company's library and developed, business-related professional feature in accordance with certain specifications into the system by plug-in manner, overcome the disadvantages such as openness, scalability, maintainability, recombination capacity of old system.
(5) Faced to application subject of multiple targets monitoring technology and integrated service technology, and used Web services and visualization methods for forest resources, wetlands, forests disaster and monitoring and evaluation of main forestry projects to supply sharing and analysis services.
引文
[1] Carrow, Rod. Canada’s Model Forest Program: Challenges for Phase II.The Forestry Chronicle, 1999:74-79
[2]李增元,张怀清,陆元昌.数字林业建设与进展.中国农业科技导报,2003,5(2):7-9
[3]高倩.基于XML的森林资源管理系统的异构数据整合.首都师范大学硕士学位论文,2007
[4]丁洪美.综合监测--新时期的使命.中国绿色时报,2006,10,19(A03)
[5]肖兴威.中国森林资源和生态状况综合监测研究.北京:中国林业出版社,2007:17-18
[6]肖兴威.中国森林资源与生态状况综合监测体系建设的战略思考.林业资源管理,2004(3):1-5
[7]赵宪文.林业遥感定量估测.北京:中国林业出版社,1997,6
[8]亢新刚.森林资源经营管理.北京:中国林业出版社,2001:161
[9]于政中.森林经理学.北京:中国林业版社,1993,226-234
[10]舒清态,唐守正.国际森林资源监测的现状与发展趋势.世界林业研究,2005,18(3): 33-37
[11]孙玉军.资源环境监测与评价.北京:高等教育出版社,2007
[12]罗仙仙,亢新刚.森林资源综合监测研究综述.浙江林学院学报,2008,25(6): 803-809
[13] International Union of Forestry Research Organization. International Guidelines for Forest Monitoring. Vienna: IUFRO World Series,1994
[14]朱胜利.国外森林资源调查监测的现状和未来发展特点.林业资源管理,2001,23(2): 21-26
[15]郑小贤.美国、加拿大和日本多目的的森林资源监测的现状与展望.北京林业大学学报,1998,20(1):53-58
[16] Scot C T ,Cassell D L ,Hazaro J W. Sampling design of the US national forest health monitoring program. Proc. of Ilvessalo Symposium on National Forest Inventories. Film For Res Inst,Res Pap,1992(444):150-157
[17]郑小贤.德国、奥地利和法国的多目的森林资源监测述评.北京林业大学学报,1997,(2):58-65
[18]周昌祥,石军南等.德国、瑞士森林资源监测技术考察报告.林业资源管理,1994,(4):74-80
[19]张会儒,唐守正.德国森林资源和环境监测技术体系及其借鉴.世界林业研究,2002,15(2): 63-70
[20]王彦辉,唐守正.德国等欧洲国家的森林受害及监测.面向21世纪的林业论文集,北京:中国农业科技出版社,1998
[21]张煜星,王祝雄.遥感技术在森林资源清查中的应用研究.北京:中国林业出版社,2007
[22] GILLIS M D, OMULE A Y, BRIERLEY T. Monitoring Canada's forests: the national forest inventory. For Chron, 2005,81(2):214-221
[23] GILLIS M D, STEPHEN L G, DENNIS C et a1. Canada's national forest inventory: what can it tell us about old growth. For Chron, 2003,79(3): 421-428
[24]郑小贤.瑞典、瑞士和芬兰多目的森林环境监测.世界林业研究,1997,(2):58-65
[25]韦希勤.国家级森林资源监测体系中的地面样地设计.世界林业研究,1996,9(3): 24-27
[26]骆奇邦,曾伟生,彭长清.国家级森林资源清查的发展趋势.世界林业研究,1994,7(6):17-23
[27]曾伟生,周佑明.森林资源一类和二类调查存在的主要问题与对策.中南林业调查规划,2003,22(2);8-11
[28]周光辉,曾伟生,陈雪峰.我国森林资源和生态状况监测存在的问题与对策.中南林业调查规划,2006,25(4):1-9
[29]陆元昌.森林健康状态监测技术体系综述.世界林业研究,2003,16(1): 20-25
[30]周榕.福建省森林资源监测管理应用系统的设计与实现.林业勘察设计(福建),2008(1):10-13
[31]徐干君,李党辉,刘勇等.基于GIS的陕西省森林资源管理信息系统的建立.陕西林业科技2006 (1):74-77
[32]黄彬,岳彩荣,刘涛等.基于ArcIMS的江川县森林资源信息发布系统.林业调查规划,2006,31(1):17-20
[33]佃袁勇,周志翔,王鹏程等.基于Web GIS的数字林业信息发布系统设计与开发.华中农业大学学报,2007,26(4):557-559
[34]王霓虹,缪天宇,王阿川.基于WebGIS的森林病虫害预测预报专家系统的设计与应用.东北林业大学学报,2008,36,(1):79-80
[35]谭伟,冯仲科,张雁等.基于组件GIS的立地决策支持模型的研究.林业科学,2006,42(Z1):106-110
[36]李昌志,王兆印,刘兴年等.基于SuperMap的玉丰水土保持决策支持系统的设计与开发.水土保持学报,2003,17(3):96-100
[37]龚敏霞,闾国年,张书亮等.智能化空间决策支持模型库及其支持下GIS与应用分析模型的集成.地球信息科学,2002(1):91-97
[38]王春玲,王鹏,宋铁英等.防护林体系空间配置调整决策支持系统的研建.北京林业大学学报,2008,30(Z2):47-52
[39]吴润.森林资源综合监测指标体系与评价方法研究.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2009
[40]白降丽.森林资源管理信息系统建设相关规范的研究.北京林业大学博士学位论文,2007
[41]颜平辉.森林资源数据分布式管理技术研究.中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文,2008
