转Xa21基因水稻的叶围细菌研究
|
摘要
本研究初步建立了白叶枯病菌致病型的分子鉴定方法；在温室条件研究了3个水稻白叶枯病菌在转Xa21基因水稻、受体水稻皖A和汕优63叶面的侵染和定殖能力；以及田间种植转Xa21基因水稻、受体水稻皖A和汕优63的叶围细菌的时空动态变化。
比较了中国白叶枯病菌7个不同致病型菌株的内转录间隔区(Intergenic spacer region,ITS)序列、IS-PCR指纹图谱和全菌体蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱的差异。7个菌株的ITS序列均为492bp(GenBank登陆号为AY250998-AY251004)，仅在4个位点上有差异。它们的全菌体蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱相似性很高，仅C5菌株与其它6个菌株在谱带上有明显差异。IS-PCR指纹图谱可以将7个菌株分为3种不同谱型。测定了7个菌株IS-PCR均有的两条条带244bp和489bp的序列。根据489bp条带序列设计引物，能特异性在所有7个白叶枯菌株中扩增出355bp的条带。建立了白叶枯病菌快速鉴定的PCR方法和使用IS-PCR快速对不同白叶枯病菌进行分群的方法，为分析长期种植转Xa21基因水稻后对靶标白叶枯病菌的群落结构的变迁奠定了基础。
在温室研究了3个白叶枯致病型菌株在转Xa21基因水稻、受体水稻皖A和汕优63水稻叶面的侵染和定殖能力。在侵染力上，3种水稻侵染部位的病菌数量在初期都是迅速增殖。在达到约10~6CFU/leaf后，转Xa21基因水稻侵染部位的白叶枯病菌的数量开始下降，而受体水稻皖A、汕优63上白叶枯病菌的数量则继续上升2-3个数量级。在定殖能力上，白叶枯病菌在3种水稻健康的水稻叶片上都能存活较长的时间，在不同水稻品种上的动态变化是基本相似的，转Xa21基因水稻对白叶枯病菌的定殖能力没有明显的影响。
研究了田间转Xa21基因水稻、受体水稻皖A和汕优63水稻的细菌群落的时空变化。从细菌的总数量的空间分布来看，不同小区间有显著差异，但种植水稻品种间没有显著差异。细菌总数量随着时间的变化有着显著的变化，但同一时间不同的水稻品种间整体没有显著差异。测定从细菌群落中分离纯化的12个菌株的ITS序列(GenBank登陆号为AY485405-AY485416)，将其鉴定到8个属，占优势的为Clavibacter、Bacillus和Xanthomonas属。以属为分类单位计算叶围细菌群落的多样性指数。多样性指数随着时间的变化而有着显著变化，但同一时间的品种间的差异不显著。
The molecular method to identify Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo) was built in this study. The dynamic changes of three Xoo strains in greenhouse and the phyllosphere bacterial communities in field trial of three rice varieties {Xa21 transgenic rice, unmodified control rice Wan A and conventional rice variety Shanyou 63) were studied.
Seven Xoo strains were compared by their ITS (Intergenic spacer region) sequences, IS-PCR fingerprint and SDS-PAGE of total strains' proteins. The Length of all the seven strains' ITS sequences was 492 bp (Accession number AY250998-AY251004), only with four sites difference.The SDS-PAGE fingerprints of seven strains' total bacterial proteins were very similar except strain C5. Seven strains were divided into three groups by their IS-PCR fingerprints. The two bands appeared in all the strains were sequenced to 244bp and 489bp, respectively. Depended on the sequence of the band of 489bp, a pair of prime was designed to amplify the specific band of 355bp for all the seven strains. Based on the primes and IS-PCR fingerprints, the community of Xoo in the Xa21 transgenic rice cultivated with a long time could be analyzed rapidly.
The differences of Xoo strains' abilities to infect and colonize in phyllosphere of three rice varieties were studied. After inoculation by clipping method, the numbers of Xoo increased rapidly in three rice varieties in the early time until it reached about 106CFU/leaf. The number of Xoo decreased in the Xa21 transgenic rice but increased 100-1000 fold in the other two rice varieties after that. When spraied in rice leaves, all the three Xoo strains could survive for a long time, but no significant differences among those three rice varieties were found.
The phyllosphere bacterial communities of the rice varieties were studied in field trial. Significant differences were found among the total number of bacterial communities in different blocks at the same time, but no differences among three rice varieties were found. Significant differences were also found among the total number of phyllosphere bacterial communities of each rice variety in different time, but not among rice varieties at the each time. Twelve bacterial strains isolated from the rice phyllosphere were divided into eight genus by their ITS sequence (Accession number AY485405-AY485416).The predominance genus in phyllosphere of all three rice varieties were Clavibacter, Bacillus and Xanthomonas. Significant differences were found among the diversity indexes of bacterial communities of different time calculated based on genus, but no difference among the varieties at the each time were found.
