新型高效协作式移动无线传感器网络技术研究
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摘要
物联网被称为继计算机、互联网之后,世界信息产业的第三次浪潮。作为物联网的核心技术之一,无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks, WSNs)近年来受到越来越多研究者的关注。无线传感器网络是大量的传感器通过无线通信的方式,相互联系、处理、传递信息的网络,可以实时监测、感知和采集网络分布区域内的各种环境信息或监测对象的信息,并对这些信息进行处理、传送给所需用户。然而由于传感器节点有体积、成本等方面的限制,多数情况下传感器网络中的节点都是由电池供电,电池容量有限,且在很多应用中不可能更换电池,因此,如何节省能耗并延长网络寿命是无线传感器网络设计中的一个关键问题。
为此,很多能量高效的新技术被提出用于节能和延长无线传感器网络寿命。特别地,传感器节点的无线通信传输能耗是传感器节点能耗的主要部分。因此,近年来一个新的研究趋势是在无线传感器网络的节能设计中引入一些先进的物理层传输技术,例如虚拟多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Out, MIMO)技术。另外,移动无线传感器网络由于在网络中增加了移动性,能通过短距离无线通信来节省能量,利用移动性进行节能设计成为无线传感器网络中一个新的研究领域。
本文针对面向监测的农业无线传感器网络覆盖范围广、信息简单且允许有一定时延的特点,从节省能耗的角度对基于虚拟MIMO的无线传感器网络节能技术和基于移动性的无线传感器网络节能技术进行了深入研究,主要阐述了新型高效的协作式节能传输方案设计和基于移动Sink的节能数据收集算法设计。论文首先从传感器节点与网络的特点出发,论述了基于虚拟MIMO技术的无线传感器网络和移动无线传感器网络(mobile Wireless Sensor Networks, mWSN)的技术背景,并对移动无线传感器网络的相关研究进行了分类总结。随后分别针对能量高效的虚拟V-BLAST传输方案、基于STBC空时编码的虚拟MIMO传输方案、基于移动Sink的数据收集节能算法设计等几方面进行了研究。本文的主要研究内容与贡献如下：
第一,针对随机布设在农林间的大量传感器节点收集的数据具有很大冗余度,以及数据收集基站一般都布设在监测区域外且能量和体积不受限的特点,提出了一种用于能量受限无线传感器网络的基于簇的虚拟MIMO传输架构。在这个架构中,不使用簇成员,而是使用多个簇头形成虚拟天线阵以便使用MIMO传输技术。通过把基于V-BLAST的MIMO技术融合进簇头协作传输架构,提出了一种基于V-BLAST的簇头协作传输方案VCHCT (V-BLAST based Cluster Heads Cooperative Transmission)。该研究对V-BLAST系统的去相关决策反馈检测器的平均误比特率进行了分析,并建立了VCHCT方案的总能耗模型,并对VCHCT方案的总能耗与传统LEACH协议的总能耗进行了对比。最后通过仿真对理论分析的结果进行了验证,可以看出,由于使用了虚拟V-BLAST传输, VCHCT方案比传统LEACH (Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy)协议节省能耗并能有效地延长无线传感器网络的寿命。
第二,在簇头协作传输架构基础上,把基于STBC空时编码的虚拟MIMO技术与簇头协作传输架构相结合,提出了一种适用于分簇无线传感器网络的基于STBC空时编码的虚拟MIMO节能传输方案SCHCT (STBC based Cluster Heads Cooperative Transmission)。通过对基于STBC空时编码的MIMO系统的误码率分析,在单位比特通信能耗模型基础上建立了SCHCT方案的整体能耗模型。通过与传统LEACH协议的能耗进行对比与仿真分析,可以看出,当基站距离传感器监测区域较近时,SCHCT方案的能量消耗比传统的LEACH要高；而当基站离传感器监测区域较远时,SCHCT方案相比LEACH能极大节省能量消耗,并延长无线传感器网络的寿命。
第三,和LEACH相比,VCHCT方案和SCHCT方案都更加能量高效,但如果同时考虑两个方案中不同传输技术的节能特性和SCHCT方案的簇头节点间额外的通信能量开销,就不能确定哪一种方案更加节能。该研究在相同的误码率性能和相同的节点传输速率条件下对VCHCT方案和SCHCT方案的能耗特性进行了详细的比较分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,当基站距离无线传感器网络监测区域较远时,即使考虑到SCHCT方案中额外的簇头间通信能量消耗,SCHCT方案仍然比VCHCT方案和LEACH方案都能极大地节省能量；当基站距离无线传感器网络监测区域相对较近时,VCHCT方案比SCHCT方案和LEACH方案都更加高效,是最佳的选择。
第四,时延较大是移动无线传感器网络的关键问题之一,已有相关工作在减少移动无线传感器网络的数据时延方面取得了一定成效,但对于规模较大的无线传感器网络来说这些方法还是不能满足要求；另外,目前已有的研究把移动路径规划和普通节点到汇聚节点的路由分开考虑,而没有综合考虑汇聚节点选取、普通节点到汇聚节点路由以及移动路径之间的关系。针对此问题,并结合农业无线传感器网络规模较大、数据允许有一定时延的特性,该研究提出了一种基于移动Sink和汇聚节点的数据收集方案。在这个方案的基础上,设计了一种联合考虑节点到汇聚节点路由和移动Sink路径的启发式算法。该算法在保证数据时延性要求的条件下,减少了传感器节点到汇聚节点的数据传输,从而达到节省能耗并延长网络寿命的目的。
The Internet of Things is called the third wave of the world information industry after the computer and Internet. As one of the core technologies of the Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks (WNSs) receive more and more researchers'attention. Wireless Sensor Network is a network that consists of many sensors, which can contact each other, process and transmit information through wireless communication. It can be used to monitor, sense and collect various environment and monitored object information that within the region of network distribution. The collected information can be processed and transmitted to the needed user through WSNs. However, due to the size and cost limitations of sensors, the sensors of WSNs are often powered by battery. The battery is capacity limited and it often can not be replaced in many applications, therefore, how to save energy and prolong the network lifetime is a key issue in the design of WSNs.