[42]李世明.林业空间数据平台技术的应用示范研究.中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文,2008
[43]聂祥永.森林资源与生态状况监测信息资源整合架构探析.林业资源管理,2006(2): 51-56
[44]张旭,雷振宇,陈艳等.森林资源信息共享技术研究与示范.资源科学, 2001,23(1):54～59
[45] Walford, Nigel. Geographical Data Analysis. Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1995:10-18
[46] John C, Antenucci et al. Geographic Information System. A guide to the Technology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991:111-132
[47]李军,周成虎.地学数据特征分析.地理科学,1999,19(2):158-162
[48]马荣华.地理空间认知与GIS空间数据组织研究.南京大学博士论文, 2002:6-11
[49] Jeffrey Star, John Estes. Geographic Information System: An Introduction.Prcntice Hall, 1990
[50]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶.地理信息系统原理、方法和应用.北京:科学出版社,2002
[51]边馥苓.地理信息系统原理和方法.北京:测绘出版社, 1996
[52]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论.北京:科学出版社, 1999
[53] Kenn Gardels. A Comprehensive data model for distributed, heterogeneous geographic information, 1997, http://www.regis.berkely.edu/ardels/geomodel.def.html
[54] Date C J. An introduction to database system, 6th edition, reading: Adison-welsley, Massechusaatts, 1995
[55] Codd, E. F. The Capabilities of Relational Database Management Systems. Proc. Convencio Informatica Llatina, Barcelona, 1981, 6:9-12.
[56] Tang, AY.A spatial data model design for feature-based geographic information system.I.J.GIS, 1996, 10(5):643～649
[57]黄波.面向整体GIS的空间关系模型研究.中国遥感应用研究所博士学位论文, 1997
[58] Frank A V & Egenholfer M J. Computer cartography for GIS: an object-oriented view on the display transformation, Computer & geosciences, 1992, 18(8):975～987
[59]龚健雅.整体GIS的数据组织与处理方法.武汉:武汉测绘大学出版社,1993
[60]陆峰.基于特征的城市交通网络GIS数据组织与处理方法.中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学位论文,1999
[61] ISO/TC211. Geographic information part 9: rules for application schema, technical report, 1998
[62]邵全琴.海洋GIS时空数据表达研究.北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士论文, 2001
[63] D.J.Peuqtet .A Concepual Frameword And Comparison Of Spatial Data Models. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1984,21: 66-113
[64]李裕伟.GIS――实现地质工作现代化的工具.物探化探计算技术, 1995, 17(2):76
[65] OpenGIS Consortium. Open GIS Simple Features Specification for SQL. URL:http://www.opengis.org/public/abstract.html, 1998
[66] M. Egenhofer, A. Frank, J.Jackson. A topological Data Model for Spatial Databases. In: A. Buchmann, O. Gunther, T. Smith, and Y. Wang(Eds). Symposium on the Design and Implemention of Large Spatial Databases. Lecture Notes in Computer Sicence 409, 1989:271-286
[67] Frank. Applications of DBMS to Land Information Systems. Sevens International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, France,1981,448-453
[68] J. Herring TIGRIS. A Data Model for an Object-Oriented Geographic Information System. Computers and Geosciences,1991,18(4):443-452
[69] A.Frank, M. Egenhofer, W. Kuhn. A Perspective on GIS Techonlogy in the Ninties. Photogrammetric Enginnering & Remote Sensing, 1991,57(11):1431-1436
[70] Max J. Egenhofer, Andrew U. Frank. Object-Oriented Modeling for GIS. URISA Journal, 1992, 4(2):3-19
[71] Hossein Saiedian. An evaluation of extended entity-relationship model. Information and Software Technology,1997,39,(7): 449-462
[72]国家林业局.国家森林资源连续清查连续清查主要技术规定,2004