比较了中国白叶枯病菌7个不同致病型菌株的内转录间隔区(Intergenic spacer region,ITS)序列、IS-PCR指纹图谱和全菌体蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱的差异。7个菌株的ITS序列均为492bp(GenBank登陆号为AY250998-AY251004)，仅在4个位点上有差异。它们的全菌体蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱相似性很高，仅C5菌株与其它6个菌株在谱带上有明显差异。IS-PCR指纹图谱可以将7个菌株分为3种不同谱型。测定了7个菌株IS-PCR均有的两条条带244bp和489bp的序列。根据489bp条带序列设计引物，能特异性在所有7个白叶枯菌株中扩增出355bp的条带。建立了白叶枯病菌快速鉴定的PCR方法和使用IS-PCR快速对不同白叶枯病菌进行分群的方法，为分析长期种植转Xa21基因水稻后对靶标白叶枯病菌的群落结构的变迁奠定了基础。
在温室研究了3个白叶枯致病型菌株在转Xa21基因水稻、受体水稻皖A和汕优63水稻叶面的侵染和定殖能力。在侵染力上，3种水稻侵染部位的病菌数量在初期都是迅速增殖。在达到约10~6CFU/leaf后，转Xa21基因水稻侵染部位的白叶枯病菌的数量开始下降，而受体水稻皖A、汕优63上白叶枯病菌的数量则继续上升2-3个数量级。在定殖能力上，白叶枯病菌在3种水稻健康的水稻叶片上都能存活较长的时间，在不同水稻品种上的动态变化是基本相似的，转Xa21基因水稻对白叶枯病菌的定殖能力没有明显的影响。
研究了田间转Xa21基因水稻、受体水稻皖A和汕优63水稻的细菌群落的时空变化。从细菌的总数量的空间分布来看，不同小区间有显著差异，但种植水稻品种间没有显著差异。细菌总数量随着时间的变化有着显著的变化，但同一时间不同的水稻品种间整体没有显著差异。测定从细菌群落中分离纯化的12个菌株的ITS序列(GenBank登陆号为AY485405-AY485416)，将其鉴定到8个属，占优势的为Clavibacter、Bacillus和Xanthomonas属。以属为分类单位计算叶围细菌群落的多样性指数。多样性指数随着时间的变化而有着显著变化，但同一时间的品种间的差异不显著。
The molecular method to identify Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo) was built in this study. The dynamic changes of three Xoo strains in greenhouse and the phyllosphere bacterial communities in field trial of three rice varieties {Xa21 transgenic rice, unmodified control rice Wan A and conventional rice variety Shanyou 63) were studied.
Seven Xoo strains were compared by their ITS (Intergenic spacer region) sequences, IS-PCR fingerprint and SDS-PAGE of total strains' proteins. The Length of all the seven strains' ITS sequences was 492 bp (Accession number AY250998-AY251004), only with four sites difference.The SDS-PAGE fingerprints of seven strains' total bacterial proteins were very similar except strain C5. Seven strains were divided into three groups by their IS-PCR fingerprints. The two bands appeared in all the strains were sequenced to 244bp and 489bp, respectively. Depended on the sequence of the band of 489bp, a pair of prime was designed to amplify the specific band of 355bp for all the seven strains. Based on the primes and IS-PCR fingerprints, the community of Xoo in the Xa21 transgenic rice cultivated with a long time could be analyzed rapidly.
The differences of Xoo strains' abilities to infect and colonize in phyllosphere of three rice varieties were studied. After inoculation by clipping method, the numbers of Xoo increased rapidly in three rice varieties in the early time until it reached about 106CFU/leaf. The number of Xoo decreased in the Xa21 transgenic rice but increased 100-1000 fold in the other two rice varieties after that. When spraied in rice leaves, all the three Xoo strains could survive for a long time, but no significant differences among those three rice varieties were found.
The phyllosphere bacterial communities of the rice varieties were studied in field trial. Significant differences were found among the total number of bacterial communities in different blocks at the same time, but no differences among three rice varieties were found. Significant differences were also found among the total number of phyllosphere bacterial communities of each rice variety in different time, but not among rice varieties at the each time. Twelve bacterial strains isolated from the rice phyllosphere were divided into eight genus by their ITS sequence (Accession number AY485405-AY485416).The predominance genus in phyllosphere of all three rice varieties were Clavibacter, Bacillus and Xanthomonas. Significant differences were found among the diversity indexes of bacterial communities of different time calculated based on genus, but no difference among the varieties at the each time were found.