To this end, many energy efficient new technologies have been proposed to save energy and prolong the lifetime of WSNs. Especially the wireless communication energy consumption is the dominant of the whole energy consumption of a sensor node. Therefore, in recent years, a new research trend in the energy saving design of WSNs is the introduction of advanced physical layer transmission technology, such as virtual MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output) technology. In addition, due to the addition of mobility in WSNs, mobile WSNs can save energy through short-range wireless communication. The exploitation of mobility for energy saving design became a new research field of WSNs.
The agriculture WSN used for monitoring covers a wide range of area. The information collected by it is simple and allows a certain degree of delay. For these characteristics of agriculture WSN, this paper intensively investigates from the energy saving perspective the virtual MIMO based energy saving technologies and mobility based energy saving technologies for WSNs. The thesis elaborates a new collaborative energy saving transmission scheme design and a mobile Sink based energy saving algorithm design for data collection. Firstly, starting from the sensor node and network characteristics, this paper discusses the technical backgrounds of virtual MIMO based WSNs and mobile WSNs (mWSN). At the same time, the related research papers for mWSN were classified and summarized in this paper. Then, energy efficient virtual V-BLAST transmission scheme, STBC based virtual MIMO transmission scheme and mobile Sink based energy saving algorithm for data collection were investigated. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:
Firstly, the data collected by a large volume of sensor nodes that distributed randomly in agriculture and forestry field have much redundancy. In addition, the Sink used for data collection often situated far from the monitoring area and size unconstrained. For these characteristics, a cluster-based virtual MIMO transmission architecture is proposed for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. In the proposed architecture, instead of using cluster members as cooperative nodes, multiple cluster heads cooperate to form virtual antenna array so that MIMO transmission can be implemented. In the research, V-BLAST (vertical Bell Laboratories layered space-time) based MIMO technology was integrated into this architecture and a V-BLAST cluster heads cooperative transmission (VCHCT) scheme was proposed. Through the BER analysis of Decorrelating Decision Feedback Detector of V-BLAST, a total energy consumption model for VCHCT was developed. Simulation results show that when compared with the traditional LEACH (Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol, VCHCT can save more energy and prolong the network lifetime.
