桔皮提取物对十字花科蔬菜几种主要害虫的活性研究
|
摘要
本文以桔皮为研究材料，以十字花科蔬菜的几种主要害虫：斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、菜粉蝶、桃蚜为研究对象，就桔皮乙醇提取物对上述几种害虫的生物活性和作用方式进行了系统的研究。主要结果如下：
室内测定了温州蜜桔桔皮乙醇提取物对斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫的生物活性。结果表明斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食桔皮提取物后食物消耗量、体重增加量减少，幼虫死亡率增加。提取物浓度越高，这些作用效果越明显。在相同浓度下，甜菜夜蛾幼虫的死亡率比斜纹夜蛾的高；甜菜夜蛾的生长抑制中浓度和非选择性拒食中浓度均比斜纹夜蛾的低；但在选择性试验中，甜菜夜蛾的拒食中浓度则比斜纹夜蛾的高。这些结果表明桔皮提取物对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的活性总体上比对斜纹夜蛾的更好。
测定了桔皮乙醇提取物对菜粉蝶的生物活性。结果表明，桔皮提取物对菜粉蝶具有很强的生物活性，作用方式包括产卵忌避、拒食和毒杀作用、杀卵作用及对幼虫的生长抑制作用。产卵忌避试验中，24h后500 g·L~(-1)处理选择性和非选择性忌避率均高达95％以上，忌避中浓度分别为49.77 g·L~(-1)和79.23 g·L~(-1)。杀卵试验中，桔皮提取物能显著减少卵的孵化率和初孵幼虫的存活率，对菜粉蝶卵的触杀毒力方程为y=1.1342x+2.1783，r=0.9685，LC_(50)为307.30 g·L~(-1)。卵龄对提取物的活性有一定的影响，卵龄越大卵死亡率越低，但统计上死亡率在各日龄之间无显著差异。拒食试验中，24h、48h内500 g·L~(-1)处理下的选择性和非选择性拒食率均达到90％以上，活性的大小随浓度的降低而减小，选择性和非选择性拒食中浓度(AFC_(50))处理24h后分别为46.85 g·L~(-1)和70.43 g·L~(-1)；48h后分别为21.07 g·L~(-1)和72.70 g·L~(-1)，选择性比非选择性拒食活性更强。桔皮提取物对菜粉蝶2龄幼虫表现出较强的胃毒作用，规律与拒食作用相同，500 g·L~(-1)处理下第3d的死亡率即达92.73％，是对照的4.64倍；第3d、5d的LC_(50)分别为90.91 g·L~(-1)和58.70 g·L~(-1)。
研究了桔皮乙醇提取物对桃蚜的生物活性。结果表明，桔皮提取物对桃蚜种群有较强的控制作用，主要表现在对2龄若蚜具有很强的触杀、拒避活性；对成蚜有一定的拒产仔作用；此外还可降低成蚜寿命。作用的大小与浓度成正比。用CLL模型分析表明，触杀活性的大小具有很强的剂量效应和时间效应，累计死亡率在22％～98％之间，因剂量、时间而异。对2龄若蚜12h、24h、48h的拒避中浓度(AFC_(50))分别为
浙江大学硕士学位毕业论文
124.999·L‘’、260.519·L”、157.629·L.’。桃蚜在经过处理的叶片上或植株上取食后，成
蚜的寿命缩短，产仔量下降，种群数量受到抑制。5009·L一’浓度处理下，成蚜产卵量
为对照的52.45%，寿命为对照的70.86%，种群繁殖抑制率可达58.02%。
研究表明，桔皮提取物对斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、菜粉蝶、桃蚜均表现出一定的生
物活性。综合活性的大小，对菜粉蝶活性最强、桃蚜次之，对斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的
活性最弱。其生物活性存在明显的选择性，昆虫的种类、浓度的高低和处理时l’l一lJ的长
短是影响活性的主要因子。
本文首次通过桔皮提取物对十字花科蔬菜几种重要害虫的生物活性的研究，明确
了桔皮提取物对不同种蔬菜害虫的活性大小、作用方式和部分作用机理。不仅为相·桔
综合利用及无公害植物性杀虫剂的开发提供科学依据，同时把植物性杀虫剂的研究开
发思路从生态环境中的植物和植物产品中拓展到从植物产品加工的剩余废物中提取
控制作物害虫的活性物质上，丰富了我国植物保护的理论和技术。
The activities of peel ethanol extracts from Citrus unshiu on the major cruciferous insect pests, Spodoptera litura Fab., Spodoptera exigua Hubner, Pieris rapae L. and Myzus persicae Sulzer were preliminary investigated in laboratory. The results are summarized as follows:
1. Activities of orange peel extracts against the 2nd larvae of 5. litura and S. exigua were tested by measuring antifeedant index, their body weight gains and larval mortality after the larvae fed on the extracts coated on cabbage leaves. The results indicated that the cabbage leaf consumptions and body weight gains were both reduced, and the larval mortality was increased when the larvae fed on the leaves coated with the extracts. The higher the concentration, the more obviously the effect on the pests was. The larval mortality of S. exigua was higher than that of S. litura at the same extract concentration. Both the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the median antifeedant concentration (AFC50) in the non-choice test for S.exigua were lower than those for S. litura. However, the AFC50 in the choice test was higher for S. exigua than for S. litura. These results in generally suggested that the bioactivities of peel ethanol extracts from C. uushiu against S. exigua is better than against S. litura.
2. The peels extracts from C. unshiu had obvious oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, antifeedent, stomach toxic and growth inhibition activity on P. rapae larvae. The median concentration of oviposition deterrent at 24h were 49.77 g.L-1 and 79.23 g.L-1 in the choice and non-choice tests, respectively, with a high rate of > 95% at extract concentration of 500 g.L-1. By dipping the eggs directly into the extracts, we found that the extrats could effectively reduce the percentage of eggs hatched and the survival rate of newly-hatched larvae. Regression equations and IC50 of log concentration-dependent ovicidal probit of the orange peel extracts against the eggs were y=1.1342x+2.1783 (r=0.9685) and LC50=307.30 g.L-1. The mortality increased with increase of the extracts concentration and decreased with age of eggs at dip. However, no differences in mortality between ages of eggs had been found. In the antifeedent experiment with 2nd instar larvae, antifeedent efficiencies of
extract at 500 g.L-1 were all above 90% at 24h and 48h after feeding respectively. For the 2nd instar larvae, AFC50 of the extracts were 46.85 g.L-1 and 70.43 g.L-1 at 24h, and 21.07 g.L-1 and 72.70 g.L-1 at 48h after feeding in choice and non-choice tests. In the stomach toxicity test, over 90% 2nd larvae were killed 3d after treatment at concentration of 500 g.L-1, it was 4.64 times higher than at the control. LC50 of the extract as stomach poison were 91.31 g.L-1 and 58.70 g.L-1 at 3d and 5d after treatment, suggesting that the extracts possessed high effection against the P. rapae larvae in 2nd instar.
