三峡-葛洲坝两坝间典型滩段大流量下通航条件改善措施试验研究
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摘要
在充分收集研究河段基础资料和国内外研究资料的基础上,采用调查研究、资料分析、物理模型试验相结合的技术路线,对大流量复杂水流下三峡大坝至葛洲坝两坝间的通航安全条件问题进行了深入研究,获得了以下主要研究成果:
(1)三峡大坝至葛洲坝两坝间河道呈现为典型的峡谷河道形态特征;汛期河道过水面积增加的速率小于流量增加的速率;流急、流态紊乱是滩险碍航的表观特征,河道的平面、断面、纵剖面形态是滩险碍航的根本原因;本河段滩险航道整治的总原则是:通过改变河床形态,调整水流结构和流速分布、消除或减弱不良碍航流态。
(2)两坝间河段流速、比降、回流范围变化随着流量增加而增大;主流带宽度随着流量的增加而增宽,葛洲坝水位愈高主流带宽度愈窄。
(3)石牌弯道采取整治工程措施试验研究表明:整治后各级流量下主流区宽度增加,回流带显著压缩,泡漩区表层过流量加大,有效过水面积加大,河道流速分布趋于均匀;泡水频率降低,泡强减弱,水流条件比现状条件下有了明显的改善。
(4)改善通航条件非工程措施试验研究表明:提高葛洲坝坝上水位有助于减小两坝间河段的急流带宽度,对水流条件有一定的改善,能够达到改善通航水流条件的目的。
Based on the analyses of extensive data collected from the related project and domestic and oversea research results, the combined methods of field investigation, data analysis, and physical model tests were applied to investigate the navigation safety under large discharge between the Three George and the Gezhouba Reservoir. Following main results were obtained.
(1)The river channel presents characteristics of gorge type shape between the Three George and the Gezhouba Reservoir. In flood period, the increase speed of the discharge area is smaller than that of the discharge. The rapid flow and disorder flow pattern are apparent characteristics for navigation-obstructing due to rapids and shoals, and the basic reasons are the plane, cross-section and longitudinal profiles. So the total principle for the channel regulation is to adjust flow structure and velocity distribution through changing riverbed shape so that bad navigation-obstructing flow pattern is eliminated or weakened.
(2)The velocity, gradient, backflow scope increase with the discharge. The width of main flow increases with the discharge, and decreases with the water level of the Gezhouba Reservoir.
(3)The results of physical model test on regulation measures for ShiPai bend show that the main velocity area was widened and the circumfluence was compressed, the discharge in the surface layer of kolk boil area increases, the effective flow area grows and the velocity tend towards uniform. The appearance frequency of kolk boil decreases and the strength weakened. The flow condition is improved obviously.
(4)The results of physical model test on non-engineering measures for improving navigation condition present that the rapid flow width decreases with the water level rise above the Gezhouza Reservoir, which can improve the flow condition and provides better navigation condition.
(1)三峡大坝至葛洲坝两坝间河道呈现为典型的峡谷河道形态特征;汛期河道过水面积增加的速率小于流量增加的速率;流急、流态紊乱是滩险碍航的表观特征,河道的平面、断面、纵剖面形态是滩险碍航的根本原因;本河段滩险航道整治的总原则是:通过改变河床形态,调整水流结构和流速分布、消除或减弱不良碍航流态。
(2)两坝间河段流速、比降、回流范围变化随着流量增加而增大;主流带宽度随着流量的增加而增宽,葛洲坝水位愈高主流带宽度愈窄。
(3)石牌弯道采取整治工程措施试验研究表明:整治后各级流量下主流区宽度增加,回流带显著压缩,泡漩区表层过流量加大,有效过水面积加大,河道流速分布趋于均匀;泡水频率降低,泡强减弱,水流条件比现状条件下有了明显的改善。
(4)改善通航条件非工程措施试验研究表明:提高葛洲坝坝上水位有助于减小两坝间河段的急流带宽度,对水流条件有一定的改善,能够达到改善通航水流条件的目的。
Based on the analyses of extensive data collected from the related project and domestic and oversea research results, the combined methods of field investigation, data analysis, and physical model tests were applied to investigate the navigation safety under large discharge between the Three George and the Gezhouba Reservoir. Following main results were obtained.
