我国青少年竞走运动员身体机能指标的研究
|
摘要
近年来国内外专家学者更多的专注于身体机能指标的变化对运动员身体机能的监控和评价的研究,然而运用运动跑台和台阶试验等仪器对青少年竞走运动员的生理机能变化情况的研究比较少。文章主要测试青少年队员的各项身体机能指标数据,以了解竞走队员各项机能指标的变化情况及其对训练、比赛、运动成绩的影响,与此同时,探索适合青少竞走队员训练监控的方法,为我国青少年竞走项目科学合理的训练与赛后机能恢复提供参考。
文章以参加“2010年全国青少年竞走夏令营”的57名国家青少年队员为研究对象,首先对身高、体重的基线数据进行测量,并且运用身体质量指数公式(BMI)计算出队员的肥胖指数(BMI=体重(kg)/身高(m)2)；然后运用德国产Cortex MetaMax3B运动心肺功能测试系统和h/p/cosmos pulsar3p4.0运动跑台,按照预先设置的负荷强度,对57名青少年竞走队员在最大摄氧和无氧运动状态下的心率、血压、VO2max和台阶指数等生理指标进行测试；最后采用Microsoft Excel2003对数据进行录入,并且采用Spssl7.0对整理后的数据进行分析。
研究结果显示：(1)台阶试验中发现男、女运动员在台阶指数中的差异性具有统计学意义。(2)在训练中,当训练负荷达到一定强度但尚未达到极限时,最大摄氧量会达到极值；并且随着强度的增加,最大摄氧量会出现下降。(3)心率与最大通气量和摄氧量之间具有显著的相关性,在竞走选材中具有十分重要的意义。(4)身体肥胖指数的高低会对机体的摄氧量和血压产生一定的影响。
结论表明：(1)青少年竞走运动员的身体机能变化情况与他们所承受的相对负荷基本保持相同的趋势。当运动员血压和摄氧量均在正常范围变化时,青少年队员表现出良好的心肺功能。(2)通过对青少年竞走运动员生理指标数据和训练强度及量度的分析,在训练中教练员应当根据队员心率与血压的变化情况,适时地调整训练的强度和量度。(3)依据血压与BMI的相关性分析表明,青少年竞走运动员心肺功能随着身体肥胖指数的增加而相应的降低,并且有可能对队员心血管系统功能造成一定的影响。
In recent years, experts and scholars at home and abroad are more focus on the research of body function index changes on the athletes'physical function monitoring and evaluation, however, use movement and the steps such as test run sets instrument of the youth of walker physiological function change research are less. This paper tests the young players at the various body function index data, in order to understand the function of walking players index evolution and for training, contest, the influence of the sports results. At the same time, to explore the method of monitoring of the training team race and,for the youth walkers, to provide the reference in scientific training and reasonable function recovery after training.57employees of the national youth players in the “2010years walking the national youth summer camp” were selected as the research object. First, height, weight of the baseline data are measured, and using body mass index (BMI) calculated formula of the players to obesity. Then use the Germany produces Cortex MetaMax3B movement heart lungs function test system and h/p/cosmos pulsar3p4.0movement run sets, according to preset load strength to test the heart rate, blood pressure, VO2max and steps index and physiological indexes when the57race walkers in the biggest oxygen intake and anaerobic exercise state. At last, use Microsoft Excel2003on data for entry, the Spss17.0on finishing analyse.
The results show:(1) In the steps test, male and female athletes on the steps are statistically significant differences.(2)In training, when training load reaches a certain strength but have not yet reached the limit, Will reach the vo2max extreme value; and with the increase of strength, VO2max will fall.(3) Heart rate and the most jpmorgan chase olume and taken oxygen have significant correlation.(4)Body fat have a certain effect on the discretion of the index will's oxygen and blood pressure taken have.
The conclusion shows that:(1) Young walker and the changes of the physical functions of their property by relative load basic continue at the same trend. When players are taken blood pressure and oxygen in the normal range change, the young players showed good cardiopulmonary function.(2) Through to young walker physiological indexes data and training intensity and the analysis of the measure, the coach should timely adjust players'training intensity and measurement according to the change of heart rate.(3) Based on the correlation of blood pressure and BMI analysis shows that teenagers walker with cardiopulmonary function body fat index with the increase of the corresponding reduced, and may effect the cardiovascular system function of players.