3. The bioassays of orange peel extracts against the M. persicae in laboratory were carried out, the extracts had a powerful contact toxicity and antifeedent activity on aphis. In contact toxicity test, a time-dose-mortality model was used for analyzing the variation of mortality as affected by both time and dosage. The results showed that the higher the concentration of extracts applied on aphis, the higher mortality was, and the shorter the median lethal time was. The extracts had strong antifeedant activity to 2nd instar nymph, inhibition of feeding reached 93.62% at concentration of 500 g.L-1 after 12h. It would decreased with time and dosage. The medium antifeeding concentration (AFC50) were 124.99g.L-1, 160.81 g.L-1 and 157.62 g.L-1 at 12h, 24h and 48h after treatment, respectively. Life span of adult was shortened and fertility dropped when they were reared on the extract treated leaves. At concentration 500 g.L-1, the fertility was only 52.45% and the life span was only 70.86% of that in the control. Aphid population was inhibited when reared on the treated cabbages also, rates of inhibition offspring varied from 19.43% to 58.02% depended on concentratio
室内测定了温州蜜桔桔皮乙醇提取物对斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫的生物活性。结果表明斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食桔皮提取物后食物消耗量、体重增加量减少，幼虫死亡率增加。提取物浓度越高，这些作用效果越明显。在相同浓度下，甜菜夜蛾幼虫的死亡率比斜纹夜蛾的高；甜菜夜蛾的生长抑制中浓度和非选择性拒食中浓度均比斜纹夜蛾的低；但在选择性试验中，甜菜夜蛾的拒食中浓度则比斜纹夜蛾的高。这些结果表明桔皮提取物对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的活性总体上比对斜纹夜蛾的更好。
测定了桔皮乙醇提取物对菜粉蝶的生物活性。结果表明，桔皮提取物对菜粉蝶具有很强的生物活性，作用方式包括产卵忌避、拒食和毒杀作用、杀卵作用及对幼虫的生长抑制作用。产卵忌避试验中，24h后500 g·L~(-1)处理选择性和非选择性忌避率均高达95％以上，忌避中浓度分别为49.77 g·L~(-1)和79.23 g·L~(-1)。杀卵试验中，桔皮提取物能显著减少卵的孵化率和初孵幼虫的存活率，对菜粉蝶卵的触杀毒力方程为y=1.1342x+2.1783，r=0.9685，LC_(50)为307.30 g·L~(-1)。卵龄对提取物的活性有一定的影响，卵龄越大卵死亡率越低，但统计上死亡率在各日龄之间无显著差异。拒食试验中，24h、48h内500 g·L~(-1)处理下的选择性和非选择性拒食率均达到90％以上，活性的大小随浓度的降低而减小，选择性和非选择性拒食中浓度(AFC_(50))处理24h后分别为46.85 g·L~(-1)和70.43 g·L~(-1)；48h后分别为21.07 g·L~(-1)和72.70 g·L~(-1)，选择性比非选择性拒食活性更强。桔皮提取物对菜粉蝶2龄幼虫表现出较强的胃毒作用，规律与拒食作用相同，500 g·L~(-1)处理下第3d的死亡率即达92.73％，是对照的4.64倍；第3d、5d的LC_(50)分别为90.91 g·L~(-1)和58.70 g·L~(-1)。
研究了桔皮乙醇提取物对桃蚜的生物活性。结果表明，桔皮提取物对桃蚜种群有较强的控制作用，主要表现在对2龄若蚜具有很强的触杀、拒避活性；对成蚜有一定的拒产仔作用；此外还可降低成蚜寿命。作用的大小与浓度成正比。用CLL模型分析表明，触杀活性的大小具有很强的剂量效应和时间效应，累计死亡率在22％～98％之间，因剂量、时间而异。对2龄若蚜12h、24h、48h的拒避中浓度(AFC_(50))分别为
浙江大学硕士学位毕业论文
124.999·L‘’、260.519·L”、157.629·L.’。桃蚜在经过处理的叶片上或植株上取食后，成
蚜的寿命缩短，产仔量下降，种群数量受到抑制。5009·L一’浓度处理下，成蚜产卵量
为对照的52.45%，寿命为对照的70.86%，种群繁殖抑制率可达58.02%。
研究表明，桔皮提取物对斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、菜粉蝶、桃蚜均表现出一定的生
物活性。综合活性的大小，对菜粉蝶活性最强、桃蚜次之，对斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的
活性最弱。其生物活性存在明显的选择性，昆虫的种类、浓度的高低和处理时l’l一lJ的长
短是影响活性的主要因子。
本文首次通过桔皮提取物对十字花科蔬菜几种重要害虫的生物活性的研究，明确
了桔皮提取物对不同种蔬菜害虫的活性大小、作用方式和部分作用机理。不仅为相·桔
综合利用及无公害植物性杀虫剂的开发提供科学依据，同时把植物性杀虫剂的研究开
发思路从生态环境中的植物和植物产品中拓展到从植物产品加工的剩余废物中提取
控制作物害虫的活性物质上，丰富了我国植物保护的理论和技术。
The activities of peel ethanol extracts from Citrus unshiu on the major cruciferous insect pests, Spodoptera litura Fab., Spodoptera exigua Hubner, Pieris rapae L. and Myzus persicae Sulzer were preliminary investigated in laboratory. The results are summarized as follows:
1. Activities of orange peel extracts against the 2nd larvae of 5. litura and S. exigua were tested by measuring antifeedant index, their body weight gains and larval mortality after the larvae fed on the extracts coated on cabbage leaves. The results indicated that the cabbage leaf consumptions and body weight gains were both reduced, and the larval mortality was increased when the larvae fed on the leaves coated with the extracts. The higher the concentration, the more obviously the effect on the pests was. The larval mortality of S. exigua was higher than that of S. litura at the same extract concentration. Both the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the median antifeedant concentration (AFC50) in the non-choice test for S.exigua were lower than those for S. litura. However, the AFC50 in the choice test was higher for S. exigua than for S. litura. These results in generally suggested that the bioactivities of peel ethanol extracts from C. uushiu against S. exigua is better than against S. litura.