[73]国家林业局.森林资源规划设计调查主要技术规定,2003
[74]马珉.元数据――组织网上信息资源的基本格式.情报科学, 2002, 20(4):377-379
[75] Barbara Bicking, Russell East. Towards Dynamically Integrating Spatial Data and Its Metadata. First IEEE Metadata Conference, NOAA Auditorium, Silver Spring, Maryland, 1996, 16～18
[76]冯项云,肖珑,廖三三等.国外常用元数据标准比较研究.大学图书馆学报, 2001,19(4):15-21
[77]中国21世纪议程管理中心.中国地理信息系统元数据标准研究.北京:科学出版社, 1999
[78]] Albrech J. Geospatial Information Standards, A Comparative Study of Approaches in the Standardization of Geospatial Information. Computer & Geosciences, 1999(25):9-24
[79] Harlan J Onsrud, Gerard Rushton Eds. Metadata Issues in Sharing Geographic Data, In: Sharing Geographic Information. New Brunswick: Rutgers. The State University of New Jercey, 1995:499
[80] Huber M, Schneider D.Spatial Data Standards in View of Models of Space and the Functions Operating on Them. Computers & Geosciences.1999(25):25-38
[81]张立,龚健雅.地理空间元数据管理的研究与实现.武汉测绘科技大学学报, 2000, 25(2):127-131
[82]赵永平,承继成.地理空间元数据标准研究.中国标准化.1998(1):8-11
[83]吴金华.地理空间元数据的探讨.西安工程学院学报,2002,24(2):59-61
[84] FGDC .Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata,1998
[85]成继承,周成虎.数字地球导论.北京:科学出版社,2000,111-130
[86]李军,费月云.地球空间数据集成研究概况.地理科学进展.,2000,19(3):203-210
[87] David J Abel, Beng Chin Cooi, Kian Lee Tan et al .Towards integrated geographic processing. Geographic Information Science,1998,12(4)
[88] Shepherd I. DH. Information integrated and GIS in Geographical Information System: Principles and Application Vol, 2. In: Magure I J,Goodchild M. F, Khind D. W(ed), Longman, London, 1991:337-360
[89]吴炳方,张明金,李新功.地理信息系统的发展.地理学报,1994,49: 633-640
[90] Flowerdew, R..Spatial data integration. In Geographic Information System: Principles and Apllications,1992,337-358
[91] Longely P. Data integration for decision support and planning. Geographical Information. Third Joint European Conference & Exhibition on Geographical Information .Vienna, Austria, 1997
[92] 7Devogele T. On spatial database integration. Inter nation Journal of Geographical Inforamtion Science, 1998,12(4):335-352
[93] David Martin, Lan Bracken. The integration and socioeconomic and physical resource data for applied land management information systems. Applied Geography, 1993,13:45-53
[94]陈传彬.面向WEB服务的地理空间数据集成与可视化.福州大学硕士论文,2005
[95]唐守正,乔彥友,卢寰等.大青山实验局空间信息库的建立与应用.林业科学研究,1991,(4)增刊:39-42
[96]张旭,李凡,刘燕.应用网格技术构建林业支撑平台及其Web服务规范的制定.林业科学,2006, (42): 41-44
[97]李凡,张旭,陈艳.数字林业支撑平台中Web服务管理和使用机制的研究与实现.林业科学,2006, (42): 111-114
[98]刘俊明,朱德海,张晓东.基于Web服务技术实现林业空间信息发布服务.林业科学,2006, (42):41-44
[99]吴文明,瞿裕忠,董逸生.Web服务及相关技术.计算机应用与软件,2004,21(3):14-16
[100]陈艳,雷震宇,张旭.基于数字林业平台构建森林资源管理应用系统的研究.林业科学,2006, (42):31-36
[101]马照亭,潘懋,林晨等.多源空间数据的共享与集成模式研究.计算机工程与应用,2002(24):31-34
[102]张凯选,张军,蒋涛.空间数据集成中异源性问题探讨,测绘科学,2004,29(1):13-16
[103]宋关福,钟耳顺,刘纪远等.多源空间数据无缝集成研究.地理科学进展,2000,19(2):110-115
[104]汤国安,赵牡丹.地理信息系统原理.北京:科学出版社,2000
[105]许捍卫,冯学智.空间数据存贮机制研究.计算机应用研究2003,(02):39-40
[106]朱翊. GIS应用系统的一种关系化数据存储结构.遥感信息, 2001(1):34-36
[107]谈国新.一体化空间数据结构研究.武汉测绘科技大学博士学位论文, 1997
[108]罗忠文.应用关系对象型数据库存储GIS数据.地球科学――中国地质科技大学学报, 2002, 27(3):268-270
[109]崔铁军.地理空间数据库原理.北京:科学出版社,2007:235-237
[110]北京超图地理信息技术有限公司.SuperMap SDX+技术白皮书,2003,6
[111]桂润堂,钟霞,薛重生.基于ArcSDE空间数据库引擎技术的应用研究.微机发展, 2003,66:50~52
[112] Yuan, Man, Yu, Chun-Sheng, Nie, Jing. Distributed WebGIS model based on ArcSDE and SVG. Application Research of Computers. 2009,26(3): 939-941