文章以参加“2010年全国青少年竞走夏令营”的57名国家青少年队员为研究对象,首先对身高、体重的基线数据进行测量,并且运用身体质量指数公式(BMI)计算出队员的肥胖指数(BMI=体重(kg)/身高(m)2)；然后运用德国产Cortex MetaMax3B运动心肺功能测试系统和h/p/cosmos pulsar3p4.0运动跑台,按照预先设置的负荷强度,对57名青少年竞走队员在最大摄氧和无氧运动状态下的心率、血压、VO2max和台阶指数等生理指标进行测试；最后采用Microsoft Excel2003对数据进行录入,并且采用Spssl7.0对整理后的数据进行分析。
研究结果显示：(1)台阶试验中发现男、女运动员在台阶指数中的差异性具有统计学意义。(2)在训练中,当训练负荷达到一定强度但尚未达到极限时,最大摄氧量会达到极值；并且随着强度的增加,最大摄氧量会出现下降。(3)心率与最大通气量和摄氧量之间具有显著的相关性,在竞走选材中具有十分重要的意义。(4)身体肥胖指数的高低会对机体的摄氧量和血压产生一定的影响。
结论表明：(1)青少年竞走运动员的身体机能变化情况与他们所承受的相对负荷基本保持相同的趋势。当运动员血压和摄氧量均在正常范围变化时,青少年队员表现出良好的心肺功能。(2)通过对青少年竞走运动员生理指标数据和训练强度及量度的分析,在训练中教练员应当根据队员心率与血压的变化情况,适时地调整训练的强度和量度。(3)依据血压与BMI的相关性分析表明,青少年竞走运动员心肺功能随着身体肥胖指数的增加而相应的降低,并且有可能对队员心血管系统功能造成一定的影响。
In recent years, experts and scholars at home and abroad are more focus on the research of body function index changes on the athletes'physical function monitoring and evaluation, however, use movement and the steps such as test run sets instrument of the youth of walker physiological function change research are less. This paper tests the young players at the various body function index data, in order to understand the function of walking players index evolution and for training, contest, the influence of the sports results. At the same time, to explore the method of monitoring of the training team race and,for the youth walkers, to provide the reference in scientific training and reasonable function recovery after training.57employees of the national youth players in the “2010years walking the national youth summer camp” were selected as the research object. First, height, weight of the baseline data are measured, and using body mass index (BMI) calculated formula of the players to obesity. Then use the Germany produces Cortex MetaMax3B movement heart lungs function test system and h/p/cosmos pulsar3p4.0movement run sets, according to preset load strength to test the heart rate, blood pressure, VO2max and steps index and physiological indexes when the57race walkers in the biggest oxygen intake and anaerobic exercise state. At last, use Microsoft Excel2003on data for entry, the Spss17.0on finishing analyse.
The results show:(1) In the steps test, male and female athletes on the steps are statistically significant differences.(2)In training, when training load reaches a certain strength but have not yet reached the limit, Will reach the vo2max extreme value; and with the increase of strength, VO2max will fall.(3) Heart rate and the most jpmorgan chase olume and taken oxygen have significant correlation.(4)Body fat have a certain effect on the discretion of the index will's oxygen and blood pressure taken have.
The conclusion shows that:(1) Young walker and the changes of the physical functions of their property by relative load basic continue at the same trend. When players are taken blood pressure and oxygen in the normal range change, the young players showed good cardiopulmonary function.(2) Through to young walker physiological indexes data and training intensity and the analysis of the measure, the coach should timely adjust players'training intensity and measurement according to the change of heart rate.(3) Based on the correlation of blood pressure and BMI analysis shows that teenagers walker with cardiopulmonary function body fat index with the increase of the corresponding reduced, and may effect the cardiovascular system function of players.
引文
[1]王金灿.主编运动选材学[M].人民体育出版社,北京,2009
[2]俞诚士.主编预测在体育领域中的应用[M].人民体育出版社,北京,1985
[3]陈晓雄,王伟平.冬训期间应用食补提高女运动员身体机能的探索[J].体育科学.1996.71—74.
[4]陈俊民.高原训练对竞走运动员肺通气功能的影响[J].中国应用生理学杂志.1997.03.223转227.
[5]詹实支,刘新黎.赛艇运动对最大吸氧量的影响及其与心功能的关系[J].武汉休育学院学报.1997.11.32—33.
[6]王丽萍,胡继明,吴传京.运动对优秀竞走运动员尿电解质排泄的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志.2000.324—325.
[7]王守恒,薛正武,曾凡星,朱浩.少年篮球运动员身体机能和素质变化的研究[J].体育科学.2000.01.36—39.