2. The peels extracts from C. unshiu had obvious oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, antifeedent, stomach toxic and growth inhibition activity on P. rapae larvae. The median concentration of oviposition deterrent at 24h were 49.77 g.L-1 and 79.23 g.L-1 in the choice and non-choice tests, respectively, with a high rate of > 95% at extract concentration of 500 g.L-1. By dipping the eggs directly into the extracts, we found that the extrats could effectively reduce the percentage of eggs hatched and the survival rate of newly-hatched larvae. Regression equations and IC50 of log concentration-dependent ovicidal probit of the orange peel extracts against the eggs were y=1.1342x+2.1783 (r=0.9685) and LC50=307.30 g.L-1. The mortality increased with increase of the extracts concentration and decreased with age of eggs at dip. However, no differences in mortality between ages of eggs had been found. In the antifeedent experiment with 2nd instar larvae, antifeedent efficiencies of
extract at 500 g.L-1 were all above 90% at 24h and 48h after feeding respectively. For the 2nd instar larvae, AFC50 of the extracts were 46.85 g.L-1 and 70.43 g.L-1 at 24h, and 21.07 g.L-1 and 72.70 g.L-1 at 48h after feeding in choice and non-choice tests. In the stomach toxicity test, over 90% 2nd larvae were killed 3d after treatment at concentration of 500 g.L-1, it was 4.64 times higher than at the control. LC50 of the extract as stomach poison were 91.31 g.L-1 and 58.70 g.L-1 at 3d and 5d after treatment, suggesting that the extracts possessed high effection against the P. rapae larvae in 2nd instar.
3. The bioassays of orange peel extracts against the M. persicae in laboratory were carried out, the extracts had a powerful contact toxicity and antifeedent activity on aphis. In contact toxicity test, a time-dose-mortality model was used for analyzing the variation of mortality as affected by both time and dosage. The results showed that the higher the concentration of extracts applied on aphis, the higher mortality was, and the shorter the median lethal time was. The extracts had strong antifeedant activity to 2nd instar nymph, inhibition of feeding reached 93.62% at concentration of 500 g.L-1 after 12h. It would decreased with time and dosage. The medium antifeeding concentration (AFC50) were 124.99g.L-1, 160.81 g.L-1 and 157.62 g.L-1 at 12h, 24h and 48h after treatment, respectively. Life span of adult was shortened and fertility dropped when they were reared on the extract treated leaves. At concentration 500 g.L-1, the fertility was only 52.45% and the life span was only 70.86% of that in the control. Aphid population was inhibited when reared on the treated cabbages also, rates of inhibition offspring varied from 19.43% to 58.02% depended on concentratio
引文
[1] Ahn Y J, Lee S B, Lee H S, et al. Insecticidal and acaricidal activity of carvacrol and β-thujaplicine derived from Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai sawdust. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1998, 24:81-90.
[2] Ainge G D, Lorimer S D. Insecticidal activity of huperzine A from the New Zealand clubmoss, Lycopodium varium. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002, 50: 491-494.
[3] Al-Dakhil M A, Morsy T A. The larvicidal activities of the peel oils of three citrus fruits against Culex pipiens. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1999, 29(2): 347-352.
[4] Allan E J, Eeswara J P, Johnson S, et al. The production of azadirachtin by in-vitro tissue culture of neem, Azadirachta indica. Pesticide-Science, 1994, 42(3): 147-152.
[5] Allotey J, Goswami L. Damage caused to maize and groundnuts by the moths Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) and Ephestia Cautella (Walker) and control using local plant materials. Insect Science and its Application, 1994, 15(3): 323-329.
[6] Arnason J T, Swain T, Wat C K, et al. Mosquito larvicides from polyacetylenes occurring naturally in Asteraceae. Biochemical Systematic and Ecological. 1981, 9(1): 63-68.
[7] Banken J A O, Stark J D. Multiple routes of pesticide exposure and the risk of pesticides to biological controls: a study of neem and the sevenspotted lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 1998, 91(1): 1-6.
[8] Blum M S. Semi-chemical parsimony in the arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 1996, 41: 353-374.
[9] Bouda H, Tapondjou L A, Fontem D A, et al. Effect of essential oils from leaves of Ageratum conyzoides, Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata on the mortality of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 2001, (37):103-109.
[10] Chatterjee C, Correl M, Weathers P J, et al. A simplified acoustic window mist
bioreactor. Biotechnology techniques, 1997, 11(3): 155-158.
[11] Ciccia G, Coussio J, Mongelli E. Insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae of some medicinal South American plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2000, 72(1): 185-189.
[12] Don-Pedro K N. Toxicity of some citrus peels to Dermestes Maculatus DEG. and Callosobruchus Maculatus (F). Journal Stored Products Research.1985, 21(1): 31-34.
[13] Downum K R, Anaya J, Caballero E, et al. Plant photosensitisers: a survey of their occurrence in arid and semisrid plants from North America. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1989, 15(1): 345-355.
[14] Duthie H, Mamie A, Borden John H, et al. Translocation and efficacy of a neem-based insecticide in lodgepole pine using Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) as an indicator species. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999, 92(1): 180-186.
[15] Ezeonu F C, Chidume G I. Insecticidal properties of volatile extracts of orange peels. Bioresource Technology, 2001, 76(3): 273-274.
[16] Fouquet D. An insecticide for forest protection made from extracts of forest species. Bois et Forets des Tropiques, 2001, 267: 91-92.
[17] Franco O L, Dias S C, Magalhaes C P, et al. Effects of soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor on the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). Phytochemistry, 2004, 65(1): 81-89.
[18] Franco O L, Santos R C, Araújo M A M, et al. Effects of black-eyed pea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor on proteolytic activity and on development of Anthonomus grandis. Phytochernistry, 2003, 63(3): 343-349.
[19] Gatehouse A M, Rachel E D, Kevins P. et al. Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resisitance to the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. Entomologia Expermentalis et Applicata, 1996, 79: 295-307.
[20] George J, Rajasekaran T, Ravishankar G A. A modified culture vessel for improved callus growth and pyrethrins content of pyrethrum. Pyrethrum post, 1999, 20(2): 49-54.
[21] Ghisalgerti E L. The phytochemistry of the Myoporaceae. Phytochemistry, 1994,
35(1): 7-33.
[22] Graige M & Ahemed S. Handbook of plants with pest control properties. 1998.
[23] Hu M Y, Zhong G H, Wu Q S, et al. Studies on the biological activities of yellow azalea, Rhododen-dron molle G. Don against the vegetable leafmines, Liriomyza sativae. Entomology Sinica, 2000, 7(1): 869-870.
[24] Huang R C, Tadera K, Yagi F, et al. A limonoid antifeedant from Melia azedarach. Phytochemietry, 1995, 38(3): 3593-3594.
[25] Ilio V C, Massimo C, Daniela M, et al. Effects of a neem compound on the fecundity and longevity of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999, 92(1): 76-82.
[26] Isman M B. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection, 2000, 19: 603-608.
[27] Jannet H B, Skhiri F H. Antifeedant activity of plant extracts and of new natural diglyceride compounds isolated from Ajuga pseudoiva leaves against Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Industrial Crops and Products, 2001,14(3): 213-222.