(1)The river channel presents characteristics of gorge type shape between the Three George and the Gezhouba Reservoir. In flood period, the increase speed of the discharge area is smaller than that of the discharge. The rapid flow and disorder flow pattern are apparent characteristics for navigation-obstructing due to rapids and shoals, and the basic reasons are the plane, cross-section and longitudinal profiles. So the total principle for the channel regulation is to adjust flow structure and velocity distribution through changing riverbed shape so that bad navigation-obstructing flow pattern is eliminated or weakened.
(2)The velocity, gradient, backflow scope increase with the discharge. The width of main flow increases with the discharge, and decreases with the water level of the Gezhouba Reservoir.
(3)The results of physical model test on regulation measures for ShiPai bend show that the main velocity area was widened and the circumfluence was compressed, the discharge in the surface layer of kolk boil area increases, the effective flow area grows and the velocity tend towards uniform. The appearance frequency of kolk boil decreases and the strength weakened. The flow condition is improved obviously.
(4)The results of physical model test on non-engineering measures for improving navigation condition present that the rapid flow width decreases with the water level rise above the Gezhouza Reservoir, which can improve the flow condition and provides better navigation condition.
引文
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[40]Ahmed HS, Hasan M M, Tanaka N. Analysis of flow around impermeable groynes on one side of symmetrical compound channel: An experimental study. Water Science and Engineering, 2010, 3(1):56~66
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[42]蔡大富.长江中游戴家洲河段航道整治一期工程效果分析.水运工程, 2011,(2):91~96
[43]Gunaratne GL, Tanaka N, Amarasekara P, Priyadarshana T. Restoration of Koggala lagoon: Modelling approach in evaluating lagoon water budget and flow characteristics. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2010, 22(6):813~819
[44] Mazumder BS, Das SK, Das SN. Computation of return fkows due to navigation traffics in restricted waterways. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2006, 21(4):249~260
[45]戴军,王琪.国内外内河航运的比较与思考.船海工程, 2003,(2):43~44
[46]姚仕明,王兴奎,张丙印.三峡大坝至葛洲坝两坝间河段通航水流条件.水利水电科技进展, 2010, 30(6):43~47
[47]李庆宁,林彬.长江三峡两坝间泄洪期船舶上水过滩能力研究.水运工程, 2011(,2):97~101
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[2]郭鼎鸣.葛洲坝工程概况介绍.水利发电, 1981,(4):14~15
[3] Pan Jiazheng,Qi Yanping. Demonstrations and Actualities of Three Gorges Project. Electricity, 2003,14(4):30~35
[4]金兴平,周建红,许全喜.长江三峡工程水文泥沙原型观测.人民长江, 2006, 37(7): 5~6