[8]潘少奎.中长跑运动员步频步幅与摄氧量关系的研究[D].北京体育大学研究生论文.2002.04.3—15.
[9]周越,朱旭红.青少年女子铅球运动员赛前减量安排与身体机能变化规律的研究[J].中国体育科技.2005.11.34—36转55.
[10]王银行.竞走运动员体能监测与恢复[J].山东体育科技.2006.10.15-18.
[11]匡建欣.山东省优秀散打运动员最大吸氧量指标的研究[J].体育世界.2007.07.50—51.
[12]徐勇,石杰.我国优秀女子铁人三项运动员身体机能指标的研究[J].北方工业大学学报.2007.12.87—90.
[13]洪小勤.儿童少年体重指数与身体机能、运动素质关系的研究[J].浙江体育科学.2008.11.123-127.
[14]郑延峰.我国优秀速度滑冰运动员V02max与其它有氧能力指标关系的研究[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报.2008.12.129-131.
[15]周志雄,季钢,张凡等.《国家学生体质健康标准》中大学生心血管机能评价指标有效性的实验研究[J].首都体育学院学报.2009.01.57—59.
[16]赵歌,章前,许琦,李俊平.高强度训练对游泳运动员血乳酸及相关指标的影响[J].北京体育大学学报.2009.02.80-82.
[17]邱俊.现代五项运动员运动能力和机能状态监控与评价的研究[D].上海体育学院博士论文.2009.04.15—16.
[18]臧广悦,吴正平,高海宁.大运动量训练对国家拳击集训队运动员身体机能状态的影响[J].上海体育学院学报.2009.5.65—67.
[19]叶联生,张亮.对少年竞走运动员训练期间重要生理生化指标变化规律的研究[J].吉林省教育学院学报.2009.10.112-113.
[20]刘小莉,马国际.男子竞走运动员刘光军、石勇-次性极量运动中心肺功能的变化特征[J].体育科技文献通报.2009.11.36—38.
[21]崔玉环,刘丹,安楠,赵刚.中国国奥足球队运动员身体机能分析[J].中国运动医学杂志.2009.12.693—697.
[22]胡燕,周志勇,朱政.补气补血类中药对女子赛艇运动员身体机能的影响[J].体育科研.2010.2.86—88.
[23]万利,倪东业.我国男子优秀高脚竞速运动员身体机能研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版).2010.03.116—120.
[24]孙树滨.速度滑冰运动员身体机能评定常用生理生化指标及应用[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报.2010.06.22—24.
[25]赵玉华.我国高山滑雪运动员的身体机能的检测与评定[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报.2010.08.9-12.
[26]Malina. R. M. Anthropometric correlates of strength and motor performance. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev.1975.3.249-74.
[27]Plourde G, Rousseau-Mignerons, Nadeau A. Beta-adrenoceptor cyclase system adaptation to physical training in rat Ventricular tissue J Appl physiol,1991.70 (4); 1633-1638.
[28]Dehn & Mitchell. J. H. The circulatory system In strauss (ed) sports Medicine and physiology 1979.99.77-93. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders.
[29]Dlin. R. A Blood pressure responses to dynamic exercise in healthy and hypertensive youths. Pediatrician 1986.13,34-43.
[30]MCKEAG D B.preseason physical examination for the prevention of sports injuries. Sports Med (New Zealand), Nov-Dec 1985,2 (6):413-31.
[31]TIIDUS P M, IANUZZO C D. Effects of intensity and duration of muscular exercise on delayed soreness and serum enzyme activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc,1983,15 (6):461-465.
[32]王清.主编我国优秀运动员竞技能力状态诊断和监测系统的研究与建立[M]人民体育出版社,北京,2003
[33]HANKINSON JL, ODENCRANTZ JR, FEDAN KB. Spirometric referencevalues from a sample of the general US population. Am J Respir Crit CareMed,1999,159(1):179-187.
[34]MAIOLO C,MOHAMED El, CARBONELLI MG. Body composition and respiratory function. Acta Diabetol,2003,40(1):32-38.
[35]包东英,张屹.无氧阈在运动训练中的应用[J].辽宁体育科技.2006.12.105—106.
[2]俞诚士.主编预测在体育领域中的应用[M].人民体育出版社,北京,1985
[3]陈晓雄,王伟平.冬训期间应用食补提高女运动员身体机能的探索[J].体育科学.1996.71—74.
[4]陈俊民.高原训练对竞走运动员肺通气功能的影响[J].中国应用生理学杂志.1997.03.223转227.