[113] Xu Shuna, Yang Lingbin, Zhang Xia et al. A Study of the Construction of a Large-Scale Water Quality Spatial Database Based on ArcSDE, First International Workshop on Database Technology and Applications, 2009:279-28
[114]柴炳阳.基于ArcSDE的水土保持监测数据库设计与研究.长安大学硕士论文,2009
[115]仇肇悦,李军,郭宏俊.遥感应用技术.武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1998
[116]张新国,苏蕻,谭贵发等.“3S”技术及其在林业的应用现状与展望.吉林林业科技,2008,37(6):21-25
[117] Corona P, Lamonaca A, Chirici G. Remote sensing support for post fire forest management. Biogeosciences and Forestry,2008,1:6-12
[118]李军,宋春辉,许建闻等.3S技术及其在林业中的应用前景.现代农业科技,2009(10):229-231
[119]李德仁.论RS、GIS、GPS集成的定义、理论与关键技术.遥感学报,1997,(1):44-47
[120]侯闯,刘兆刚,刘盛浅.PDA在林业一类清查中的应用中国高新技术企业,2009(21):55-56
[121]陆守一.地理信息系统实用教程.北京:中国林业出版社,2000
[122] Farid Dahdouh-Guebas. The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2002, 4(2):93-112
[123] K. Rajitha, C.K. Mukherjee, R. Vinu Chandran. Applications of remote sensing and GIS for sustainable management of shrimp culture in India. Aquacultural Engineering, 2007, 36(1): 1-17
[124]李秀兰,李健.地理信息系统在林业调查的应用.中国科技博览,2009(31):286-286
[125]施向东.地理信息系统(GIS)在森林资源管理上的应用.河北林业,2007(6):39-39
[126]李冰洁,冯宗宪.基于AHP分析法对跨国公司进入中国市场模式的研究.科技管理研究,2006(11):59-62
[127]袁梅,张义平,王作强.基于层次分析法的尾矿库安全标准化评价系统.2010(1):52-55
[128]王永昌,杨仁斌,李林.基于层次分析法的壶瓶山森林旅游资源评价与可持续发展对策.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,35(6):689-693
[129]黎协锐.关于林业发展的AHP模型.广西大学学报:自然科学版, 2007,32,(B09):476-479
[130]王鹏,张金利,钟顺清.衡阳市城市土地集约利用研究.资源开发与市场, 2009,25(10):886-888
[131]潘艳秋,张华颖.Supermap Deskpro软件和马尔克夫模型在乌梁素海湿地景观格局变化分析中的应用.内蒙古环境科学,2008,20,(4):54-56
[132]袁传武,史玉虎,唐万鹏等.马尔可夫链模型在森林资源预测中的应用.湖北林业科技,2009(1):9-12
[133]陈建平,丁火平,王功文等.基于GIS和元胞自动机的荒漠化演化预测模型.遥感学报,2004,8(3):254-260
[134]秦向东,闵庆文.元胞自动机在景观格局优化中的应用.资源科学,2007,29(4):85-91
[135]林辉,孙华,莫登奎.“3S”研究报告技术在森林资源监测体系中的应用进展.湖南林业科技,2008,35(6): 7-10
[136] Wilhelm Hasselbring. Information system integration. Communications of the ACM, 2000,43(6):32-38
[137] Mateus B. Costa,Rodolfo F. Resende, Eduardo F. Nakamura ,Marcelo V. Segatto. Software frameworks for information systems integration based on web services. Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing, 2008:777-782
[138] Gunnar Ellingsen , Eric Monteiro. Seamless Integration: Standardisation across Multiple Local Settings. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2006,15(6):443-466
[139] Zahir Irani , Marinos Themistocleous , Peter E. D. Love. The impact of enterprise application integration on information system lifecycles, Information and Management, 2003,41:177-187
[140] Mifan Careem, David Bitner, Ravindra de Silva. GIS integration in the Sahana Disaster Management System. Proceedings ISCRAM 2007:211-218
[141] S. Yassemi, S. Dragi?evi?, M. Schmidt. Design and implementation of an integrated GIS-based cellular automata model to characterize forest fire behaviour . Ecological Modelling, 2008,210(2):71-84
[142]张犁.GIS系统集成的理论与实践.地理学报,1996,51(4):306-312
[143]张健挺.地理信息系统集成若干问题探讨.遥感信息,1998(1):14-18
[144]何洪体.地理信息系统集成研究与实现.华东师范大学博士学位论文
[145]方陆明,陈谋询.信息时代的森林资源信息管理.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003
[146] Shuo Liu, Yanyou Qiao, Qingke Wen. Digital forest implementation based on integration of GPS, GIS and RS . Proceedings of SPIE, 2008:7-8