引文
1．方中达等．中国水稻白叶枯病菌致病型的研究．植物病理学报，1990,20(2)：81-88．
2．贾士荣．未来转基因作物的环境风险分析．中国农业科学，2004,37(4)：484-489．
3．贾士荣．转基因作物的环境风险分析研究进展．中国农业科学，2004,37(2)：175-187
4．姜明松等．转Xa21基因圣稻301的培育及其田间表现．山东农业科学，2003,(6)：10-12．
5．李晓兵等．经基因工程改良的抗白叶枯病水稻粳型恢复系"0418-Xa21”及其杂交稻．生物工程学报，2001，17(4)：380-384．
6．刘谦等．生物安全(“863”生物高技术丛书)．北京：科学出版社,2001．
7．倪大虎等．利用分子标记改良水稻白叶枯病抗性的研究．安徽农业科学，2001,29(6)：697-698,700．
8．潘学彪等．根癌农杆菌介导法将Xa21基因导入水稻．江苏农学院学报，1998,19(4)：33-34．
9．彭凌涛等．Xa21基因导入水稻广亲和恢复系SWR20的研究．江苏农业研究，2001,22(2)：7-12．
10．饶志明等．农杆菌介导粳稻Xa21基因的转化及其遗传研究．江西农业大学学报，2003,25(3)：320-324．
11．王爱菊等．利用Bt基因和Xa21基因转化获得抗螟虫、白叶枯病的转基因水稻．作物学报，2002,28(6)：857-860．
12．王春莲．水稻白叶枯病原菌致病型及其群体遗传多样性研究：[硕士学位论文]．北京：中国农业科学院研究生院，2000
13．王春莲等．我国长江以南地区水稻白叶枯病原菌遗传多样性分析．中国水稻科学，2001，15(2)：131-136．
14．王芋华等．Xa21基因导入水稻及转基因植株的鉴定．应用与环境生物学报．2001，7(3)：228-231．
15．吴家道等．水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa21转基因水稻及其杂交稻研究．作物学报，2001,27(1)：29-34．
16．姚方印等．农杆菌介导将白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21导入水稻获得转基因植株．西北植物学报，2002,22(5)：1038-1043．
17．鄢慧民等．水稻Xa21基因在水稻和玉米中的比较物理定位．植物学报，1999,41(3)：249-253．
18．曾列先等．IRBB21(Xa21)对广东省白叶枯病菌5个小种的抗性反应．植物保护学报，2002,29(2)：97-100．
19．翟文学等．由农杆菌介导将白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21转入我国的5个水稻品种．中国科学C，2000,30(2)：200-206．
20．章琦等．中国水稻白叶枯病菌系染色体DNA的RFLP谱型初析．作物学报，1996,22(1)：13-19．
21．赵彬等．水稻白叶枯病广谱抗性基因Xa21导入两用不育系培矮64S．生物工程学报，2000,16(2)：137-141．
22．赵新华等．白叶枯病菌拮抗菌筛选及水稻叶围微生物互作研究初报．中国水稻科学，2000,14(3)：161-164．
23. http://oberon.fvms.ugent.be:8080/rRNA/.
24. http://ulises.umh.es/RISSC.
25. A.C.R.da Silva, J.A.Ferro, F.C.Reinach, et al. Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities. Nature, 2002,417: 459-463.
26. Anthony J. Conner, Travis R. Glare and Jan-Peter Nap. The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. Part Ⅱ Overview of ecological risk assessment. The Plant Journal, 2003,33: 19-46.
27. Avaniss-Aghajani E, Jones K, Chapman D, et al. A molecular technique for identification of bacteria using small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. BioTechniques, 1994,17:144-149.
28. Beattie, G. A. and S. E. Lindow. Bacterial colonization of leaves: A spectrum of strategies. Phytopathology, 1999,89: 353-359.
29. Bochner B. Breathprints at the microbial level. ASM News, 1989,55: 536-539.
30. Breen A, Rope AF, Taylor D, et al. Application of DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) to mixed culture bioreactors. J Industrial Microbiol, 1995,14:10-16.
31. Bruce, K. Analysis of mer gene subclasses within bacterial communities in soils and sediments resolved by fluorescent-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling. Appl Environ Microbiol., 1997,63: 4914-4919.
32. C.M. Vera Cruz, E. Y. Ardales, D. Z. Skinner, et al. Measurement of Haplotypic Variation in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Within a Single Field by rep-PCR and RFLP Analysis. Phytopathology, 1996,86:1352-1359.
33. Ching-Hong Yang, David E. Crowley, James Borneman, et al. Microbial phyllosphere populations are more complex than previously realized. PNAS, 2001,98(7): 3889-3894.
34. Christopher Dardick, Francisco Goes da Silva, Yuwei Shen, et al. Antagonistic Interactions Between Strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Phytopathology, 2003,93:705-711.