[5] CHANG Jiang,LI Jingbao,LU Dianqing. The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during the initial period of Three Gorges Project operation. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2010, 20(5):771~786
[6]饶庆元.川江宽谷河段河床演变及浅滩整治.人民长江, 1986,(11):16~23
[7]六六一工程指挥部设计科,重庆建筑工程学院水港系.川江急流滩险的整治.人民长江, 1978,(3):19~26
[8]卢汉才,刘建民.川江一些浅滩演变特性及航道整治.水道港口, 1982,(1):1~15
[9]赵远哲.三峡水域定线航行川江变通途.中国海事, 2009,(4):11~13
[10]张有芷,张少婕,王政祥.长江三峡区间暴雨洪水分析.人民长江, 1999, 30(3):11~13
[11]倪开平.三峡大坝156m蓄水对船舶航行安全的影响分析.航海工程, 2007, 36(2):118~120
[12]乐培九,王永成.电站日调节泄流对下游航运影响及其防治措施.水道港口, 2004, 25(S1):52~58
[13]曹民雄,费德明,李花白.石质急流滩航道整治的原则与方法.水运工程, 2004,(11):75~79
[14]宋建东.三峡工程施工期变动回水区礁石险滩整治设计.珠江水运, 2007,(11):40~42
[15]刘建民.葛洲坝水利枢纽工程南津关整治及上游库区航运条件问题研究.水道港口, 1982,(2):1~10
[16]胡旭跃,沈小雄,陈健强.洞庭湖响水坎跌水碍航险滩整治方法研究.泥沙研究, 2007,(2):11~16
[17]张秀芳,彭凯,尹崇清.山区航道泡漩水成因与碍航特性分析.科技信息,2010,(28):441~443
[18]周惟奕.长江水系航运规划概况.长江水利教育1991,(2):59~62
[19]刘怀汉,茆长胜,李明.长江中游芦家河水道碍航问题及治理对策.水运工程,2010,(3):112~116
[20]三结合编写组.山区航道整治.北京:人民交通出版社1975, 107~153
[21]长江航道局.川江航道整治.北京:人民交通出版社,1997, 21-177
[22]陈辉.上湄公河滩王——挡石栏滩的整治.水运工程, 2004,(4):60~61
[23]周昱瑛,刘信华,黄伟军.山区河流主要特性分析及滩险整治方法初探.水运工程, 2005,(1):50~54
[24]曹民雄,唐存本,蔡国正.石质急流滩碍航水流的形成条件与碍航流态分析.水运工程, 2003,(10):43~45
[25]杜宗伟.试论潜坝对改善小米滩下段航行条件的作用.水运工程, 1982,(2):19~22
[26]中华人民共和国交通部. JTJ312~2003.航道整治工程技术规范.北京:人民交通出版社, 2003, 16-21
[27]张秀芳,彭凯,尹崇清.泡漩水形成特性概化模型试验研究.水运工程, 2009,(12):36~39
[28]张秀芳,彭凯,尹崇清.正态模型泡漩水相似性研究.重庆交通学院学报, 2003, 22(S1):103~106
[29]高伟;杨中华.弯道水流特性和数值模拟方法研究进展.水电能源科学, 2009(1):112~115
[30]祁茂文.葛洲坝南津关河段泡水试验研究.水运工程, 1981,(2):28~32
[31]唐兆华.泡漩水的流速分布及治理初探.水运工程, 1984,(5):36~39
[32]长江水利水电科学研究院.泡漩水水槽定性试验报告. 1973(10)
[33]周博文.川江天然航道浅险治理的研究.水运工程, 1989,(3):12~20
[34]张秀芳.泡漩水形成机理研究.硕士学位论文,重庆交通学院. 2003
[35]张幸农,张思和,陈长英.长江下游拦江矶碍航特征及整治措施.水利水运工程学报, 2011(1):55~59
[36]李文全,黄召彪,邓晓丽.张家洲南港下浅区航道整治工程方案试验研究及整治效果分析.水运工程, 2010,(3):97~102
[37]曹民雄,蔡国正,王秀红.长江上游和尚岩滩群航道整治研究.水利水运工程学报, 2010,(3):1~9
[38]李文全,邓晓丽,雷家利.长江下游张家洲南港上浅区演变分析及航道治理措施研究.水运工程, 2009,(12):131~135
[39]傅华,李万松,黄强.红水河坝淘滩航道整治.水运工程, 2006,(12):73~76
[40]Ahmed HS, Hasan M M, Tanaka N. Analysis of flow around impermeable groynes on one side of symmetrical compound channel: An experimental study. Water Science and Engineering, 2010, 3(1):56~66
[41]陈稚聪,黑鹏飞,丁翔.丁坝回流区水流紊动强度试验.清华大学学报, 2008, 48(12):2053~2056
[42]蔡大富.长江中游戴家洲河段航道整治一期工程效果分析.水运工程, 2011,(2):91~96
[43]Gunaratne GL, Tanaka N, Amarasekara P, Priyadarshana T. Restoration of Koggala lagoon: Modelling approach in evaluating lagoon water budget and flow characteristics. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2010, 22(6):813~819
[44] Mazumder BS, Das SK, Das SN. Computation of return fkows due to navigation traffics in restricted waterways. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2006, 21(4):249~260
[45]戴军,王琪.国内外内河航运的比较与思考.船海工程, 2003,(2):43~44
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