Secondly, based on the cluster heads cooperative transmission architecture, this research combines the STBC based virtual MIMO technology and the cluster heads cooperative transmission architecture. A STBC based virtual MIMO transmission scheme for clustered WSNs was proposed to reduce energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. This scheme is called SCHCT (STBC-based Cluster Heads Cooperative Transmission). This research analyses the BER performance of STBC based MIMO system and develops a total energy consumption model for SCHCT based on the single bit energy consumption model. When compared with LEACH scheme, numerical and simulation results together show that the proposed scheme can prolong the sensor network lifetime greatly when the distance to sink is above a threshold, especially in situations where the sink is far from the sensor area.
Thirdly, when compared with LEACH, VCHCT scheme and SCHCT scheme are more energy efficient than LEACH. But when consider at the same time the different energy saving characteristics of these two schemes and the additional communication consumption for cluster heads involved in the SCHCT scheme, it is not clear which scheme is more energy efficient. Under the same BER performance and the same node transmission rate conditions, detailed comparison between these two schemes and the original LEACH is performed to investigate the performance of these two schemes. Simulation results not only verify the theoretical analysis but also show that the two schemes have their specific application scenarios. When the sink is far from the sensor area, SCHCT scheme is much more energy efficient than LEACH and VCHCT scheme even if it consumes additional inter-cluster communication energy. When the distance to sink is near the sensor area, VCHCT is the best choice.
Fourthly, large delay is one of the key issues of mobile WSNs, some related work have achieved some success in reducing data delay of mobile WSNs. But for the large scale WSNs, these methods still can't satisfy the needs of data delay. In addition, exiting research work considered the path of mobile Sink and the routing from sensor nodes to rendezvous separately, it does not consider the relation between rendezvous selection, routing and path scheduling. For this problem, combined with the characteristics of large scale and delay tolerated, a data collection scheme was proposed based on mobile Sink and rendezvous. Based on this scheme, a heuristic algorithm that jointly considered rendezvous selection, routing and mobile Sink path scheduling was proposed. Under the assurance of condition for data latency requirement, this algorithm can reduce the data transmission from sensor nodes to rendezvous and achieves the purpose to save energy and prolong the network lifetime.
为此,很多能量高效的新技术被提出用于节能和延长无线传感器网络寿命。特别地,传感器节点的无线通信传输能耗是传感器节点能耗的主要部分。因此,近年来一个新的研究趋势是在无线传感器网络的节能设计中引入一些先进的物理层传输技术,例如虚拟多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Out, MIMO)技术。另外,移动无线传感器网络由于在网络中增加了移动性,能通过短距离无线通信来节省能量,利用移动性进行节能设计成为无线传感器网络中一个新的研究领域。
本文针对面向监测的农业无线传感器网络覆盖范围广、信息简单且允许有一定时延的特点,从节省能耗的角度对基于虚拟MIMO的无线传感器网络节能技术和基于移动性的无线传感器网络节能技术进行了深入研究,主要阐述了新型高效的协作式节能传输方案设计和基于移动Sink的节能数据收集算法设计。论文首先从传感器节点与网络的特点出发,论述了基于虚拟MIMO技术的无线传感器网络和移动无线传感器网络(mobile Wireless Sensor Networks, mWSN)的技术背景,并对移动无线传感器网络的相关研究进行了分类总结。随后分别针对能量高效的虚拟V-BLAST传输方案、基于STBC空时编码的虚拟MIMO传输方案、基于移动Sink的数据收集节能算法设计等几方面进行了研究。本文的主要研究内容与贡献如下：