35. Cynthia B. Andaya and Pamela Ronald. A catalytically impaired mutant of the rice Xa21 receptor kinase confers partial resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2003,62: 203-208.
36. D.H. Gent, H. F. Schwartz, C. A. Ishimaru, et al. Polyphasic Characterization of Xanthomonas Strains from Onion. Phytopathology, 2001,94(2): 184-195.
37. Descheemaker P and Swings J. The application of fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME) for the identification ofheterotrophic bacteria present in decaying Lede-stone of the St. Bavo Cathedral in Ghent. The Science of the Total Environment, 1995,167:241-247.
38. Donegan K.K., Seidler R.J., Doyle J.D., et al. A field study with genetically engineered alfalfa inoculated with recombinant Sinorhizobium meliloti: effects on the soil ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1999,36(6): 920-936.
39. Edmilson R. Goncalves and Yoko B. Rosato. Phylogenetic analysis of Xanthoraonas speices based upon 16S-23S intergenic spacer sequences. International Joumal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2002,52: 355-361.
40. Emmanuel Hilarie, Scott A. Young, Lloyd H. Willard, et al. Vascular Defense Responses in Rice: Peroxidase Accumulation in Xylem Parenchyma Cells and Xylem Wall Thickening. MPMI, 2001,14(12): 1411-1419.
41. FJ Louws, JLW Rademaker and FJ de Bruijn. The Three Ds of PCR-Based Genomic Analysis of Phytobaeteria: Diversity, Detection, and Disease Diagnosis. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 1999,37: 81-125.
42. G.D. Di Giovanni, L.S. Watrud, R.J. Seidler, et al. Comparison of Parental and Transgenic Alfalfa Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities Using Biolog GN Metabolic Fingerprinting and
Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Sequence-PCR (ERIC-PCR). Microb Ecol, 1999,37: 129-139.
43. Griffiths B.S., Geoghegan I.E. and Robertson W.M Testing genetically engineered potato, producing the lectins GNA and Con A, on non-target soil organisms and processes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000,37(1): 159-170.
44. Gsell TC, Holben WE and V. RM. Characterization of the sediment bacterial community in groundwater discharge zones of an alkaline fen: a seasonal study. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1997,63:3111-3118.
45. Gwyn A. Beattie and S. E. Lindow. Bacterial Colonization of Leaves: A Spectrum of Strategies. Phytopathology, 1999,89: 353-359.
46. H. Ochiai. Whole genome sequencing of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. In Ist International Conference on Bacterial Blight of Rice, Tsukuba, Japan, 2004
47. H. Ochiai, O. Horino, K. Miyajima, et al. Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains from Sri Lanka. Phytopathology, 2000,90:415-421.
48. Hallmann, J. Plant Interactions with Endophytic Bacteria. In:M. J. Jeger and N. J. Spence, eds. Biotic Interactions in Plant-Pathogen Associations: CABI International.2001.
49. Hofle M. Identification of bacteria by low molecular weight RNA profiles: a new chemotaxonomic approach. J Microbiol Methods, 1988,8: 235-248.
50. Holger Heuer and Kornelia Smalla. Bacterial phyllosphere communities of Solanum tuberosum L. and T4-lysozyme-producing transgenic variants. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1999,28: 357-371.
51. Holger Heuer, Reiner M. Kroppenstedt, Jana Lottmann, et al. Effects of T4 Lysozyme Release from Transgenic Potato Roots on Bacterial Rhizosphere Communities Are Negligible Relative to Natural Factors. Appl Environ Microbiol., 2002,68(3): 1325-1335.
52. HORINO, O. Studies on Resistance Mechanisms of Rice against Bacterial Blight Caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 2002,68(3): 253 - 256.
53. Hubner I, Steinmetz I, Obst U, et al. Rapid determination of members of the Enterbacteriaceae in drinking water by an immunological assay using a monoclonal antibody against enterobacterial common antigen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1992,58: 3187-3191.
54. Ingrid Ahrenholtz, Klaus Harms, Johann De Vries, et al. Increased Killing of Bacillus subtilis on the Hair Roots of Transgenic T4 Lysozyme-Producing Potatoes. Appl Environ Microbiol., 2000,66(5): 1862-1865.
55. J.E. LEACH, M. L. RHOADS, C. M. VERA CRUZ, et al. Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae with a Repetitive DNA Element. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 1992,58(7): 2188-2195.
56. J. Yashitola, I. A. P., A. P. K. Reddy, et al. A Widely Distributed Lineage of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in India May Have Come from Native Wild Rice. Plant Dis., 2000,84: 465-469.
57. J. Yashitola, D. Krishnaveni, A. P. K. Reddy, et al. Genetic Diversity within the Population of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in India, Phytopathology, 1997,87: 760-765.
