移动床SBR反应器处理高氨氮废水的研究
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摘要
本文通过控制移动床SBR系统工艺运行参数,研究其对氨氮废水的处理效能；运用分子生物学技术研究了膜生物数量、种类及菌群结构的演变规律,主要研究内容如下：
(1)移动床SBR系统处理氨氮废水效能
在控制氨氮100mg/L, COD由400mg/L逐步降至200mg/L的运行培养过程中,填充率分别为25%和13%的R1、R2两组系统氨氮去除效果良好,均出现亚硝氮积累和反硝化现象,且填料填充率越大两现象越明显,COD浓度越高越有利于反硝化进行,有碍亚硝氮积累。
(2)移动床SBR系统微生物相分析
扫描电镜对系统中原始污泥及不同时期生物膜样品的研究结果表明,原始污泥中基本以短杆菌为主,运行初期,填料表面有黄褐色絮状膜,结构疏松；中期,填料表面形成一层致密黄褐色生物膜,电镜观察发现杆菌、球菌大量富集,成团成簇,将丝状菌包裹于其中,微生物形态逐渐模糊；后期,生物膜颜色有所加深,电镜观察细菌更加密集,生物膜已相当成熟。
利用PCR-DGGE技术研究系统内部微生物群落结构及多样性,结果表明总细菌种类较丰富,主要为变形菌门,大部分为好氧异养菌,少部分可以进行兼性厌氧,其中5个条带具有还原硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的作用；氨氧化细菌基本为亚硝化单胞菌,其中3个条带属于欧洲亚硝化单胞菌,而另外大部分均为不可培养菌。
(3)移动床SBR系统运行影响因素的研究
乙醇、乙酸钠、葡萄糖、蔗糖四种碳源条件下氨氮去除率差异不大,乙酸钠条件下总氮去除率最高；氨氮100mg/L条件下,移动床SBR系统在COD100～400mg/L的有机负荷范围内,氨氮去除率随着COD浓度升高有所降低,但整体氨氮去除效果在99%以上,有机浓度越高总氮去除率越大；氨氮浓度在30～50mg/L之间氨氮去除率较好,一般在反应5小时后去除率接近100%；氨氮浓度在15～60mg/L之间硝化反应符合一级反应动力学。
In this paper, the moving-bed SBR system is established to deal with ammonia-nitrogen wastewater by optimizing the process operating parameters. Membrane biological quantity, the evolution mechanism of species and community structure are investigated by microbiology molecular techniques. The main research contents are shown as follows:
(1) The performance of moving-bed SBR system dealing with ammonia wastewater:
Under the condition of NH4+-N100mg/L, COD decreasing from400mg/L to200mg/L gradually, the NH4+-N removal rate of system R1(25%packing fill rate) and R2(13%packing fill rate) are well. In running process, the nitrite accumulation and denitrification all appear in the moving bed SBR system. Moreover, there is a positive relationship between the fill rate and the two phenomenons. The higher COD concentration is conductive to denitrification and not to the accumulation of nitrite.
(2) The microbial phase analysis results of moving bed SBR system
Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on different periods of the suspended filler bio-film show that Brevibacterium occupy a major position in the original sludge. In early running stage, there is tan flocculent film on packing surface with loose structure. In the middle of running, a dense yellow-brown bio-film forms on the filler surface. Electron microscopy observation shows that Bacillus and Coccus are enrichment, gathering into a mass. Filamentous bacteria wrapped in microbial shape gradually are blurred. Back-end bio-film color is deepened. More intensive bacteria observed by electron microscopy shows that bio-films have already reached quite mature stage.
Research the composition and diversity of microbial communities in the system using PCR-DGGE. The results show that the bacteria species are rich in the reactor and the main kind is the Proteobacteria genus. Most of the bacteria belong to aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, and a small part is facultative anaerobe. There are5bands having the function of reduction for nitrate and nitrite. The main ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the reactor is Nitrosomonas. Three of them belong to Nitrosomonas European, while the others are non-cultivated.
(3) Study of influencing factors of running for moving bed SBR system shows that:
The NH4+-N removal rates under the conditions of four carbon sources (ethanol, sodium acetate, glucose and sucrose) didn't have significant difference. When sodium acetate as the carbon source, TN remove rate was the highest. Under the condition of NH4+-N100mg/L, the NH4+-N removal rate decreases with the increase of COD concentration while COD was in100-400mg/L.But the NH4+-N removal rates were all above99%. The higher the organic concentration is, the greater the TN removal rate. Ammonia concentration in the range of30-50mg/L, the removal efficiency is better. Generally speaking, after five hours of reaction, the removal is nearly100%. The degradation of ammonia in the concentration of15-60mg/L follows the first order reaction kinetics.
