大型复杂建筑结构风致效应及等效静力风荷载研究
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摘要
以超高层及大跨屋盖为代表的大型复杂建筑结构由于质量轻、柔性大、阻尼小等特点使得风荷载往往成为设计控制荷载。对此类风敏感结构风致响应及等效静力风荷载的精细化研究对解决实际设计问题具有重要意义。为此,本文以多个具有代表性的刚性模型测压风洞试验结果为基础,以复杂体型超高层建筑及大型屋盖结构为主要研究对象,开展了以下几个方面的工作：
1.研究了单体及群体超高层建筑结构三维风荷载效应。其中在复杂体型单体建筑三维风荷载效应方面,引入了扭转向等效力偶的概念用以比较扭转向风荷载与水平分量间的大小关系,明确了此类建筑风荷载扭转效应的重要性；拟合了不规则截面建筑在典型风向角下的层扭矩规格化功率谱曲线,发现其受截面厚宽比等参数的影响明显。在群体建筑干扰效应方面,以一窄长形直线状建筑群为研究对象,着重考察了在典型正交风向角下受扰建筑表面各测点风压及层三维风荷载的量值分布和变化情况,发现群体建筑间的干扰作用主要表现为狭缝效应和遮挡效应。
2.考察了三维时变风荷载作用下具有非规则体型超高层建筑结构风致响应的计算方法及影响因素。引入对数坐标体系下广义荷载谱随频率分布的线性假定,提出了新的广义位移响应共振分量简化计算公式,证明了其相比传统的白噪声假定具有更高的精确性；考察了建筑外型的复杂性及高阶振型的参与等因素对结构不同位置各类风致响应的影响。
3.在建立现有单目标等效静力风荷载作用下结构不同位置等效响应与实际结果间相互关系的基础上,提出了可以保证目标位置三维多目标响应等效的静力风荷载计算方法,并进一步综合考虑了峰值因子的非高斯特性及多目标等效折减效应的影响,使得相应的等效静力风荷载计算结果更为合理可靠。
4.根据POD法基本原理对传统大跨屋盖结构风致响应的频域算法加以优化,提出了先挑选控制模态再进行精确风致响应计算的“二步法”过程。工程算例表明该计算过程不仅具有提取信息简单、精度高、收敛快等特点,还有利于从原理上了解风激励对大跨屋盖结构风致响应的影响过程。
5.针对现有屋盖结构等效静力风荷载受不同节点间的风致响应相关性影响、分布形式极不均匀的特点,提出了针对屋盖结构的多目标等效静力风荷载计算方法。该方法不仅考虑了各目标响应脉动极值的符号选取问题,且静力风荷载量值分布不再受单一节点或局部区域的控制,更趋于均匀、合理。在该组等效静力风荷载作用下,不仅能够保证关键部位等效响应与实际结果高度一致,其它非关键部位响应结果也具有一定的精确性和连续性。
As the representative of large and complex building structures, tall buildings and long-span roof structures characterized by light weight, large flexible and small damping are controlled by the wind loads in the design. The refinement of the wind induced responses and equivalent static wind loads on such wind-sensitive structures is of significant importance to the practical design. Therefore, utilizing representative multiple point synchronous scanning of pressure on structure models and taking the complex geometric shape tall building and large roof structure as the main objects, the following aspects of work were carried out in this paper:
1. The three-dimensional wind load effects of the single or groups of tall buildings were investigated. For the single tall building with complex geometric shape, the concept of the torsional equivalent couple was introduced to be compared with the value of the corresponding lateral wind loads and the importance of the torsional effects for this kind of buildings was verified. The normalized power spectrum density of the torque wind load for the irregular cross-section in typical wind direction was fitted and the result shows that it is closely related to the parameter of the thickness-width ratio. For the interference effects on groups of tall buildings, taken one group of the linear spaced tall buildings as an example, the distribution and variation of the wind pressures and the three-dimensional layer wind loads on the interfered building surfaces in the key orthogonal wind directions were investigated. It is indicated that the interference effects between the buildings main express as the channeling effect and shielding effect.