58. James, C. Preview: Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2003. ISAAA Briefs No. 30.ISAAA: Ithaca, NY.2003.
59. Jana Lottmann, Holger Heuer, Johann de Vries, et al. Establishment of introduced antagonistic
bacteria in the rhizosphere of transgenic potatoes and their effect on the bacterial community. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2000,33: 41-49.
60. Jana Lottmann, Holger Heuer, Kornelia Smalla, et al. Influence of transgenic T4-lysozyme-producing potato plants on potentially beneficial plant-associated bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1999,29: 365-377.
61. Jan-Peter Nap, Peter L.J.Metz, Marga Escaler, et al. The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. Part Ⅰ. Overview of current status and regulations. The Plant Journal, 2003,33: 1-18.
62. Jesus Garcia-Martinez, Ignacio Bescos, Jesus Javier Rodriguez-Sala, et al. RISSC: a novel database for ribosomal 16S-23S RNA genes spacer regions. Nucleic Acids Research, 2001,29(1): 178-180.
63. Jesus Garcia-Martinez, Silvia G. Acinas, Ana Isabel Anton, et al. Use of the 16S-23S ribosomal genes spacer region in studies of prokaryotic diversity. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 1999,36: 55-64.
64. Joseph Sambrook, David W. Russell and Joe Sambrook. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed.(黄培堂): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2001.
65. Joy Bergelson, Martin Kreitman, Eli A. Stahl, et al. Evolutionary Dynamics of Plant R-Genes. Science, 2001,292:2281-2285.
66. Julian Kinderlerer. Effects on non-target organisms of the release of genetically modified crops into the environment. In:Rene Custers, eds. Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops. Zwijnaarde, Belgium: VIB publication,Flanders Interuniversity Institute for B iotechnology.2001, p88-107.
67. Jun Yu, Songnian Hu, Jun Wang, et al. A Draft Sequence oftbe Rice Genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp.indica). Science, 2002,296: 79-92.
68. K.S. Lee, S. Rasabandith, E. R. Angeles, et al. Inheritance of Resistance to Bacterial Blight in 21 Cultivars of Rice. Phytopathology, 2003,93:147-152.
69. Karen S. Century, Regina A. Lagman, Michael Adikisson, et al. Developmental control of Xa21-mediated disease resistance in rice. The Plant Journal, 1999,20(2): 231-236.
70. Kari E. Dunfield and James J. Germida. Diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and root interior of field-grown genetically modified Brassica napus. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2001,38: 1-9.
71. Kari E. Dunfield and James J. Germida. Seasonal Changes in the Rhizosphere Microbial Communities Associated with Field-Grown Genetically Modified Canola (Brassica napus). APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 2003,69(12): 7310-7318.
72. Keller B and Carabias EH. Transgenic plants for sustainable crop production. In:Nosberger J, Geiger HH and Struik PL, eds. Crop sciences: Progress and prospects..2001, p351-367.
73. Khalid Meksem, Aziz Jamai, Eliza Ruben, et al. Resistance to soybean cyst nematode: an Xa21-like gene family that requires possible for signal transduction.In The Fourth International Congress of Nematology., Tenbel,La Galleras,Arona,Tenerife,Canary Islands, Spain, June 8-13,2002
74. Khush, G. S., et al.,. A new gene for resistance to bacterial blight from O.longistaminata. Rice Genetics Newsletter, 1990,7:121-122.
75. Leben, C. Relative humidity and the survival of epiphytic bacteria with buds and leaves of cucumber plants. Phytopathology, 1988,78:179-185.
76. Lee D-H, Zo Y-G and Kim S-J. Non-radioactive method to study genetic profiles of natural
bacterial communities by single-stranded-conformation polymorphism. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1996,62:3112-3120.
77. Legard, D. E., M. P. McQuilken, J. W. Whipps, et al. Studies of seasonal changes in the microbial populations on the phyllosphere of spring wheat as a prelude to the release of a genetically modified microorganism. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 1994,50: 87-101.
78. Liu W-T., Marsh TL, Cheng H, et al. Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1997,63:4516-4522.
79. M.L.C. George, M. Bustamam, W. T. Cruz, et al. Movement of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Southeast Asia Detected Using PCR-Based DNA Fingerprinting. Phytopathology, 1997,87: 302-309.
80. Magaurran A E. Ecological diversity and its measurement. New Jersey: Princeton university press, 1988,47- 132.
81. Mansvelt, E. L. and M. J. Hattingh. Scanning electron microscopy of colonization of pear leaves by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Can. J. Bot., 1987,65:2517-2522.
82. Martinez-Murcia AJ, Acinas SG and Rodriguez-Valera F. Evaluation of prokaryotic diversity by restrictase digestion of 16S rDNA directly amplified from hypersaline environments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol., 1995,17: 247-256.