第一,针对随机布设在农林间的大量传感器节点收集的数据具有很大冗余度,以及数据收集基站一般都布设在监测区域外且能量和体积不受限的特点,提出了一种用于能量受限无线传感器网络的基于簇的虚拟MIMO传输架构。在这个架构中,不使用簇成员,而是使用多个簇头形成虚拟天线阵以便使用MIMO传输技术。通过把基于V-BLAST的MIMO技术融合进簇头协作传输架构,提出了一种基于V-BLAST的簇头协作传输方案VCHCT (V-BLAST based Cluster Heads Cooperative Transmission)。该研究对V-BLAST系统的去相关决策反馈检测器的平均误比特率进行了分析,并建立了VCHCT方案的总能耗模型,并对VCHCT方案的总能耗与传统LEACH协议的总能耗进行了对比。最后通过仿真对理论分析的结果进行了验证,可以看出,由于使用了虚拟V-BLAST传输, VCHCT方案比传统LEACH (Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy)协议节省能耗并能有效地延长无线传感器网络的寿命。
第二,在簇头协作传输架构基础上,把基于STBC空时编码的虚拟MIMO技术与簇头协作传输架构相结合,提出了一种适用于分簇无线传感器网络的基于STBC空时编码的虚拟MIMO节能传输方案SCHCT (STBC based Cluster Heads Cooperative Transmission)。通过对基于STBC空时编码的MIMO系统的误码率分析,在单位比特通信能耗模型基础上建立了SCHCT方案的整体能耗模型。通过与传统LEACH协议的能耗进行对比与仿真分析,可以看出,当基站距离传感器监测区域较近时,SCHCT方案的能量消耗比传统的LEACH要高；而当基站离传感器监测区域较远时,SCHCT方案相比LEACH能极大节省能量消耗,并延长无线传感器网络的寿命。
第三,和LEACH相比,VCHCT方案和SCHCT方案都更加能量高效,但如果同时考虑两个方案中不同传输技术的节能特性和SCHCT方案的簇头节点间额外的通信能量开销,就不能确定哪一种方案更加节能。该研究在相同的误码率性能和相同的节点传输速率条件下对VCHCT方案和SCHCT方案的能耗特性进行了详细的比较分析。理论分析和仿真结果表明,当基站距离无线传感器网络监测区域较远时,即使考虑到SCHCT方案中额外的簇头间通信能量消耗,SCHCT方案仍然比VCHCT方案和LEACH方案都能极大地节省能量；当基站距离无线传感器网络监测区域相对较近时,VCHCT方案比SCHCT方案和LEACH方案都更加高效,是最佳的选择。
第四,时延较大是移动无线传感器网络的关键问题之一,已有相关工作在减少移动无线传感器网络的数据时延方面取得了一定成效,但对于规模较大的无线传感器网络来说这些方法还是不能满足要求；另外,目前已有的研究把移动路径规划和普通节点到汇聚节点的路由分开考虑,而没有综合考虑汇聚节点选取、普通节点到汇聚节点路由以及移动路径之间的关系。针对此问题,并结合农业无线传感器网络规模较大、数据允许有一定时延的特性,该研究提出了一种基于移动Sink和汇聚节点的数据收集方案。在这个方案的基础上,设计了一种联合考虑节点到汇聚节点路由和移动Sink路径的启发式算法。该算法在保证数据时延性要求的条件下,减少了传感器节点到汇聚节点的数据传输,从而达到节省能耗并延长网络寿命的目的。
The Internet of Things is called the third wave of the world information industry after the computer and Internet. As one of the core technologies of the Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks (WNSs) receive more and more researchers'attention. Wireless Sensor Network is a network that consists of many sensors, which can contact each other, process and transmit information through wireless communication. It can be used to monitor, sense and collect various environment and monitored object information that within the region of network distribution. The collected information can be processed and transmitted to the needed user through WSNs. However, due to the size and cost limitations of sensors, the sensors of WSNs are often powered by battery. The battery is capacity limited and it often can not be replaced in many applications, therefore, how to save energy and prolong the network lifetime is a key issue in the design of WSNs.
To this end, many energy efficient new technologies have been proposed to save energy and prolong the lifetime of WSNs. Especially the wireless communication energy consumption is the dominant of the whole energy consumption of a sensor node. Therefore, in recent years, a new research trend in the energy saving design of WSNs is the introduction of advanced physical layer transmission technology, such as virtual MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output) technology. In addition, due to the addition of mobility in WSNs, mobile WSNs can save energy through short-range wireless communication. The exploitation of mobility for energy saving design became a new research field of WSNs.
