我国乒乓球后备人才“体教结合”培养模式的构建与评价研究
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摘要
保持乒乓球项目后备人才的健康与可持续发展是我国乒乓球项目长盛不衰的重要保证。本文通过对我国竞技体育后备人才培养和“体教结合”发展的历史审视,在全面客观分析我国乒乓球“体教结合”后备人才培养现状的基础上,结合当前体育发展趋势和项目要求,系统性的提出乒乓球后备人才“体教结合”模式的构建。主要研究结论如下:
1、我国上世纪八十年代实施的“体教结合”工作为我国竞技体育后备人才的培养开辟了新的途径,由于受到体育和教育系统管理体制、组织制度等方面的制约,两部门各自依据自身的资源等优势实施各种形式的“体教结合”培养方式,由于未能实现体教两部门在组织管理等重要因素上的真正融合,可持续发展能力不足。
2、当前体育和教育系统乒乓球项目“体教结合”实施现状是,项目发展受到重视,运动训练条件能够满足需要,体育部门在项目经费投入、赛事安排、培训制度方面有较大优势,但教练员学历结构和科研能力尚待加强,运动员对文化学习重视不够;教育系统办队形式多元化,但办队目标不够全面,项目经费投入不足,赛事较少,招生方法尚待完善,教练员训练组织和学历结构较为合理,但执教能力不足,运动员训练总时较短,训练目标定位不高。
3、乒乓球“体教结合”培养中表现出的主要问题和不足是,高考制度使“体教结合”面临“瓶颈”;体教两系统忽视对自身教学和训练工作的加强与建设;两部门在培养目标上有所差异;管理体制障碍无法形成资源共用、利益共享的和谐局面;体教竞赛体系的相对独立影响了比赛沟通和交流;观念与认识的不足造成人才培养质量无法保证;办队经费的欠缺,以及体教两部门教练员与教师在科研和职教水平上的不足,影响了后备人才培养的质量。
4、“体教结合”评价体系的构建明确了评价指标的组成和权重,指出“体教结合”影响因素依次是体教两部门的制度政策和组织支持、项目发展和学校教育的紧密结合、外部运行环境的影响和运动员个人努力。
5、乒乓球“体教结合”的领导体制是在“体教联办”思想下的“体教领导工作小组”,并以“体教联席会议制度”的管理方式开展工作,在培养主体的结构上,确立了以培养乒乓球师资、管理和科研人员等为主要目标的两类主体,以及以培养优秀乒乓球竞技人才为主的三类主体,在培养目标上表现为三个层次,即高端竞技型人才、全面复合型人才和基础技能型人才。
6、训练体系由专业队、俱乐部的专业化训练体系与体育院系和高校高水平队训练体系共同构成,相互依托补充,强调初级训练阶段的共同培养,中级训练阶段的人才合理流动以及高级阶段的相互竞争。
7、竞赛体系构建以体育系统竞赛体系为赛事主要平台,鼓励教育系统高校和中小学的积极加入,促进高校加入乒协各级俱乐部联赛,增加初、高中阶段乒乓球赛事数量,加大体育系统对教育系统中成绩优异青少年运动员的选拔力度和范围,保证乒乓球“体教结合"竞赛体系的完备和人才选拔的高效全面。
8、乒乓球项目后备人才“体教结合”培养工作的发展策略主要有:加强体制建设,促进和保证乒乓球项目发展长盛不衰;促进两部门合作,共同推进乒乓球“体教结合”工作新局面;明确培养目标,实现乒乓球项目发展“体教结合”的共赢局面;加大资金投入,保证乒乓球项目和后备人才队伍的稳定发展;强化科学训练,合理解决乒乓球“体教结合”发展中的“学训矛盾”;注重培养交流,全面提高教练员综合能力和水平;加强监督管理,促进“体教双优”人才选拔制度的真正落实。
It's an important guarantee for the very sport project of table tennis that to keep the development of table tennis reserve talents healthy and sustainable in China. Through looking back at the history of training competitive sports reserve talents and the development of "CSE(Combination of Sports and Education)",analyzing comprehensively and objectively the "CSE" training status of the table tennis reserve talents,and combing with the current sport development trends and project requirements in China,this article constructs systematically the "CSETM (Combination of Sports and Education Training Mode)" of the table tennis reserve talents.The main conclusions of the research are as follows:
In the 1980s,the implementation of the "CSETM(Combination of Sports and Education Training Mode)" has opened up new roads for training competitive sports reserve talents.But due to the constraints of the management and organizational system of the sport and the education system,multiform of the "CSETM" has been set up by sports and education departments depend on their own preponderant resource, the failure of real integration in organization and management between the sports and the education departments has resulted in the lack of capacity for sustainable development.