83. Massol-Deya AA, Odelson DA, Hickey RF, et al. Bacterial community fingerprinting of amplified 16S and 16S-23S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and restriction endonuclease analysis (ARDRA). Mol Microb Ecol Manual, 1995,3.3.2: 1-18.
84. MetcalfTG, Melnick JL and Estes MK. Environmental virology: from detection of virus in sewage and water by isolation to identification by molecular biology - a trip of over 50 years. Annual Reviews of Microbiology, 1995,49:461-487.
85. Mew, T. M. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae on rice: cause of bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak. In:J.G. Swings and E. L. Civerolo, eds. Xanthomonas. Chapman & Hall, London.1993, p30-40.
86. Mew, T. W. Current Status And Future Prospects Of Research On Bacterial Blight Of Rice. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 1987,25: 359-382.
87. Mew, T. W., C. M. Vera Cruz and E. S. Medalla. Changes in race frequency of Xanthoraonas oryzae pv. oryzae in response to rice cultivars planted in the Philippines. Plant Dis., 1992,76: 1029-1032.
88. Morris, C. E., J. M. Monier and M. A. Jacques. Fifty years of phyllosphere microbiology: significant contributions to research in related fields. In:S. E. Lindow, E. I. Hecht-Poinar and V. Elliott, eds. Phyllosphere microbiology. St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press.2002.
89. Morris, C. E., J.-M. Monier and M.-A. Jacques. Methods for observing microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces and recovering them for isolation of culturable microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1997,63:1570-1576.
90. Muirhead KA, Horan PK and Poste G. Flow cytometry: Present and future. Biotechnology, 1985,3: 337-356.
91. Muyzer G. Structure, function and dynamics of microbial communities: the molecular biological approach, In:Carvalho GR, eds. Advances in molecular ecology,. Amsterdam: OS Press. 1998, p87-117.
92. Muyzer G. Genetic fingerprinting of microbial communities - present status and future
perspectives, In:Bell CR, Brylinsky M and Johnson-Green P, eds. Microbial Biosystems: New Frontiers Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Halifax, Canada,: Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology. 1999.
93. Muyzer G, Brinkhoff T, Nubel U, et ai. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) in microbial ecology. Mol Microb Ecol Manual, 1998,3.4.4: 1-27.
94. Muyzer G, de Waal EC and Uitterlinden AG. Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes encoding for 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993,59: 695-700.
95. Naoto ADACHI and Takasi OKU. PCR-mediated Detection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Amplification of the 16S-23S rDNA Spacer Sequence. J. Gen. Plant Pathol., 2000,66: 303-309.
96. Neu TR and L. JR. Development and structure of microbial biofilms in river water studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1997,24:11-25.
97. Nubel U, Engelen B, Felske A, et al. Sequence heterogeneities of genes encoding 16S rRNAs in Paenibacillus polymyxa detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. J Bacteriol., 1996,178: 5636-5643.
98. Ochiai, H., Y. Inoue, A. Hasebe, et al. Construction and characterization of a Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae bacterial artificial chromosome library. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2001,200(1): 59-65.
99. Ou, S. H. Rice disease 2nd ed. England.: Commonwealth Agricultural Beraux, 1985,380.
100. Pace NA, Stahl DA, Lane DJ, et al. The analysis of natural microbial communities by ribosomal RNA sequences. Adv Microbial Ecol, 1986,9: 1-55.
101. PAMELA C. RONALD, CHRIS DARDICK, LIYA PI, et al. The XA21 Receptor Kinase Mediated Defense Response in Rice. In Vitro Animal, 2003,39: Supplement.
102. Porter J, Deere D, Hardman M, et al. Go with the flow - use of flow cytometry in environmental microbiology. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1997,24: 93-101.
103. R.J. NELSON, M. R. BARAOIDAN, C. M. VERA CRUZ, et al. Relationship between Phylogeny and Pathotype for the Bacterial Blight Pathogen of Rice. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 1994,60(9): 3275-3283.
104. Rene Custers. Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops. Zwijnaarde, Belgium: VIB publication,Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology,2001,159.
105. S.W. Lee, S. H. Choi, S. S. Han, et al. Distribution of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains Virulent to Xa21 in Korea. Phytopathology, 1999,89: 928-933.
106. S.D. Siciliano and J.J. Germida. Taxonomic diversity of bacteria associated with the roots of field-grown transgenic Brassica napus cv. Quest, compared to the non-transgenic B. napus cv. Excel and B. rapa cv. Parkland. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1999,29: 263-272.
107. Schwieger F and Tebbe CC. A new approach to utilize PCR-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism for 16S rRNA-based microbial community analysis. Appi Environ Microbiol, 1998,64: 4870-4876.