The agriculture WSN used for monitoring covers a wide range of area. The information collected by it is simple and allows a certain degree of delay. For these characteristics of agriculture WSN, this paper intensively investigates from the energy saving perspective the virtual MIMO based energy saving technologies and mobility based energy saving technologies for WSNs. The thesis elaborates a new collaborative energy saving transmission scheme design and a mobile Sink based energy saving algorithm design for data collection. Firstly, starting from the sensor node and network characteristics, this paper discusses the technical backgrounds of virtual MIMO based WSNs and mobile WSNs (mWSN). At the same time, the related research papers for mWSN were classified and summarized in this paper. Then, energy efficient virtual V-BLAST transmission scheme, STBC based virtual MIMO transmission scheme and mobile Sink based energy saving algorithm for data collection were investigated. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:
Firstly, the data collected by a large volume of sensor nodes that distributed randomly in agriculture and forestry field have much redundancy. In addition, the Sink used for data collection often situated far from the monitoring area and size unconstrained. For these characteristics, a cluster-based virtual MIMO transmission architecture is proposed for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. In the proposed architecture, instead of using cluster members as cooperative nodes, multiple cluster heads cooperate to form virtual antenna array so that MIMO transmission can be implemented. In the research, V-BLAST (vertical Bell Laboratories layered space-time) based MIMO technology was integrated into this architecture and a V-BLAST cluster heads cooperative transmission (VCHCT) scheme was proposed. Through the BER analysis of Decorrelating Decision Feedback Detector of V-BLAST, a total energy consumption model for VCHCT was developed. Simulation results show that when compared with the traditional LEACH (Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol, VCHCT can save more energy and prolong the network lifetime.
Secondly, based on the cluster heads cooperative transmission architecture, this research combines the STBC based virtual MIMO technology and the cluster heads cooperative transmission architecture. A STBC based virtual MIMO transmission scheme for clustered WSNs was proposed to reduce energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. This scheme is called SCHCT (STBC-based Cluster Heads Cooperative Transmission). This research analyses the BER performance of STBC based MIMO system and develops a total energy consumption model for SCHCT based on the single bit energy consumption model. When compared with LEACH scheme, numerical and simulation results together show that the proposed scheme can prolong the sensor network lifetime greatly when the distance to sink is above a threshold, especially in situations where the sink is far from the sensor area.
Thirdly, when compared with LEACH, VCHCT scheme and SCHCT scheme are more energy efficient than LEACH. But when consider at the same time the different energy saving characteristics of these two schemes and the additional communication consumption for cluster heads involved in the SCHCT scheme, it is not clear which scheme is more energy efficient. Under the same BER performance and the same node transmission rate conditions, detailed comparison between these two schemes and the original LEACH is performed to investigate the performance of these two schemes. Simulation results not only verify the theoretical analysis but also show that the two schemes have their specific application scenarios. When the sink is far from the sensor area, SCHCT scheme is much more energy efficient than LEACH and VCHCT scheme even if it consumes additional inter-cluster communication energy. When the distance to sink is near the sensor area, VCHCT is the best choice.
Fourthly, large delay is one of the key issues of mobile WSNs, some related work have achieved some success in reducing data delay of mobile WSNs. But for the large scale WSNs, these methods still can't satisfy the needs of data delay. In addition, exiting research work considered the path of mobile Sink and the routing from sensor nodes to rendezvous separately, it does not consider the relation between rendezvous selection, routing and path scheduling. For this problem, combined with the characteristics of large scale and delay tolerated, a data collection scheme was proposed based on mobile Sink and rendezvous. Based on this scheme, a heuristic algorithm that jointly considered rendezvous selection, routing and mobile Sink path scheduling was proposed. Under the assurance of condition for data latency requirement, this algorithm can reduce the data transmission from sensor nodes to rendezvous and achieves the purpose to save energy and prolong the network lifetime.
引文
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