[5]詹实支,刘新黎.赛艇运动对最大吸氧量的影响及其与心功能的关系[J].武汉休育学院学报.1997.11.32—33.
[6]王丽萍,胡继明,吴传京.运动对优秀竞走运动员尿电解质排泄的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志.2000.324—325.
[7]王守恒,薛正武,曾凡星,朱浩.少年篮球运动员身体机能和素质变化的研究[J].体育科学.2000.01.36—39.
[8]潘少奎.中长跑运动员步频步幅与摄氧量关系的研究[D].北京体育大学研究生论文.2002.04.3—15.
[9]周越,朱旭红.青少年女子铅球运动员赛前减量安排与身体机能变化规律的研究[J].中国体育科技.2005.11.34—36转55.
[10]王银行.竞走运动员体能监测与恢复[J].山东体育科技.2006.10.15-18.
[11]匡建欣.山东省优秀散打运动员最大吸氧量指标的研究[J].体育世界.2007.07.50—51.
[12]徐勇,石杰.我国优秀女子铁人三项运动员身体机能指标的研究[J].北方工业大学学报.2007.12.87—90.
[13]洪小勤.儿童少年体重指数与身体机能、运动素质关系的研究[J].浙江体育科学.2008.11.123-127.
[14]郑延峰.我国优秀速度滑冰运动员V02max与其它有氧能力指标关系的研究[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报.2008.12.129-131.
[15]周志雄,季钢,张凡等.《国家学生体质健康标准》中大学生心血管机能评价指标有效性的实验研究[J].首都体育学院学报.2009.01.57—59.
[16]赵歌,章前,许琦,李俊平.高强度训练对游泳运动员血乳酸及相关指标的影响[J].北京体育大学学报.2009.02.80-82.
[17]邱俊.现代五项运动员运动能力和机能状态监控与评价的研究[D].上海体育学院博士论文.2009.04.15—16.
[18]臧广悦,吴正平,高海宁.大运动量训练对国家拳击集训队运动员身体机能状态的影响[J].上海体育学院学报.2009.5.65—67.
[19]叶联生,张亮.对少年竞走运动员训练期间重要生理生化指标变化规律的研究[J].吉林省教育学院学报.2009.10.112-113.
[20]刘小莉,马国际.男子竞走运动员刘光军、石勇-次性极量运动中心肺功能的变化特征[J].体育科技文献通报.2009.11.36—38.
[21]崔玉环,刘丹,安楠,赵刚.中国国奥足球队运动员身体机能分析[J].中国运动医学杂志.2009.12.693—697.
[22]胡燕,周志勇,朱政.补气补血类中药对女子赛艇运动员身体机能的影响[J].体育科研.2010.2.86—88.
[23]万利,倪东业.我国男子优秀高脚竞速运动员身体机能研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版).2010.03.116—120.
[24]孙树滨.速度滑冰运动员身体机能评定常用生理生化指标及应用[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报.2010.06.22—24.
[25]赵玉华.我国高山滑雪运动员的身体机能的检测与评定[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报.2010.08.9-12.
[26]Malina. R. M. Anthropometric correlates of strength and motor performance. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev.1975.3.249-74.
[27]Plourde G, Rousseau-Mignerons, Nadeau A. Beta-adrenoceptor cyclase system adaptation to physical training in rat Ventricular tissue J Appl physiol,1991.70 (4); 1633-1638.
[28]Dehn & Mitchell. J. H. The circulatory system In strauss (ed) sports Medicine and physiology 1979.99.77-93. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders.
[29]Dlin. R. A Blood pressure responses to dynamic exercise in healthy and hypertensive youths. Pediatrician 1986.13,34-43.
[30]MCKEAG D B.preseason physical examination for the prevention of sports injuries. Sports Med (New Zealand), Nov-Dec 1985,2 (6):413-31.
[31]TIIDUS P M, IANUZZO C D. Effects of intensity and duration of muscular exercise on delayed soreness and serum enzyme activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc,1983,15 (6):461-465.
[32]王清.主编我国优秀运动员竞技能力状态诊断和监测系统的研究与建立[M]人民体育出版社,北京,2003
[33]HANKINSON JL, ODENCRANTZ JR, FEDAN KB. Spirometric referencevalues from a sample of the general US population. Am J Respir Crit CareMed,1999,159(1):179-187.
[34]MAIOLO C,MOHAMED El, CARBONELLI MG. Body composition and respiratory function. Acta Diabetol,2003,40(1):32-38.
[35]包东英,张屹.无氧阈在运动训练中的应用[J].辽宁体育科技.2006.12.105—106.