[147] Lu, X-H, She, G-H,Wen, X-R et al. Design and realization of geographic information system based on plug-in technology for forest resources management. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2009,33(1):127-130
[148]窦蕾.面向构件的复杂软件系统中动态配置技术的研究.国防科学技术大学博士学位论文, 2005
[149]张萍.北京森林碳储量研究.北京林业大学博士学位论文,2009:15-22
[150]甘敬.北京山区森林健康评价研究.北京林业大学博士学位论文2007:37-43
[2]李增元,张怀清,陆元昌.数字林业建设与进展.中国农业科技导报,2003,5(2):7-9
[3]高倩.基于XML的森林资源管理系统的异构数据整合.首都师范大学硕士学位论文,2007
[4]丁洪美.综合监测--新时期的使命.中国绿色时报,2006,10,19(A03)
[5]肖兴威.中国森林资源和生态状况综合监测研究.北京:中国林业出版社,2007:17-18
[6]肖兴威.中国森林资源与生态状况综合监测体系建设的战略思考.林业资源管理,2004(3):1-5
[7]赵宪文.林业遥感定量估测.北京:中国林业出版社,1997,6
[8]亢新刚.森林资源经营管理.北京:中国林业出版社,2001:161
[9]于政中.森林经理学.北京:中国林业版社,1993,226-234
[10]舒清态,唐守正.国际森林资源监测的现状与发展趋势.世界林业研究,2005,18(3): 33-37
[11]孙玉军.资源环境监测与评价.北京:高等教育出版社,2007
[12]罗仙仙,亢新刚.森林资源综合监测研究综述.浙江林学院学报,2008,25(6): 803-809
[13] International Union of Forestry Research Organization. International Guidelines for Forest Monitoring. Vienna: IUFRO World Series,1994
[14]朱胜利.国外森林资源调查监测的现状和未来发展特点.林业资源管理,2001,23(2): 21-26
[15]郑小贤.美国、加拿大和日本多目的的森林资源监测的现状与展望.北京林业大学学报,1998,20(1):53-58
[16] Scot C T ,Cassell D L ,Hazaro J W. Sampling design of the US national forest health monitoring program. Proc. of Ilvessalo Symposium on National Forest Inventories. Film For Res Inst,Res Pap,1992(444):150-157
[17]郑小贤.德国、奥地利和法国的多目的森林资源监测述评.北京林业大学学报,1997,(2):58-65
[18]周昌祥,石军南等.德国、瑞士森林资源监测技术考察报告.林业资源管理,1994,(4):74-80
[19]张会儒,唐守正.德国森林资源和环境监测技术体系及其借鉴.世界林业研究,2002,15(2): 63-70
[20]王彦辉,唐守正.德国等欧洲国家的森林受害及监测.面向21世纪的林业论文集,北京:中国农业科技出版社,1998
[21]张煜星,王祝雄.遥感技术在森林资源清查中的应用研究.北京:中国林业出版社,2007
[22] GILLIS M D, OMULE A Y, BRIERLEY T. Monitoring Canada's forests: the national forest inventory. For Chron, 2005,81(2):214-221
[23] GILLIS M D, STEPHEN L G, DENNIS C et a1. Canada's national forest inventory: what can it tell us about old growth. For Chron, 2003,79(3): 421-428
[24]郑小贤.瑞典、瑞士和芬兰多目的森林环境监测.世界林业研究,1997,(2):58-65
[25]韦希勤.国家级森林资源监测体系中的地面样地设计.世界林业研究,1996,9(3): 24-27
[26]骆奇邦,曾伟生,彭长清.国家级森林资源清查的发展趋势.世界林业研究,1994,7(6):17-23
[27]曾伟生,周佑明.森林资源一类和二类调查存在的主要问题与对策.中南林业调查规划,2003,22(2);8-11
[28]周光辉,曾伟生,陈雪峰.我国森林资源和生态状况监测存在的问题与对策.中南林业调查规划,2006,25(4):1-9
[29]陆元昌.森林健康状态监测技术体系综述.世界林业研究,2003,16(1): 20-25
[30]周榕.福建省森林资源监测管理应用系统的设计与实现.林业勘察设计(福建),2008(1):10-13
[31]徐干君,李党辉,刘勇等.基于GIS的陕西省森林资源管理信息系统的建立.陕西林业科技2006 (1):74-77
[32]黄彬,岳彩荣,刘涛等.基于ArcIMS的江川县森林资源信息发布系统.林业调查规划,2006,31(1):17-20
[33]佃袁勇,周志翔,王鹏程等.基于Web GIS的数字林业信息发布系统设计与开发.华中农业大学学报,2007,26(4):557-559
[34]王霓虹,缪天宇,王阿川.基于WebGIS的森林病虫害预测预报专家系统的设计与应用.东北林业大学学报,2008,36,(1):79-80
[35]谭伟,冯仲科,张雁等.基于组件GIS的立地决策支持模型的研究.林业科学,2006,42(Z1):106-110
[36]李昌志,王兆印,刘兴年等.基于SuperMap的玉丰水土保持决策支持系统的设计与开发.水土保持学报,2003,17(3):96-100
[37]龚敏霞,闾国年,张书亮等.智能化空间决策支持模型库及其支持下GIS与应用分析模型的集成.地球信息科学,2002(1):91-97
[38]王春玲,王鹏,宋铁英等.防护林体系空间配置调整决策支持系统的研建.北京林业大学学报,2008,30(Z2):47-52
[39]吴润.森林资源综合监测指标体系与评价方法研究.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2009
[40]白降丽.森林资源管理信息系统建设相关规范的研究.北京林业大学博士学位论文,2007
[41]颜平辉.森林资源数据分布式管理技术研究.中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文,2008
[42]李世明.林业空间数据平台技术的应用示范研究.中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文,2008
[43]聂祥永.森林资源与生态状况监测信息资源整合架构探析.林业资源管理,2006(2): 51-56
[44]张旭,雷振宇,陈艳等.森林资源信息共享技术研究与示范.资源科学, 2001,23(1):54～59
[45] Walford, Nigel. Geographical Data Analysis. Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1995:10-18