[28] Kim S I, Roh J Y, Kim D H, et al. Insecticidal activities of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis. Journal of Stored Products Research, 2003, 39(3): 293-303.
[29] Knudsen G R, Johnson J B, Esghen D J. Alginate pellet formulation of a Beauveria bassiana (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) isolate pathogenic to cereal aphids. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1990, 83(6): 2225-2228.
[30] Kranthi K R, Jadhav D R, Kranthi S, et al. Insecticide resistance in five major insect pests of cotton in India. Crop protection, 2002, 21: 449-460.
[31] Lim G S, Sivapragasam A, Loke W H. Crucifer insect pest problems: trends, issues and management strategies. In: Sivapragasam A, Loke W H, Hussan A K and Lim G S. (eds.). The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests-Proceedings of the Third International Workshop. MARDI, Malaysia. 1997, 3-15.
[32] Liu Shu-sheng and Yan S. Brassica IPM in Asia: successes, challenges, and opportunities. In: M.P. Zalucki, R.A.I. Drew and G.G. White. (eds). Pest Management-Future Challenges. Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Applied
Entomological Research Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 29 September - 2nd October 1998, 1: 85-97.
[33] Maeda M, Kodama M, Saito T, et al. Neuromuscular action of insecticidal domolc acid on the American cockroach. Pesticicide Biochemistry and Phyisology, 1987, 28: 85-92.
[34] Mary L, Corneliust M L, Grace J K, et al. Toxicity of monoterpenoids and other natural products to the formosan subterranean termite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1997, 90(2): 320-325.
[35] Mordue A V, Blackwell A. Azadirachtin: an update, Insect Physiology, 1993, 39(1):903-924.
[36] Morimoto M, Tanimoto K, Sakatani A, et al. Antifeedant activity of an anthraquinone aldehyde in Galium aparine L. against Spodoptera litura F. Phytochemistry, 2002, 60(2): 163-166.
[37] Onu I., Sulyman A. Effects of powered peels of citrus fruits on damage by Callosobruchus maculates (F.) to cowpea seeds. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 1997, 9(4): 85-92.
[38] Pascual C, Villalobos M J. Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of Chrysanthemum coronayium L. plant extracts. Boletin-de-Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 1996, 22(2): 411-420.
[39] Preisler H K, Robertson J L. Analysisi of time-dose-mortality data. Journal Economic Entomology, 1989, 82(6): 1534-1542.
[40] Sayah F, Fayet C, Idaomar M, et al. Effects of azadirachtin on vitellogenesis of Labidura Riparia (Insect: Dermaptera). Tissue and Cell, 1996, 28:741-749.
[41] Sayah F, Idaomar M, Soranzo L. et al. Endocrine and neuroendocrine effects of azadirachtin in adult females of the earwig Labidura Riparia. Tissue and Cell, 1998, 30(1): 86-94.
[42] Shalaby A A, Allam K AM, et al. Insecticial properties of citrus oils against Culex pipiens and Musca domestica. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1998, 28(2): 595-606.
[43] Subrahmanyam B. Azadirachtin-a naturally occurring insect growth regulator. Proc.
Indian Academic Scencei, 1990, 99: 277-288.
[44] Takatsuka J, Shohei O, Madoka N, et al. Genetic and biological comparisons of ten geographic isolates of a nucleopolyhedrovirus that infects Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biological control, 2003, 26(1): 32-39.
[45] Talekar N S, Shelton A M. Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology, 1993, 38: 275-301.
[46] Thomas C J, Callaghan A. The use of garlic (Allium sativa) and lemon peel (Citrus limon) extracts as Culex pipiens larvacides: persisitence and intraction with an organophosphate resistance mechanism. Chemoshere, 1999, 39(14): 2489-2496.
[47] Towers G H N. International of light with phytochemicals in some natural and novel systems. Canadia Journal of Botany, 1984, 62:2900-2911.
[48] Ali A B，钟国华，胡美英．苦槛蓝抽提物对菜青虫生物活性的影响．华南农业大学学报，1999，20(3)：28-31．
[49] 柏德文，陈绍南，黄贤国，等．浙江省柑桔产销现状与对策研究．浙江柑橘，2000，17(2)：5-8，14．
[50] 曹兵，刘亚辉，吕文．几种抗虫树种的化学成分分析及其抗虫机理研究．辽宁林业科技，2000，6：8-10．
[5l] 陈冀胜，郑硕．中国有毒植物．北京：科学出版社，1987，216-229．
[52] 崔德君，赵善欢，刘新清．万寿菊粗提物对小菜蛾产卵忌避作用的研究．农药，1998，37(6)：31-35．
[53] 崔堂兵，郭勇，林炜铁．提高植物细胞培养法生产次级代谢物产量的方法．植物生理学通讯，2001，37(5)：479-482．
[54] 邓定辉．柑桔皮的综合开发利用．技术开发与引进，1990，(1)：10-12．