108. Seiji TSUGE, Mami NISHIDA, Ayako FURUTANI, et al. Growth of Glucose-uptake-deficient Mutant of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice Leaves. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 2001,6.7(2): 144- 147.
109. Shen Y, Sharma P, da Silva FG, et al. The Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae raxP and raxQ genes encode an ATP sulphurylase and adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate kinase that are required for
AvrXa21 avirulence activity. Moi Microbiol., 2002,44(1): 37-48.
110.Sodhi M., Vikal Y., George M.L.C., et al. DNA fingerprinting and virulence analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates from Punjab, northern India. Euphytica, 2003,130(1): 107-115.
111.Song, W. Y., G. L. Wang, L. L. Chen, et al. A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21. Science, 1995,270:1804-6.
112.Stephen Gyamfi, Ulrike Pfeifer, Michael Stierschneider, et al. Effects oftransgenic glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the associated herbicide application on eubacterial and Pseudomonas communities in the rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2002,41: 181-190.
113.Steven E. Lindow and Mara T. Brandl. Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2003,69(4): 1875-1883.
114.Sun, X., Y, Cao, Z. Yang, et al. Xa26, a gene conferring resistance to Xanthoraonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice, encodes an LRR receptor kinase-like protein. Plant J, 2004,37(4): 517-27.
115.T. Adhikara and C. M. Vera Cruz. Identification of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by insertion sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR). Int. Rice Res. Notes, 1999,24: 23-24.
116.T.B. Adhikari, C. M. Vera Cruz, Q. Zhang, et al. Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Asia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1995,61(3): 966-971.
117.Thomas Lukow, Peter F. Dunfield and Werner Liesack. Use of the T-RFLP technique to assess spatial and temporal changes in the bacterial community structure within an agricultural soil planted with transgenic and non-transgenic potato plants. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2000,32: 241-247.
118.Thompson, I. P., M. J. Bailey, J. S. Fenlon, et al. Quantitative and qualitative seasonal changes in the microbial community from the phyllosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Plant Soil, 1993,150: 177-191.
119.Tika B. Adhikari, T. W. Mew and and Jan E. Leach. Genotypic and Pathotypic Diversity in Xanthoraonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal. Phytopathology, 1999,89: 687-694.
120.Torsvik V, Goksoyr J, Daae FL, et al, Use of DNA analysis to determine the diversity of microbial communities. In:Ritz K, Dighton J and G. KE, eds. Beyond the Biomass: compositional and functional analysis of soil microbial communities. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1994.
121.Tsuge, S., A. Furutani, R. Fukunaka, et al. Expression ofXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae hrp genes in a novel synthetic medium, XOM2.J. Gen. Plant Pathol., 2002,68: 363-371.
122.Tyler, S. D., C. A. Strathdee, K. R. Rozee, et al. Oligonueleotide primers designed to differentiate pathogenic pseudomonads on the basis of the sequencing of genes coding for 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacers. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 1995,2(4): 448-453.
123.Van Elsas JD and van Overbeek LS. Bacterial responses to soil stimuli. In:Kjelleberg S, eds. Starvation in Bacteria. New York: Plenum Press. 1993, p55-79.
124.Vera Cruz, C. M. and T. M. Mew. Bacterial blight of rice. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1989.
125.Volker Gurtler and Vilma A. Stanisich. New approaches to typing and identification of bacteria using the 16S-23 S rDNA spacer region. Microbiology, 1996,142: 3-16.
126.Wang GL, Song WY, Ruan DL, et al. The cloned gene, Xa21, confers resistance to multiple Xanthoraonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates in transgenic plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact,
1996,9(9): 850-855.
127. Wang, G. L., D. L. Ruan, W. Y. Song, et ai. Xa21D encodes a receptor-like molecule with a leucine-rich repeat domain that determines race-specific recognition and is subject to adaptive evolution. Plant Cell, 1998,10(5): 765-79.
128. Wawer C, Ruggeberg H, Meyer G, et al. A simple and rapid electrophoresis method to detect sequence variation in PCR-amplified DNA fragments. Nucleic Acids Res, 1995,23: 4928-4929.
129. Wen-Yuan Song, Li-Ya Pi, Guo-Liang Wang, et al. Evolution of rice Xa21 disease resistance gene family. The Plant Cell, 1997,9: 1279-1287.
130. Woese CR.. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev, 1987,51: 221-271.
131. Xia X, Bollinger J and Ogram A. Molecular genetic analysis of the response of three soil microbial communities to the application of 2,4-D. Mol Ecol, 1995,4: 17-28.
132. Xiaoyan Tang, Reid D. Frederick, Jianmin Zhou, et al. Initiation of Plant Disease Resistance by Physical Interaction of AvrPto and Pto Kinase. Science, 1996,274: 2060-2063.