[46] John C, Antenucci et al. Geographic Information System. A guide to the Technology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991:111-132
[47]李军,周成虎.地学数据特征分析.地理科学,1999,19(2):158-162
[48]马荣华.地理空间认知与GIS空间数据组织研究.南京大学博士论文, 2002:6-11
[49] Jeffrey Star, John Estes. Geographic Information System: An Introduction.Prcntice Hall, 1990
[50]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶.地理信息系统原理、方法和应用.北京:科学出版社,2002
[51]边馥苓.地理信息系统原理和方法.北京:测绘出版社, 1996
[52]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论.北京:科学出版社, 1999
[53] Kenn Gardels. A Comprehensive data model for distributed, heterogeneous geographic information, 1997, http://www.regis.berkely.edu/ardels/geomodel.def.html
[54] Date C J. An introduction to database system, 6th edition, reading: Adison-welsley, Massechusaatts, 1995
[55] Codd, E. F. The Capabilities of Relational Database Management Systems. Proc. Convencio Informatica Llatina, Barcelona, 1981, 6:9-12.
[56] Tang, AY.A spatial data model design for feature-based geographic information system.I.J.GIS, 1996, 10(5):643～649
[57]黄波.面向整体GIS的空间关系模型研究.中国遥感应用研究所博士学位论文, 1997
[58] Frank A V & Egenholfer M J. Computer cartography for GIS: an object-oriented view on the display transformation, Computer & geosciences, 1992, 18(8):975～987
[59]龚健雅.整体GIS的数据组织与处理方法.武汉:武汉测绘大学出版社,1993
[60]陆峰.基于特征的城市交通网络GIS数据组织与处理方法.中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学位论文,1999
[61] ISO/TC211. Geographic information part 9: rules for application schema, technical report, 1998
[62]邵全琴.海洋GIS时空数据表达研究.北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士论文, 2001
[63] D.J.Peuqtet .A Concepual Frameword And Comparison Of Spatial Data Models. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1984,21: 66-113
[64]李裕伟.GIS――实现地质工作现代化的工具.物探化探计算技术, 1995, 17(2):76
[65] OpenGIS Consortium. Open GIS Simple Features Specification for SQL. URL:http://www.opengis.org/public/abstract.html, 1998
[66] M. Egenhofer, A. Frank, J.Jackson. A topological Data Model for Spatial Databases. In: A. Buchmann, O. Gunther, T. Smith, and Y. Wang(Eds). Symposium on the Design and Implemention of Large Spatial Databases. Lecture Notes in Computer Sicence 409, 1989:271-286
[67] Frank. Applications of DBMS to Land Information Systems. Sevens International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, France,1981,448-453
[68] J. Herring TIGRIS. A Data Model for an Object-Oriented Geographic Information System. Computers and Geosciences,1991,18(4):443-452
[69] A.Frank, M. Egenhofer, W. Kuhn. A Perspective on GIS Techonlogy in the Ninties. Photogrammetric Enginnering & Remote Sensing, 1991,57(11):1431-1436
[70] Max J. Egenhofer, Andrew U. Frank. Object-Oriented Modeling for GIS. URISA Journal, 1992, 4(2):3-19
[71] Hossein Saiedian. An evaluation of extended entity-relationship model. Information and Software Technology,1997,39,(7): 449-462
[72]国家林业局.国家森林资源连续清查连续清查主要技术规定,2004
[73]国家林业局.森林资源规划设计调查主要技术规定,2003
[74]马珉.元数据――组织网上信息资源的基本格式.情报科学, 2002, 20(4):377-379
[75] Barbara Bicking, Russell East. Towards Dynamically Integrating Spatial Data and Its Metadata. First IEEE Metadata Conference, NOAA Auditorium, Silver Spring, Maryland, 1996, 16～18
[76]冯项云,肖珑,廖三三等.国外常用元数据标准比较研究.大学图书馆学报, 2001,19(4):15-21
[77]中国21世纪议程管理中心.中国地理信息系统元数据标准研究.北京:科学出版社, 1999