[55] 董建新，曹阳，张兴．试论生物技术在植物源农药生产中的应用．世界农药，2002，24(3)：6-11．
[56] 董文其，李新荣．桔皮提取物有效成分治疗羊疥癣病的研究．中国兽医杂志，1993a，19(2)：37-38．
[57] 董文其，李新荣．桔皮有效成分(灭螨灵)药浴治疗不同病症棉疥癣病试验．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1993b，12：21-22．
[58] 董文其，孙恩贵，刘俊华等．桔皮提取物用于牛皮蝇蛆病防治的初步试验．黑龙
江畜牧兽医，1991a，11：21．
[59]董文其，孙恩贵，刘俊华等．桔皮提取物有效成分与辛硫磷的实验室杀羊螨效力比较．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1991b，7：6-8．
[60]樊瑛，丁自勉，杨凌君，等．陈皮等几种柑桔皮提取物对蚜、螨类害虫杀虫活性的初步研究．中国中药杂志，1995，20(7)：397-398．
[61]冯明光．时间-剂量-死亡率模型取代机率分析技术．昆虫知识，1998，35(4)：233-237．
[62]付昌斌，张兴．砂地柏提取物对粘虫幼虫体内几种酶系活性的影响．植物保护学报，2000，27(1)：75-78．
[63]侯华民，张兴．植物精油对三种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性．植物保护学报，2002，29(3)：223-228．
[64]侯学文，谢建军，曾鑫年，等．生物技术在植物性杀虫剂研究开发中的应用．植物保护学报，2001，28(1)：77-81．
[65]胡美英，王良川．印楝素制剂对小菜蛾毒杀和生长发育抑制作用的研究．华南农业大学学报，1996，17(4)：1-5．
[66]胡美英，钟国华．闹羊花系-Ⅲ对菜青虫的作用机理研究．世界农药，1999，21(增刊3)：56-57．
[67]胡绍海，胡卫军．茶皂素在化学农药乳油剂中的增效作用研究．中国农业科学，1998，31(2)：30-35．
[68]嵇保中，孙云霄．印楝质杀虫剂的生物活性及作用机制研究进展．中国森林病虫，2002，12(6)：21-29．
[69]江志利，张兴，冯俊涛．植物精油研究及其在植物保护中的利用．陕西农业科学，2002，1：32-36．
[70]雷培琪，尹才渊，肖建春．桔皮油对大鼠虱、豚鼠螨的杀虫效果观察．四川动物，2001，20(3)：162-163．
[71]李继泉，金幼菊．环境因子对植物他感化合物的影响．河北林果研究，1999，14(3)：285-292．
[72]廖春燕，赵善欢．川楝素对粘虫幼虫拒食作用研究．华南农业大学学报，1986，7(1)：1-6．
[73]刘长令．新农药研究开发文集．化学工业出版社，2002，136-137．
[74]刘惠霞，杨从军，吴吴，等．苦皮藤素Ⅴ对昆虫选择毒性机理的进一步研究．西北农林科技大学学报，2002，30(2)：83-86．
[75]刘树生．介绍一种饲养蚜虫的方法—新的叶子圆片法．昆虫知以，1987，24(2)：113-116．
[76]刘俊华，王芳生，董文其等．四川红桔皮化学成分对家兔耳(足)螨病治疗试验．兽医大学学报，1990，10(2)：166-168．
[77]刘银泉，冯明光，刘树生．球孢白僵菌对桃蚜的毒力测定．植物保护学报，1999，26(4)：347-352．
[78]吕仲贤，胡萃．昆虫对植物抗虫性的诱导．昆虫知识，1995，32(1)：38-40．
[79]罗都强，张兴．雷公藤非生物碱分离及对粘虫作用方式研究．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，29(4)：81-84．
[80]莫建初，张军，王问学．芫花活性物质对鳞翅目幼虫消化酶和解毒酶的影响．中南林学院学报，2001，21(1)：5-9。
[81]南玉生，卢令娴．植源杀虫剂苦皮藤研究现状．农药，1995，34(7)：28-31．
[82]苏建亚．甜菜夜蛾的抗药性及其抗性治理．植保技术与推广，1996，16(6)：37-38．
[83]孙德武，许志光，杨秀云．化工过程开发研究：利用桔皮提取果胶．松辽学刊：自然科学版，2002，1：41-42，48．
[84]汤丽梅，李保同．莰酮对蚜虫生物活性的研究．热带作物学报，2002，23(4)：85-89．
[85]铁陵，华林．柑桔皮食品深加工四例．当代农业，1997，11：47-48．
[86]汪文陆，王义．苦楝果实中某些化学成分及其对菜青虫的生物活性．昆虫学报，1994，37(1)：20-24．
[87]王芳生，刘俊华，侯翠英，等．四川红桔皮化学成分的研究．兽医大学学报，1987，7(4)：353-359．
[88]王化国，齐孟文，彭根元，等．14C-甲霜灵在豌豆中的传导与分布以及其在几种作物中残留消解动态．中国农业大学学报，1998，3(5)：85-89．
[89]王新国，徐汉虹，赵善欢．广东省光活化杀虫植物资源初探．广东农业科学，2001，1：40-42．
[90]吴昌银，叶志彪，李汉霞．雪花莲外源凝集案基因转化番茄．植物学报，1999，18(1)：80-82．
[91]吴恭谦．几种主要植物质杀虫剂研究进展．安徽农业大学学报，1994，21(2)：146-150．
[92]吴青君，张文吉，张友军．昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物保护中的应用．昆虫知识，2000，37(5)：314-317．
[93]吴永魁，田慧英．桔皮提取物的毒性研究．中兽医医药杂志，1992，3：4-7．
[94]伍正清，文尚凤．柑桔皮制备食用纤维素粉的研究，1997，5：12-13．
[95]徐汉虹，黄继光．鱼藤酮的研究进展．西南农业大学学报，2001，23(2)：140-143．
[96]徐汉虹，赵善欢．光活化毒素与杀虫剂开发的新领域．华南农业大学学报，1995，16(1)：127-132．
[97]徐汉虹，赵善欢．猪毛蒿精油的杀虫活性研究．华南农业大学学报，1993，14(1)：97-102．
[98]徐红星，俞晓平，吕仲贤，等．银杏叶粗提物对褐飞虱的生物活性．中国生物防治，2003，19(2)：63-65．
[99]严赞开，侯明波．综合利用柑桔皮的优化工艺．中国物资再生，1999，10：5-6．
[100]杨广东，朱帧，李燕娥，等．转修饰豇豆肤蛋白酶抑制剂基因(sek)抗虫甜椒植株的获得．应用与环境生物学报，2002，8(3)：239-244．
[101]余向阳，高聪芬，张兴．砂地柏果实提取物杀虫活性初探．西北农业大学学报，1999，27(2)：96-100．
[102]曾鑫年，张善学．毛鱼藤酮与鱼藤酮杀虫活性的比较．昆虫学报，2002，45(5)：611-616．
[103]曾鑫年．植物杀虫剂和拒食剂：新来源及展望．农药译丛，1995，17(3)：21-24．
[104]曾忠坚．十字花科蔬菜害虫的防治．长江蔬菜,2002，8：28-30．
[105]张光美，刘树生．苏云金杆菌对小菜蛾卵的生物活性．中国生物防治，1997，13(2)：53-56．
[106]张国洲，吴恭谦．植物性杀虫剂研究进展．安徽农业大学学报，2002b，29(1)：25-28．
[107]张国洲，徐汉虹．瑞香狼毒对菜粉蝶生物活性的研究．西北农业学报，2002a，11(3)：97-70，100．
[108]张鸿发，励建荣．从柑桔皮中连续提取色素、果胶的工艺研究．食品科学，2000，21(11)：37-40．
[109]张兴，付吕斌，高聪芬．新杀虫植物砂地柏研究进展．西北农业大学学报，1995，23(4)：53-57．
[110]张兴，赵善欢．川楝素对莱青虫体内几种酶系活性的影响．昆虫学报，1992，35(2)：171-177．
[111]张兴，赵善欢．植物性杀虫剂川楝素的开发研究．西北农业大学学报，1993，21(4)：1-5．
[112]张业光，邱宇彤，赵善欢．紫背金盘提取物对四种鳞题目害虫作用活性的初步研究．华南农业大学学报，1992，13(3)：62-68．
[113]张业光，徐汉虹，黄继光，等．非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶幼虫的生长发育抑制作用．植物保护，2001a，27(3)：12-15．
[114]张业光，徐汉虹，黄继光，等．非洲山毛豆主要杀虫活性成分的研究．天然产物研究与开发，2001b，12(6)：6-12．
[115]张祚新，王祥生．桔皮素乙酰酯对兔耳痒螨药效试验．中国人们解放军农牧大学军事兽医研究所，1998，12：3-4．
[116]郑许松，俞晓平，吕仲贤，等．银杏叶粗提物对桃蚜种群的抑制作用．浙江农业学报，2002，14(5)：260-264．
[117]钟国华，胡美英，章玉萍，等．黄杜鹃提取物对小菜蛾产卵忌避与杀卵作用．华南农业大学学报，2000b，21(3)：40-44．
[118]钟国华，胡美英．杜鹃花科植物活性成分及作用机制研究进展．武汉植物学研究，2000a，18(6)：509-514．
[119]钟国华，胡美英等．杜鹃花杀虫成分及其对斜纹夜蛾的活性．植物保护学报，2001，28(3)：269-273．
[120]周琼，梁广文．植物乙醇提取物对蔬菜蚜虫和蚜茧蜂的影响．应用生态学报，2003，14(2)：249-252．
[121]周晓梅，黄炳球．斜纹夜蛾抗药性及其防治对策的研究进展．昆虫知识，2002，39(2)：98-10．
[2] Ainge G D, Lorimer S D. Insecticidal activity of huperzine A from the New Zealand clubmoss, Lycopodium varium. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002, 50: 491-494.