The implementation situations of the "CSETM" are presently as follows:the development of table tennis has well been paid attention,training conditions can meet the related needs,and sport departments have a greater advantage in the project funding,the event arrangements and the training systems.However,the academic structure and the scientific research capacity of the coaches has yet to be strengthened,and cultural study of the athletes should be placed enough emphasis on;there are diverse team forms in the education system,but there are not comprehensive team goals,the project funding is inadequate,the events are less,and the admission ways of the very students has yet to be perfected;the training organizations and the academic structure of the coaches are more reasonable,but the training ability of the coaches has yet to be improved,the total time of training is much shorter,and the targets of training are not high.
There are now many problems and shortcomings in training the table tennis reserve talents in the "CSETM".For example,the "CSE" training system is now faced with a "bottleneck",because of the constrain of the present education system,especially,the constrain of the college entrance examination system;the education system and the sport system have been ignoring their own teaching task and their own training work because of their different starting point;the reality that the sport departments focus on all kinds of competitive titles while the education departments do their best to cultivate people has resulted in the difference in training goals;the obstacles of management system have resulted in the difficulty in sharing resources and benefits better;relative independence between the education departments and the sport competitive systems has affected communication of the athletes;lack of concepts and understanding between the leaders,the coaches and the athletes has influenced the quality of the "CSETM";lack of funding in the college table tennis teams and some professional table tennis teams,as well as lower level in scientific research and professional teaching of the coaches and the teachers in the two departments,has affected the "CPE" training quality of the table tennis talents,etc.
The construction of "CSEES"(Combination of Sports and Education Evaluation System) has defined the composition and weight of evaluation index,pointing out that the impact factors of "CSE" are in turn system policies and organization supports of the education department and the sport department,close combination of the project development and school education,the influences of the external operating environment and the personal efforts of the athletes.
The "CSE" training system is leaded by the "SELWG(Sports and Education Leaders Working Group)",which was founded on the basis of "Co-Running of Sports and Education" and was managed in the way of "JCSSE(Joint Conference System for Sports and Education)".Three types of talents,including table tennis coaches,managers and scientific research personnel,and outstanding competitive table tennis talents,can be cultivated in the special training mode. Three-level target can be achieved in the training mode:to cultivate top competitive athletic talents,to cultivate comprehensive compound talents,and to cultivate basic skills-type talents.
The "CSETM" system of the table tennis reserve talents is consist of professional team training systems,club specialization training systems,high-level team training systems of the Sport Colleges and the very universities.The above three training levels can depend on each other and can be helped with each other.The three-level training system emphasize the co-cultivation in the initial training phase,the rational flow of the talents in the intermediate training phase,and the competition with each other in the advanced training phase.
The "CSETM" competition system construction is mainly based on sport events,which can be regarded as platforms for the development of the "CSETM" system of the table tennis, encouraging the universities and the primary and secondary schools to actively playing part in the sport project and the events,promoting the Universities to join in "Club League at all Levels of Table Tennis Association",increasing the numbers of high school table tennis tournament, encouraging the table tennis reserve talents to compete in the common competition platform, enlarging the selection intensity and scope to bring the outstanding young athletes of the education systems to the sport systems,and ensuring the competence of the "CSE" training system of the table tennis and all-round and high-performance of the talent selections.
Lastly,development strategies for the "CSETM" of the table tennis reserve talents are as follows:to strengthen the institution-building to promote and guarantee the sustainable development of table tennis project focused;to promote co-operation of the education departments and sport departments to create a new situation in the field of the "CSE" training system;to clear training objectives to achieve a win-win situation in developing the "CSE" training system;to increase financial input to guarantee the stable development of table tennis items and its reserve talents;to strengthen scientific training to resolve reasonably the "contradictions between study and training" in the "CSETM";to pay attention to cultivating exchanges to enhance all-round comprehensive ability and level of the coaches;and to strengthen supervision and management to put the "CSETM" of the table tennis into effect.