[78]] Albrech J. Geospatial Information Standards, A Comparative Study of Approaches in the Standardization of Geospatial Information. Computer & Geosciences, 1999(25):9-24
[79] Harlan J Onsrud, Gerard Rushton Eds. Metadata Issues in Sharing Geographic Data, In: Sharing Geographic Information. New Brunswick: Rutgers. The State University of New Jercey, 1995:499
[80] Huber M, Schneider D.Spatial Data Standards in View of Models of Space and the Functions Operating on Them. Computers & Geosciences.1999(25):25-38
[81]张立,龚健雅.地理空间元数据管理的研究与实现.武汉测绘科技大学学报, 2000, 25(2):127-131
[82]赵永平,承继成.地理空间元数据标准研究.中国标准化.1998(1):8-11
[83]吴金华.地理空间元数据的探讨.西安工程学院学报,2002,24(2):59-61
[84] FGDC .Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata,1998
[85]成继承,周成虎.数字地球导论.北京:科学出版社,2000,111-130
[86]李军,费月云.地球空间数据集成研究概况.地理科学进展.,2000,19(3):203-210
[87] David J Abel, Beng Chin Cooi, Kian Lee Tan et al .Towards integrated geographic processing. Geographic Information Science,1998,12(4)
[88] Shepherd I. DH. Information integrated and GIS in Geographical Information System: Principles and Application Vol, 2. In: Magure I J,Goodchild M. F, Khind D. W(ed), Longman, London, 1991:337-360
[89]吴炳方,张明金,李新功.地理信息系统的发展.地理学报,1994,49: 633-640
[90] Flowerdew, R..Spatial data integration. In Geographic Information System: Principles and Apllications,1992,337-358
[91] Longely P. Data integration for decision support and planning. Geographical Information. Third Joint European Conference & Exhibition on Geographical Information .Vienna, Austria, 1997
[92] 7Devogele T. On spatial database integration. Inter nation Journal of Geographical Inforamtion Science, 1998,12(4):335-352
[93] David Martin, Lan Bracken. The integration and socioeconomic and physical resource data for applied land management information systems. Applied Geography, 1993,13:45-53
[94]陈传彬.面向WEB服务的地理空间数据集成与可视化.福州大学硕士论文,2005
[95]唐守正,乔彥友,卢寰等.大青山实验局空间信息库的建立与应用.林业科学研究,1991,(4)增刊:39-42
[96]张旭,李凡,刘燕.应用网格技术构建林业支撑平台及其Web服务规范的制定.林业科学,2006, (42): 41-44
[97]李凡,张旭,陈艳.数字林业支撑平台中Web服务管理和使用机制的研究与实现.林业科学,2006, (42): 111-114
[98]刘俊明,朱德海,张晓东.基于Web服务技术实现林业空间信息发布服务.林业科学,2006, (42):41-44
[99]吴文明,瞿裕忠,董逸生.Web服务及相关技术.计算机应用与软件,2004,21(3):14-16
[100]陈艳,雷震宇,张旭.基于数字林业平台构建森林资源管理应用系统的研究.林业科学,2006, (42):31-36
[101]马照亭,潘懋,林晨等.多源空间数据的共享与集成模式研究.计算机工程与应用,2002(24):31-34
[102]张凯选,张军,蒋涛.空间数据集成中异源性问题探讨,测绘科学,2004,29(1):13-16
[103]宋关福,钟耳顺,刘纪远等.多源空间数据无缝集成研究.地理科学进展,2000,19(2):110-115
[104]汤国安,赵牡丹.地理信息系统原理.北京:科学出版社,2000
[105]许捍卫,冯学智.空间数据存贮机制研究.计算机应用研究2003,(02):39-40
[106]朱翊. GIS应用系统的一种关系化数据存储结构.遥感信息, 2001(1):34-36
[107]谈国新.一体化空间数据结构研究.武汉测绘科技大学博士学位论文, 1997
[108]罗忠文.应用关系对象型数据库存储GIS数据.地球科学――中国地质科技大学学报, 2002, 27(3):268-270
[109]崔铁军.地理空间数据库原理.北京:科学出版社,2007:235-237
[110]北京超图地理信息技术有限公司.SuperMap SDX+技术白皮书,2003,6
[111]桂润堂,钟霞,薛重生.基于ArcSDE空间数据库引擎技术的应用研究.微机发展, 2003,66:50~52
[112] Yuan, Man, Yu, Chun-Sheng, Nie, Jing. Distributed WebGIS model based on ArcSDE and SVG. Application Research of Computers. 2009,26(3): 939-941
[113] Xu Shuna, Yang Lingbin, Zhang Xia et al. A Study of the Construction of a Large-Scale Water Quality Spatial Database Based on ArcSDE, First International Workshop on Database Technology and Applications, 2009:279-28
[114]柴炳阳.基于ArcSDE的水土保持监测数据库设计与研究.长安大学硕士论文,2009