[3] Al-Dakhil M A, Morsy T A. The larvicidal activities of the peel oils of three citrus fruits against Culex pipiens. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1999, 29(2): 347-352.
[4] Allan E J, Eeswara J P, Johnson S, et al. The production of azadirachtin by in-vitro tissue culture of neem, Azadirachta indica. Pesticide-Science, 1994, 42(3): 147-152.
[5] Allotey J, Goswami L. Damage caused to maize and groundnuts by the moths Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) and Ephestia Cautella (Walker) and control using local plant materials. Insect Science and its Application, 1994, 15(3): 323-329.
[6] Arnason J T, Swain T, Wat C K, et al. Mosquito larvicides from polyacetylenes occurring naturally in Asteraceae. Biochemical Systematic and Ecological. 1981, 9(1): 63-68.
[7] Banken J A O, Stark J D. Multiple routes of pesticide exposure and the risk of pesticides to biological controls: a study of neem and the sevenspotted lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 1998, 91(1): 1-6.
[8] Blum M S. Semi-chemical parsimony in the arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 1996, 41: 353-374.
[9] Bouda H, Tapondjou L A, Fontem D A, et al. Effect of essential oils from leaves of Ageratum conyzoides, Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata on the mortality of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 2001, (37):103-109.
[10] Chatterjee C, Correl M, Weathers P J, et al. A simplified acoustic window mist
bioreactor. Biotechnology techniques, 1997, 11(3): 155-158.
[11] Ciccia G, Coussio J, Mongelli E. Insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae of some medicinal South American plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2000, 72(1): 185-189.
[12] Don-Pedro K N. Toxicity of some citrus peels to Dermestes Maculatus DEG. and Callosobruchus Maculatus (F). Journal Stored Products Research.1985, 21(1): 31-34.
[13] Downum K R, Anaya J, Caballero E, et al. Plant photosensitisers: a survey of their occurrence in arid and semisrid plants from North America. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1989, 15(1): 345-355.
[14] Duthie H, Mamie A, Borden John H, et al. Translocation and efficacy of a neem-based insecticide in lodgepole pine using Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) as an indicator species. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999, 92(1): 180-186.
[15] Ezeonu F C, Chidume G I. Insecticidal properties of volatile extracts of orange peels. Bioresource Technology, 2001, 76(3): 273-274.
[16] Fouquet D. An insecticide for forest protection made from extracts of forest species. Bois et Forets des Tropiques, 2001, 267: 91-92.
[17] Franco O L, Dias S C, Magalhaes C P, et al. Effects of soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor on the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). Phytochemistry, 2004, 65(1): 81-89.
[18] Franco O L, Santos R C, Araújo M A M, et al. Effects of black-eyed pea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor on proteolytic activity and on development of Anthonomus grandis. Phytochernistry, 2003, 63(3): 343-349.
[19] Gatehouse A M, Rachel E D, Kevins P. et al. Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resisitance to the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. Entomologia Expermentalis et Applicata, 1996, 79: 295-307.
[20] George J, Rajasekaran T, Ravishankar G A. A modified culture vessel for improved callus growth and pyrethrins content of pyrethrum. Pyrethrum post, 1999, 20(2): 49-54.
[21] Ghisalgerti E L. The phytochemistry of the Myoporaceae. Phytochemistry, 1994,
35(1): 7-33.
[22] Graige M & Ahemed S. Handbook of plants with pest control properties. 1998.
[23] Hu M Y, Zhong G H, Wu Q S, et al. Studies on the biological activities of yellow azalea, Rhododen-dron molle G. Don against the vegetable leafmines, Liriomyza sativae. Entomology Sinica, 2000, 7(1): 869-870.
[24] Huang R C, Tadera K, Yagi F, et al. A limonoid antifeedant from Melia azedarach. Phytochemietry, 1995, 38(3): 3593-3594.
[25] Ilio V C, Massimo C, Daniela M, et al. Effects of a neem compound on the fecundity and longevity of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 1999, 92(1): 76-82.
[26] Isman M B. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection, 2000, 19: 603-608.
[27] Jannet H B, Skhiri F H. Antifeedant activity of plant extracts and of new natural diglyceride compounds isolated from Ajuga pseudoiva leaves against Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Industrial Crops and Products, 2001,14(3): 213-222.
[28] Kim S I, Roh J Y, Kim D H, et al. Insecticidal activities of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis. Journal of Stored Products Research, 2003, 39(3): 293-303.
[29] Knudsen G R, Johnson J B, Esghen D J. Alginate pellet formulation of a Beauveria bassiana (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) isolate pathogenic to cereal aphids. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1990, 83(6): 2225-2228.
[30] Kranthi K R, Jadhav D R, Kranthi S, et al. Insecticide resistance in five major insect pests of cotton in India. Crop protection, 2002, 21: 449-460.
[31] Lim G S, Sivapragasam A, Loke W H. Crucifer insect pest problems: trends, issues and management strategies. In: Sivapragasam A, Loke W H, Hussan A K and Lim G S. (eds.). The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests-Proceedings of the Third International Workshop. MARDI, Malaysia. 1997, 3-15.
[32] Liu Shu-sheng and Yan S. Brassica IPM in Asia: successes, challenges, and opportunities. In: M.P. Zalucki, R.A.I. Drew and G.G. White. (eds). Pest Management-Future Challenges. Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Applied
Entomological Research Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 29 September - 2nd October 1998, 1: 85-97.