2. The calculation methods and influencing factors of the wind induced responses of tall buildings with irregular geometric shapes in the three-dimensional spatiotemporally varying wind loads were researched. Based on the linear distribution assumption of generalized force spectrum distribution with the frequencies in logarithmic coordinates, a new simplified formula for the resonant component of the generalized displacement response was proposed and compared to the traditional white-noise-assumed the higher accuracy of the new method was demonstrated. Meanwhile, the effects of the irregularity of the building shapes and the participation of the higher modes on kinds of the wind induced responses at different locations of the structure were analyzed.
3. Based on the relationship between the equivalent responses and the actual results of the structure in different locations under the single-objective equivalent static wind load, the three-dimensional multi-objective equivalent static wind load, which could ensure the response on multiple degrees of freedom of the target floor equivalent, was proposed. Furthermore, both the Non-Gaussian feature of the peak factor and the reduction effect of the multi-objective equivalent were taken into account, which made the corresponding results of the equivalent static wind load more reasonable and reliable.
4. Based on the traditional wind-induced response analysis of the long-span roof structure, the frequency-domain method was optimized on the basis of POD (proper orthogonal decomposition) principle and the Two-step Method, which meant firstly modes selection then effective wind-induced response calculation, was presented. The example showed that the scheme proposed not only had the characteristics of simple to extract information, high precision and fast convergence, but also was beneficial to the understanding of the wind load excitation acting on large span roof structures response in principle.
5. The expressions of existing equivalent static wind loads for roof structures are related to the correlation between different nodes, which leads to very unevenly distributed. Accordingly, the equivalent static wind load for multi-targets was put forward. In this approach, the sign combination problem of the pulse extreme response for the multi-targets was effectively resolved. Meanwhile, the force distribution of the equivalent static wind load was no longer controlled by neither some single node nor local position, but tended to be more uniform and reasonable. It was also proved that the proposed equivalent wind loads for multi-targets can not only ensure that the responses in key parts are highly consistent with the actual results, but also keep other results in non-critical parts accurate and continuous to some extent.
1.研究了单体及群体超高层建筑结构三维风荷载效应。其中在复杂体型单体建筑三维风荷载效应方面,引入了扭转向等效力偶的概念用以比较扭转向风荷载与水平分量间的大小关系,明确了此类建筑风荷载扭转效应的重要性；拟合了不规则截面建筑在典型风向角下的层扭矩规格化功率谱曲线,发现其受截面厚宽比等参数的影响明显。在群体建筑干扰效应方面,以一窄长形直线状建筑群为研究对象,着重考察了在典型正交风向角下受扰建筑表面各测点风压及层三维风荷载的量值分布和变化情况,发现群体建筑间的干扰作用主要表现为狭缝效应和遮挡效应。
2.考察了三维时变风荷载作用下具有非规则体型超高层建筑结构风致响应的计算方法及影响因素。引入对数坐标体系下广义荷载谱随频率分布的线性假定,提出了新的广义位移响应共振分量简化计算公式,证明了其相比传统的白噪声假定具有更高的精确性；考察了建筑外型的复杂性及高阶振型的参与等因素对结构不同位置各类风致响应的影响。
3.在建立现有单目标等效静力风荷载作用下结构不同位置等效响应与实际结果间相互关系的基础上,提出了可以保证目标位置三维多目标响应等效的静力风荷载计算方法,并进一步综合考虑了峰值因子的非高斯特性及多目标等效折减效应的影响,使得相应的等效静力风荷载计算结果更为合理可靠。
4.根据POD法基本原理对传统大跨屋盖结构风致响应的频域算法加以优化,提出了先挑选控制模态再进行精确风致响应计算的“二步法”过程。工程算例表明该计算过程不仅具有提取信息简单、精度高、收敛快等特点,还有利于从原理上了解风激励对大跨屋盖结构风致响应的影响过程。
5.针对现有屋盖结构等效静力风荷载受不同节点间的风致响应相关性影响、分布形式极不均匀的特点,提出了针对屋盖结构的多目标等效静力风荷载计算方法。该方法不仅考虑了各目标响应脉动极值的符号选取问题,且静力风荷载量值分布不再受单一节点或局部区域的控制,更趋于均匀、合理。在该组等效静力风荷载作用下,不仅能够保证关键部位等效响应与实际结果高度一致,其它非关键部位响应结果也具有一定的精确性和连续性。
As the representative of large and complex building structures, tall buildings and long-span roof structures characterized by light weight, large flexible and small damping are controlled by the wind loads in the design. The refinement of the wind induced responses and equivalent static wind loads on such wind-sensitive structures is of significant importance to the practical design. Therefore, utilizing representative multiple point synchronous scanning of pressure on structure models and taking the complex geometric shape tall building and large roof structure as the main objects, the following aspects of work were carried out in this paper:
1. The three-dimensional wind load effects of the single or groups of tall buildings were investigated. For the single tall building with complex geometric shape, the concept of the torsional equivalent couple was introduced to be compared with the value of the corresponding lateral wind loads and the importance of the torsional effects for this kind of buildings was verified. The normalized power spectrum density of the torque wind load for the irregular cross-section in typical wind direction was fitted and the result shows that it is closely related to the parameter of the thickness-width ratio. For the interference effects on groups of tall buildings, taken one group of the linear spaced tall buildings as an example, the distribution and variation of the wind pressures and the three-dimensional layer wind loads on the interfered building surfaces in the key orthogonal wind directions were investigated. It is indicated that the interference effects between the buildings main express as the channeling effect and shielding effect.
2. The calculation methods and influencing factors of the wind induced responses of tall buildings with irregular geometric shapes in the three-dimensional spatiotemporally varying wind loads were researched. Based on the linear distribution assumption of generalized force spectrum distribution with the frequencies in logarithmic coordinates, a new simplified formula for the resonant component of the generalized displacement response was proposed and compared to the traditional white-noise-assumed the higher accuracy of the new method was demonstrated. Meanwhile, the effects of the irregularity of the building shapes and the participation of the higher modes on kinds of the wind induced responses at different locations of the structure were analyzed.
3. Based on the relationship between the equivalent responses and the actual results of the structure in different locations under the single-objective equivalent static wind load, the three-dimensional multi-objective equivalent static wind load, which could ensure the response on multiple degrees of freedom of the target floor equivalent, was proposed. Furthermore, both the Non-Gaussian feature of the peak factor and the reduction effect of the multi-objective equivalent were taken into account, which made the corresponding results of the equivalent static wind load more reasonable and reliable.
4. Based on the traditional wind-induced response analysis of the long-span roof structure, the frequency-domain method was optimized on the basis of POD (proper orthogonal decomposition) principle and the Two-step Method, which meant firstly modes selection then effective wind-induced response calculation, was presented. The example showed that the scheme proposed not only had the characteristics of simple to extract information, high precision and fast convergence, but also was beneficial to the understanding of the wind load excitation acting on large span roof structures response in principle.
5. The expressions of existing equivalent static wind loads for roof structures are related to the correlation between different nodes, which leads to very unevenly distributed. Accordingly, the equivalent static wind load for multi-targets was put forward. In this approach, the sign combination problem of the pulse extreme response for the multi-targets was effectively resolved. Meanwhile, the force distribution of the equivalent static wind load was no longer controlled by neither some single node nor local position, but tended to be more uniform and reasonable. It was also proved that the proposed equivalent wind loads for multi-targets can not only ensure that the responses in key parts are highly consistent with the actual results, but also keep other results in non-critical parts accurate and continuous to some extent.
引文
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