(1)移动床SBR系统处理氨氮废水效能
在控制氨氮100mg/L, COD由400mg/L逐步降至200mg/L的运行培养过程中,填充率分别为25%和13%的R1、R2两组系统氨氮去除效果良好,均出现亚硝氮积累和反硝化现象,且填料填充率越大两现象越明显,COD浓度越高越有利于反硝化进行,有碍亚硝氮积累。
(2)移动床SBR系统微生物相分析
扫描电镜对系统中原始污泥及不同时期生物膜样品的研究结果表明,原始污泥中基本以短杆菌为主,运行初期,填料表面有黄褐色絮状膜,结构疏松；中期,填料表面形成一层致密黄褐色生物膜,电镜观察发现杆菌、球菌大量富集,成团成簇,将丝状菌包裹于其中,微生物形态逐渐模糊；后期,生物膜颜色有所加深,电镜观察细菌更加密集,生物膜已相当成熟。
利用PCR-DGGE技术研究系统内部微生物群落结构及多样性,结果表明总细菌种类较丰富,主要为变形菌门,大部分为好氧异养菌,少部分可以进行兼性厌氧,其中5个条带具有还原硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的作用；氨氧化细菌基本为亚硝化单胞菌,其中3个条带属于欧洲亚硝化单胞菌,而另外大部分均为不可培养菌。
(3)移动床SBR系统运行影响因素的研究
乙醇、乙酸钠、葡萄糖、蔗糖四种碳源条件下氨氮去除率差异不大,乙酸钠条件下总氮去除率最高；氨氮100mg/L条件下,移动床SBR系统在COD100～400mg/L的有机负荷范围内,氨氮去除率随着COD浓度升高有所降低,但整体氨氮去除效果在99%以上,有机浓度越高总氮去除率越大；氨氮浓度在30～50mg/L之间氨氮去除率较好,一般在反应5小时后去除率接近100%；氨氮浓度在15～60mg/L之间硝化反应符合一级反应动力学。
In this paper, the moving-bed SBR system is established to deal with ammonia-nitrogen wastewater by optimizing the process operating parameters. Membrane biological quantity, the evolution mechanism of species and community structure are investigated by microbiology molecular techniques. The main research contents are shown as follows:
(1) The performance of moving-bed SBR system dealing with ammonia wastewater:
Under the condition of NH4+-N100mg/L, COD decreasing from400mg/L to200mg/L gradually, the NH4+-N removal rate of system R1(25%packing fill rate) and R2(13%packing fill rate) are well. In running process, the nitrite accumulation and denitrification all appear in the moving bed SBR system. Moreover, there is a positive relationship between the fill rate and the two phenomenons. The higher COD concentration is conductive to denitrification and not to the accumulation of nitrite.
(2) The microbial phase analysis results of moving bed SBR system
Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on different periods of the suspended filler bio-film show that Brevibacterium occupy a major position in the original sludge. In early running stage, there is tan flocculent film on packing surface with loose structure. In the middle of running, a dense yellow-brown bio-film forms on the filler surface. Electron microscopy observation shows that Bacillus and Coccus are enrichment, gathering into a mass. Filamentous bacteria wrapped in microbial shape gradually are blurred. Back-end bio-film color is deepened. More intensive bacteria observed by electron microscopy shows that bio-films have already reached quite mature stage.
Research the composition and diversity of microbial communities in the system using PCR-DGGE. The results show that the bacteria species are rich in the reactor and the main kind is the Proteobacteria genus. Most of the bacteria belong to aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, and a small part is facultative anaerobe. There are5bands having the function of reduction for nitrate and nitrite. The main ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the reactor is Nitrosomonas. Three of them belong to Nitrosomonas European, while the others are non-cultivated.
(3) Study of influencing factors of running for moving bed SBR system shows that:
The NH4+-N removal rates under the conditions of four carbon sources (ethanol, sodium acetate, glucose and sucrose) didn't have significant difference. When sodium acetate as the carbon source, TN remove rate was the highest. Under the condition of NH4+-N100mg/L, the NH4+-N removal rate decreases with the increase of COD concentration while COD was in100-400mg/L.But the NH4+-N removal rates were all above99%. The higher the organic concentration is, the greater the TN removal rate. Ammonia concentration in the range of30-50mg/L, the removal efficiency is better. Generally speaking, after five hours of reaction, the removal is nearly100%. The degradation of ammonia in the concentration of15-60mg/L follows the first order reaction kinetics.
引文
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