[33] Maeda M, Kodama M, Saito T, et al. Neuromuscular action of insecticidal domolc acid on the American cockroach. Pesticicide Biochemistry and Phyisology, 1987, 28: 85-92.
[34] Mary L, Corneliust M L, Grace J K, et al. Toxicity of monoterpenoids and other natural products to the formosan subterranean termite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1997, 90(2): 320-325.
[35] Mordue A V, Blackwell A. Azadirachtin: an update, Insect Physiology, 1993, 39(1):903-924.
[36] Morimoto M, Tanimoto K, Sakatani A, et al. Antifeedant activity of an anthraquinone aldehyde in Galium aparine L. against Spodoptera litura F. Phytochemistry, 2002, 60(2): 163-166.
[37] Onu I., Sulyman A. Effects of powered peels of citrus fruits on damage by Callosobruchus maculates (F.) to cowpea seeds. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 1997, 9(4): 85-92.
[38] Pascual C, Villalobos M J. Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of Chrysanthemum coronayium L. plant extracts. Boletin-de-Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 1996, 22(2): 411-420.
[39] Preisler H K, Robertson J L. Analysisi of time-dose-mortality data. Journal Economic Entomology, 1989, 82(6): 1534-1542.
[40] Sayah F, Fayet C, Idaomar M, et al. Effects of azadirachtin on vitellogenesis of Labidura Riparia (Insect: Dermaptera). Tissue and Cell, 1996, 28:741-749.
[41] Sayah F, Idaomar M, Soranzo L. et al. Endocrine and neuroendocrine effects of azadirachtin in adult females of the earwig Labidura Riparia. Tissue and Cell, 1998, 30(1): 86-94.
[42] Shalaby A A, Allam K AM, et al. Insecticial properties of citrus oils against Culex pipiens and Musca domestica. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1998, 28(2): 595-606.
[43] Subrahmanyam B. Azadirachtin-a naturally occurring insect growth regulator. Proc.
Indian Academic Scencei, 1990, 99: 277-288.
[44] Takatsuka J, Shohei O, Madoka N, et al. Genetic and biological comparisons of ten geographic isolates of a nucleopolyhedrovirus that infects Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biological control, 2003, 26(1): 32-39.
[45] Talekar N S, Shelton A M. Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology, 1993, 38: 275-301.
[46] Thomas C J, Callaghan A. The use of garlic (Allium sativa) and lemon peel (Citrus limon) extracts as Culex pipiens larvacides: persisitence and intraction with an organophosphate resistance mechanism. Chemoshere, 1999, 39(14): 2489-2496.
[47] Towers G H N. International of light with phytochemicals in some natural and novel systems. Canadia Journal of Botany, 1984, 62:2900-2911.
[48] Ali A B，钟国华，胡美英．苦槛蓝抽提物对菜青虫生物活性的影响．华南农业大学学报，1999，20(3)：28-31．
[49] 柏德文，陈绍南，黄贤国，等．浙江省柑桔产销现状与对策研究．浙江柑橘，2000，17(2)：5-8，14．
[50] 曹兵，刘亚辉，吕文．几种抗虫树种的化学成分分析及其抗虫机理研究．辽宁林业科技，2000，6：8-10．
[5l] 陈冀胜，郑硕．中国有毒植物．北京：科学出版社，1987，216-229．
[52] 崔德君，赵善欢，刘新清．万寿菊粗提物对小菜蛾产卵忌避作用的研究．农药，1998，37(6)：31-35．
[53] 崔堂兵，郭勇，林炜铁．提高植物细胞培养法生产次级代谢物产量的方法．植物生理学通讯，2001，37(5)：479-482．
[54] 邓定辉．柑桔皮的综合开发利用．技术开发与引进，1990，(1)：10-12．
[55] 董建新，曹阳，张兴．试论生物技术在植物源农药生产中的应用．世界农药，2002，24(3)：6-11．
[56] 董文其，李新荣．桔皮提取物有效成分治疗羊疥癣病的研究．中国兽医杂志，1993a，19(2)：37-38．
[57] 董文其，李新荣．桔皮有效成分(灭螨灵)药浴治疗不同病症棉疥癣病试验．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1993b，12：21-22．
[58] 董文其，孙恩贵，刘俊华等．桔皮提取物用于牛皮蝇蛆病防治的初步试验．黑龙
江畜牧兽医，1991a，11：21．
[59]董文其，孙恩贵，刘俊华等．桔皮提取物有效成分与辛硫磷的实验室杀羊螨效力比较．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1991b，7：6-8．
[60]樊瑛，丁自勉，杨凌君，等．陈皮等几种柑桔皮提取物对蚜、螨类害虫杀虫活性的初步研究．中国中药杂志，1995，20(7)：397-398．
[61]冯明光．时间-剂量-死亡率模型取代机率分析技术．昆虫知识，1998，35(4)：233-237．