1、我国上世纪八十年代实施的“体教结合”工作为我国竞技体育后备人才的培养开辟了新的途径,由于受到体育和教育系统管理体制、组织制度等方面的制约,两部门各自依据自身的资源等优势实施各种形式的“体教结合”培养方式,由于未能实现体教两部门在组织管理等重要因素上的真正融合,可持续发展能力不足。
2、当前体育和教育系统乒乓球项目“体教结合”实施现状是,项目发展受到重视,运动训练条件能够满足需要,体育部门在项目经费投入、赛事安排、培训制度方面有较大优势,但教练员学历结构和科研能力尚待加强,运动员对文化学习重视不够;教育系统办队形式多元化,但办队目标不够全面,项目经费投入不足,赛事较少,招生方法尚待完善,教练员训练组织和学历结构较为合理,但执教能力不足,运动员训练总时较短,训练目标定位不高。
3、乒乓球“体教结合”培养中表现出的主要问题和不足是,高考制度使“体教结合”面临“瓶颈”;体教两系统忽视对自身教学和训练工作的加强与建设;两部门在培养目标上有所差异;管理体制障碍无法形成资源共用、利益共享的和谐局面;体教竞赛体系的相对独立影响了比赛沟通和交流;观念与认识的不足造成人才培养质量无法保证;办队经费的欠缺,以及体教两部门教练员与教师在科研和职教水平上的不足,影响了后备人才培养的质量。
4、“体教结合”评价体系的构建明确了评价指标的组成和权重,指出“体教结合”影响因素依次是体教两部门的制度政策和组织支持、项目发展和学校教育的紧密结合、外部运行环境的影响和运动员个人努力。
5、乒乓球“体教结合”的领导体制是在“体教联办”思想下的“体教领导工作小组”,并以“体教联席会议制度”的管理方式开展工作,在培养主体的结构上,确立了以培养乒乓球师资、管理和科研人员等为主要目标的两类主体,以及以培养优秀乒乓球竞技人才为主的三类主体,在培养目标上表现为三个层次,即高端竞技型人才、全面复合型人才和基础技能型人才。
6、训练体系由专业队、俱乐部的专业化训练体系与体育院系和高校高水平队训练体系共同构成,相互依托补充,强调初级训练阶段的共同培养,中级训练阶段的人才合理流动以及高级阶段的相互竞争。
7、竞赛体系构建以体育系统竞赛体系为赛事主要平台,鼓励教育系统高校和中小学的积极加入,促进高校加入乒协各级俱乐部联赛,增加初、高中阶段乒乓球赛事数量,加大体育系统对教育系统中成绩优异青少年运动员的选拔力度和范围,保证乒乓球“体教结合"竞赛体系的完备和人才选拔的高效全面。
8、乒乓球项目后备人才“体教结合”培养工作的发展策略主要有:加强体制建设,促进和保证乒乓球项目发展长盛不衰;促进两部门合作,共同推进乒乓球“体教结合”工作新局面;明确培养目标,实现乒乓球项目发展“体教结合”的共赢局面;加大资金投入,保证乒乓球项目和后备人才队伍的稳定发展;强化科学训练,合理解决乒乓球“体教结合”发展中的“学训矛盾”;注重培养交流,全面提高教练员综合能力和水平;加强监督管理,促进“体教双优”人才选拔制度的真正落实。
It's an important guarantee for the very sport project of table tennis that to keep the development of table tennis reserve talents healthy and sustainable in China. Through looking back at the history of training competitive sports reserve talents and the development of "CSE(Combination of Sports and Education)",analyzing comprehensively and objectively the "CSE" training status of the table tennis reserve talents,and combing with the current sport development trends and project requirements in China,this article constructs systematically the "CSETM (Combination of Sports and Education Training Mode)" of the table tennis reserve talents.The main conclusions of the research are as follows:
In the 1980s,the implementation of the "CSETM(Combination of Sports and Education Training Mode)" has opened up new roads for training competitive sports reserve talents.But due to the constraints of the management and organizational system of the sport and the education system,multiform of the "CSETM" has been set up by sports and education departments depend on their own preponderant resource, the failure of real integration in organization and management between the sports and the education departments has resulted in the lack of capacity for sustainable development.