[115]仇肇悦,李军,郭宏俊.遥感应用技术.武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1998
[116]张新国,苏蕻,谭贵发等.“3S”技术及其在林业的应用现状与展望.吉林林业科技,2008,37(6):21-25
[117] Corona P, Lamonaca A, Chirici G. Remote sensing support for post fire forest management. Biogeosciences and Forestry,2008,1:6-12
[118]李军,宋春辉,许建闻等.3S技术及其在林业中的应用前景.现代农业科技,2009(10):229-231
[119]李德仁.论RS、GIS、GPS集成的定义、理论与关键技术.遥感学报,1997,(1):44-47
[120]侯闯,刘兆刚,刘盛浅.PDA在林业一类清查中的应用中国高新技术企业,2009(21):55-56
[121]陆守一.地理信息系统实用教程.北京:中国林业出版社,2000
[122] Farid Dahdouh-Guebas. The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2002, 4(2):93-112
[123] K. Rajitha, C.K. Mukherjee, R. Vinu Chandran. Applications of remote sensing and GIS for sustainable management of shrimp culture in India. Aquacultural Engineering, 2007, 36(1): 1-17
[124]李秀兰,李健.地理信息系统在林业调查的应用.中国科技博览,2009(31):286-286
[125]施向东.地理信息系统(GIS)在森林资源管理上的应用.河北林业,2007(6):39-39
[126]李冰洁,冯宗宪.基于AHP分析法对跨国公司进入中国市场模式的研究.科技管理研究,2006(11):59-62
[127]袁梅,张义平,王作强.基于层次分析法的尾矿库安全标准化评价系统.2010(1):52-55
[128]王永昌,杨仁斌,李林.基于层次分析法的壶瓶山森林旅游资源评价与可持续发展对策.湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,35(6):689-693
[129]黎协锐.关于林业发展的AHP模型.广西大学学报:自然科学版, 2007,32,(B09):476-479
[130]王鹏,张金利,钟顺清.衡阳市城市土地集约利用研究.资源开发与市场, 2009,25(10):886-888
[131]潘艳秋,张华颖.Supermap Deskpro软件和马尔克夫模型在乌梁素海湿地景观格局变化分析中的应用.内蒙古环境科学,2008,20,(4):54-56
[132]袁传武,史玉虎,唐万鹏等.马尔可夫链模型在森林资源预测中的应用.湖北林业科技,2009(1):9-12
[133]陈建平,丁火平,王功文等.基于GIS和元胞自动机的荒漠化演化预测模型.遥感学报,2004,8(3):254-260
[134]秦向东,闵庆文.元胞自动机在景观格局优化中的应用.资源科学,2007,29(4):85-91
[135]林辉,孙华,莫登奎.“3S”研究报告技术在森林资源监测体系中的应用进展.湖南林业科技,2008,35(6): 7-10
[136] Wilhelm Hasselbring. Information system integration. Communications of the ACM, 2000,43(6):32-38
[137] Mateus B. Costa,Rodolfo F. Resende, Eduardo F. Nakamura ,Marcelo V. Segatto. Software frameworks for information systems integration based on web services. Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing, 2008:777-782
[138] Gunnar Ellingsen , Eric Monteiro. Seamless Integration: Standardisation across Multiple Local Settings. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2006,15(6):443-466
[139] Zahir Irani , Marinos Themistocleous , Peter E. D. Love. The impact of enterprise application integration on information system lifecycles, Information and Management, 2003,41:177-187
[140] Mifan Careem, David Bitner, Ravindra de Silva. GIS integration in the Sahana Disaster Management System. Proceedings ISCRAM 2007:211-218
[141] S. Yassemi, S. Dragi?evi?, M. Schmidt. Design and implementation of an integrated GIS-based cellular automata model to characterize forest fire behaviour . Ecological Modelling, 2008,210(2):71-84
[142]张犁.GIS系统集成的理论与实践.地理学报,1996,51(4):306-312
[143]张健挺.地理信息系统集成若干问题探讨.遥感信息,1998(1):14-18
[144]何洪体.地理信息系统集成研究与实现.华东师范大学博士学位论文
[145]方陆明,陈谋询.信息时代的森林资源信息管理.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003
[146] Shuo Liu, Yanyou Qiao, Qingke Wen. Digital forest implementation based on integration of GPS, GIS and RS . Proceedings of SPIE, 2008:7-8
[147] Lu, X-H, She, G-H,Wen, X-R et al. Design and realization of geographic information system based on plug-in technology for forest resources management. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2009,33(1):127-130
[148]窦蕾.面向构件的复杂软件系统中动态配置技术的研究.国防科学技术大学博士学位论文, 2005
[149]张萍.北京森林碳储量研究.北京林业大学博士学位论文,2009:15-22
[150]甘敬.北京山区森林健康评价研究.北京林业大学博士学位论文2007:37-43