[62]付昌斌，张兴．砂地柏提取物对粘虫幼虫体内几种酶系活性的影响．植物保护学报，2000，27(1)：75-78．
[63]侯华民，张兴．植物精油对三种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性．植物保护学报，2002，29(3)：223-228．
[64]侯学文，谢建军，曾鑫年，等．生物技术在植物性杀虫剂研究开发中的应用．植物保护学报，2001，28(1)：77-81．
[65]胡美英，王良川．印楝素制剂对小菜蛾毒杀和生长发育抑制作用的研究．华南农业大学学报，1996，17(4)：1-5．
[66]胡美英，钟国华．闹羊花系-Ⅲ对菜青虫的作用机理研究．世界农药，1999，21(增刊3)：56-57．
[67]胡绍海，胡卫军．茶皂素在化学农药乳油剂中的增效作用研究．中国农业科学，1998，31(2)：30-35．
[68]嵇保中，孙云霄．印楝质杀虫剂的生物活性及作用机制研究进展．中国森林病虫，2002，12(6)：21-29．
[69]江志利，张兴，冯俊涛．植物精油研究及其在植物保护中的利用．陕西农业科学，2002，1：32-36．
[70]雷培琪，尹才渊，肖建春．桔皮油对大鼠虱、豚鼠螨的杀虫效果观察．四川动物，2001，20(3)：162-163．
[71]李继泉，金幼菊．环境因子对植物他感化合物的影响．河北林果研究，1999，14(3)：285-292．
[72]廖春燕，赵善欢．川楝素对粘虫幼虫拒食作用研究．华南农业大学学报，1986，7(1)：1-6．
[73]刘长令．新农药研究开发文集．化学工业出版社，2002，136-137．
[74]刘惠霞，杨从军，吴吴，等．苦皮藤素Ⅴ对昆虫选择毒性机理的进一步研究．西北农林科技大学学报，2002，30(2)：83-86．
[75]刘树生．介绍一种饲养蚜虫的方法—新的叶子圆片法．昆虫知以，1987，24(2)：113-116．
[76]刘俊华，王芳生，董文其等．四川红桔皮化学成分对家兔耳(足)螨病治疗试验．兽医大学学报，1990，10(2)：166-168．
[77]刘银泉，冯明光，刘树生．球孢白僵菌对桃蚜的毒力测定．植物保护学报，1999，26(4)：347-352．
[78]吕仲贤，胡萃．昆虫对植物抗虫性的诱导．昆虫知识，1995，32(1)：38-40．
[79]罗都强，张兴．雷公藤非生物碱分离及对粘虫作用方式研究．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，29(4)：81-84．
[80]莫建初，张军，王问学．芫花活性物质对鳞翅目幼虫消化酶和解毒酶的影响．中南林学院学报，2001，21(1)：5-9。
[81]南玉生，卢令娴．植源杀虫剂苦皮藤研究现状．农药，1995，34(7)：28-31．
[82]苏建亚．甜菜夜蛾的抗药性及其抗性治理．植保技术与推广，1996，16(6)：37-38．
[83]孙德武，许志光，杨秀云．化工过程开发研究：利用桔皮提取果胶．松辽学刊：自然科学版，2002，1：41-42，48．
[84]汤丽梅，李保同．莰酮对蚜虫生物活性的研究．热带作物学报，2002，23(4)：85-89．
[85]铁陵，华林．柑桔皮食品深加工四例．当代农业，1997，11：47-48．
[86]汪文陆，王义．苦楝果实中某些化学成分及其对菜青虫的生物活性．昆虫学报，1994，37(1)：20-24．
[87]王芳生，刘俊华，侯翠英，等．四川红桔皮化学成分的研究．兽医大学学报，1987，7(4)：353-359．
[88]王化国，齐孟文，彭根元，等．14C-甲霜灵在豌豆中的传导与分布以及其在几种作物中残留消解动态．中国农业大学学报，1998，3(5)：85-89．
[89]王新国，徐汉虹，赵善欢．广东省光活化杀虫植物资源初探．广东农业科学，2001，1：40-42．
[90]吴昌银，叶志彪，李汉霞．雪花莲外源凝集案基因转化番茄．植物学报，1999，18(1)：80-82．
[91]吴恭谦．几种主要植物质杀虫剂研究进展．安徽农业大学学报，1994，21(2)：146-150．
[92]吴青君，张文吉，张友军．昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物保护中的应用．昆虫知识，2000，37(5)：314-317．
[93]吴永魁，田慧英．桔皮提取物的毒性研究．中兽医医药杂志，1992，3：4-7．
[94]伍正清，文尚凤．柑桔皮制备食用纤维素粉的研究，1997，5：12-13．
[95]徐汉虹，黄继光．鱼藤酮的研究进展．西南农业大学学报，2001，23(2)：140-143．
[96]徐汉虹，赵善欢．光活化毒素与杀虫剂开发的新领域．华南农业大学学报，1995，16(1)：127-132．
[97]徐汉虹，赵善欢．猪毛蒿精油的杀虫活性研究．华南农业大学学报，1993，14(1)：97-102．
[98]徐红星，俞晓平，吕仲贤，等．银杏叶粗提物对褐飞虱的生物活性．中国生物防治，2003，19(2)：63-65．
[99]严赞开，侯明波．综合利用柑桔皮的优化工艺．中国物资再生，1999，10：5-6．
[100]杨广东，朱帧，李燕娥，等．转修饰豇豆肤蛋白酶抑制剂基因(sek)抗虫甜椒植株的获得．应用与环境生物学报，2002，8(3)：239-244．
[101]余向阳，高聪芬，张兴．砂地柏果实提取物杀虫活性初探．西北农业大学学报，1999，27(2)：96-100．
[102]曾鑫年，张善学．毛鱼藤酮与鱼藤酮杀虫活性的比较．昆虫学报，2002，45(5)：611-616．
[103]曾鑫年．植物杀虫剂和拒食剂：新来源及展望．农药译丛，1995，17(3)：21-24．
[104]曾忠坚．十字花科蔬菜害虫的防治．长江蔬菜,2002，8：28-30．
[105]张光美，刘树生．苏云金杆菌对小菜蛾卵的生物活性．中国生物防治，1997，13(2)：53-56．
[106]张国洲，吴恭谦．植物性杀虫剂研究进展．安徽农业大学学报，2002b，29(1)：25-28．
[107]张国洲，徐汉虹．瑞香狼毒对菜粉蝶生物活性的研究．西北农业学报，2002a，11(3)：97-70，100．
[108]张鸿发，励建荣．从柑桔皮中连续提取色素、果胶的工艺研究．食品科学，2000，21(11)：37-40．
[109]张兴，付吕斌，高聪芬．新杀虫植物砂地柏研究进展．西北农业大学学报，1995，23(4)：53-57．
[110]张兴，赵善欢．川楝素对莱青虫体内几种酶系活性的影响．昆虫学报，1992，35(2)：171-177．
[111]张兴，赵善欢．植物性杀虫剂川楝素的开发研究．西北农业大学学报，1993，21(4)：1-5．
[112]张业光，邱宇彤，赵善欢．紫背金盘提取物对四种鳞题目害虫作用活性的初步研究．华南农业大学学报，1992，13(3)：62-68．
[113]张业光，徐汉虹，黄继光，等．非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶幼虫的生长发育抑制作用．植物保护，2001a，27(3)：12-15．
[114]张业光，徐汉虹，黄继光，等．非洲山毛豆主要杀虫活性成分的研究．天然产物研究与开发，2001b，12(6)：6-12．
[115]张祚新，王祥生．桔皮素乙酰酯对兔耳痒螨药效试验．中国人们解放军农牧大学军事兽医研究所，1998，12：3-4．
[116]郑许松，俞晓平，吕仲贤，等．银杏叶粗提物对桃蚜种群的抑制作用．浙江农业学报，2002，14(5)：260-264．
[117]钟国华，胡美英，章玉萍，等．黄杜鹃提取物对小菜蛾产卵忌避与杀卵作用．华南农业大学学报，2000b，21(3)：40-44．
[118]钟国华，胡美英．杜鹃花科植物活性成分及作用机制研究进展．武汉植物学研究，2000a，18(6)：509-514．
[119]钟国华，胡美英等．杜鹃花杀虫成分及其对斜纹夜蛾的活性．植物保护学报，2001，28(3)：269-273．
[120]周琼，梁广文．植物乙醇提取物对蔬菜蚜虫和蚜茧蜂的影响．应用生态学报，2003，14(2)：249-252．
[121]周晓梅，黄炳球．斜纹夜蛾抗药性及其防治对策的研究进展．昆虫知识，2002，39(2)：98-10．