The implementation situations of the "CSETM" are presently as follows:the development of table tennis has well been paid attention,training conditions can meet the related needs,and sport departments have a greater advantage in the project funding,the event arrangements and the training systems.However,the academic structure and the scientific research capacity of the coaches has yet to be strengthened,and cultural study of the athletes should be placed enough emphasis on;there are diverse team forms in the education system,but there are not comprehensive team goals,the project funding is inadequate,the events are less,and the admission ways of the very students has yet to be perfected;the training organizations and the academic structure of the coaches are more reasonable,but the training ability of the coaches has yet to be improved,the total time of training is much shorter,and the targets of training are not high.
There are now many problems and shortcomings in training the table tennis reserve talents in the "CSETM".For example,the "CSE" training system is now faced with a "bottleneck",because of the constrain of the present education system,especially,the constrain of the college entrance examination system;the education system and the sport system have been ignoring their own teaching task and their own training work because of their different starting point;the reality that the sport departments focus on all kinds of competitive titles while the education departments do their best to cultivate people has resulted in the difference in training goals;the obstacles of management system have resulted in the difficulty in sharing resources and benefits better;relative independence between the education departments and the sport competitive systems has affected communication of the athletes;lack of concepts and understanding between the leaders,the coaches and the athletes has influenced the quality of the "CSETM";lack of funding in the college table tennis teams and some professional table tennis teams,as well as lower level in scientific research and professional teaching of the coaches and the teachers in the two departments,has affected the "CPE" training quality of the table tennis talents,etc.
The construction of "CSEES"(Combination of Sports and Education Evaluation System) has defined the composition and weight of evaluation index,pointing out that the impact factors of "CSE" are in turn system policies and organization supports of the education department and the sport department,close combination of the project development and school education,the influences of the external operating environment and the personal efforts of the athletes.
The "CSE" training system is leaded by the "SELWG(Sports and Education Leaders Working Group)",which was founded on the basis of "Co-Running of Sports and Education" and was managed in the way of "JCSSE(Joint Conference System for Sports and Education)".Three types of talents,including table tennis coaches,managers and scientific research personnel,and outstanding competitive table tennis talents,can be cultivated in the special training mode. Three-level target can be achieved in the training mode:to cultivate top competitive athletic talents,to cultivate comprehensive compound talents,and to cultivate basic skills-type talents.
The "CSETM" system of the table tennis reserve talents is consist of professional team training systems,club specialization training systems,high-level team training systems of the Sport Colleges and the very universities.The above three training levels can depend on each other and can be helped with each other.The three-level training system emphasize the co-cultivation in the initial training phase,the rational flow of the talents in the intermediate training phase,and the competition with each other in the advanced training phase.
The "CSETM" competition system construction is mainly based on sport events,which can be regarded as platforms for the development of the "CSETM" system of the table tennis, encouraging the universities and the primary and secondary schools to actively playing part in the sport project and the events,promoting the Universities to join in "Club League at all Levels of Table Tennis Association",increasing the numbers of high school table tennis tournament, encouraging the table tennis reserve talents to compete in the common competition platform, enlarging the selection intensity and scope to bring the outstanding young athletes of the education systems to the sport systems,and ensuring the competence of the "CSE" training system of the table tennis and all-round and high-performance of the talent selections.
Lastly,development strategies for the "CSETM" of the table tennis reserve talents are as follows:to strengthen the institution-building to promote and guarantee the sustainable development of table tennis project focused;to promote co-operation of the education departments and sport departments to create a new situation in the field of the "CSE" training system;to clear training objectives to achieve a win-win situation in developing the "CSE" training system;to increase financial input to guarantee the stable development of table tennis items and its reserve talents;to strengthen scientific training to resolve reasonably the "contradictions between study and training" in the "CSETM";to pay attention to cultivating exchanges to enhance all-round comprehensive ability and level of the coaches;and to strengthen supervision and management to put the "CSETM" of the table tennis into effect.
引文
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