133. Yoshimura, S., U. Yamanouchi, Y. Katayose, et al. Expression of Xal, a bacterial blight-resistance gene in rice, is induced by bacterial inoculation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1998,95(4): 1663-8.
134. Yuwei Shen and Pamela Ronald. Molecular determinants of disease and resistance in interactions of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and rice. Microbes and Infection, 2002,4: 1361-1367.
135. Zhu, W., M. M. Magbanua and F. E White. Identification of two novel hrp-associated genes in the hrp gene cluster of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. J. Bacteriol., 2000,182(7): 1844-1853.
2．贾士荣．未来转基因作物的环境风险分析．中国农业科学，2004,37(4)：484-489．
3．贾士荣．转基因作物的环境风险分析研究进展．中国农业科学，2004,37(2)：175-187
4．姜明松等．转Xa21基因圣稻301的培育及其田间表现．山东农业科学，2003,(6)：10-12．
5．李晓兵等．经基因工程改良的抗白叶枯病水稻粳型恢复系"0418-Xa21”及其杂交稻．生物工程学报，2001，17(4)：380-384．
6．刘谦等．生物安全(“863”生物高技术丛书)．北京：科学出版社,2001．
7．倪大虎等．利用分子标记改良水稻白叶枯病抗性的研究．安徽农业科学，2001,29(6)：697-698,700．
8．潘学彪等．根癌农杆菌介导法将Xa21基因导入水稻．江苏农学院学报，1998,19(4)：33-34．
9．彭凌涛等．Xa21基因导入水稻广亲和恢复系SWR20的研究．江苏农业研究，2001,22(2)：7-12．
10．饶志明等．农杆菌介导粳稻Xa21基因的转化及其遗传研究．江西农业大学学报，2003,25(3)：320-324．
11．王爱菊等．利用Bt基因和Xa21基因转化获得抗螟虫、白叶枯病的转基因水稻．作物学报，2002,28(6)：857-860．
12．王春莲．水稻白叶枯病原菌致病型及其群体遗传多样性研究：[硕士学位论文]．北京：中国农业科学院研究生院，2000
13．王春莲等．我国长江以南地区水稻白叶枯病原菌遗传多样性分析．中国水稻科学，2001，15(2)：131-136．
14．王芋华等．Xa21基因导入水稻及转基因植株的鉴定．应用与环境生物学报．2001，7(3)：228-231．
15．吴家道等．水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa21转基因水稻及其杂交稻研究．作物学报，2001,27(1)：29-34．
16．姚方印等．农杆菌介导将白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21导入水稻获得转基因植株．西北植物学报，2002,22(5)：1038-1043．
17．鄢慧民等．水稻Xa21基因在水稻和玉米中的比较物理定位．植物学报，1999,41(3)：249-253．
18．曾列先等．IRBB21(Xa21)对广东省白叶枯病菌5个小种的抗性反应．植物保护学报，2002,29(2)：97-100．
19．翟文学等．由农杆菌介导将白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21转入我国的5个水稻品种．中国科学C，2000,30(2)：200-206．
20．章琦等．中国水稻白叶枯病菌系染色体DNA的RFLP谱型初析．作物学报，1996,22(1)：13-19．
21．赵彬等．水稻白叶枯病广谱抗性基因Xa21导入两用不育系培矮64S．生物工程学报，2000,16(2)：137-141．
22．赵新华等．白叶枯病菌拮抗菌筛选及水稻叶围微生物互作研究初报．中国水稻科学，2000,14(3)：161-164．
23. http://oberon.fvms.ugent.be:8080/rRNA/.
24. http://ulises.umh.es/RISSC.
25. A.C.R.da Silva, J.A.Ferro, F.C.Reinach, et al. Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities. Nature, 2002,417: 459-463.
26. Anthony J. Conner, Travis R. Glare and Jan-Peter Nap. The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. Part Ⅱ Overview of ecological risk assessment. The Plant Journal, 2003,33: 19-46.
27. Avaniss-Aghajani E, Jones K, Chapman D, et al. A molecular technique for identification of bacteria using small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. BioTechniques, 1994,17:144-149.
28. Beattie, G. A. and S. E. Lindow. Bacterial colonization of leaves: A spectrum of strategies. Phytopathology, 1999,89: 353-359.
29. Bochner B. Breathprints at the microbial level. ASM News, 1989,55: 536-539.
30. Breen A, Rope AF, Taylor D, et al. Application of DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) to mixed culture bioreactors. J Industrial Microbiol, 1995,14:10-16.
31. Bruce, K. Analysis of mer gene subclasses within bacterial communities in soils and sediments resolved by fluorescent-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling. Appl Environ Microbiol., 1997,63: 4914-4919.
32. C.M. Vera Cruz, E. Y. Ardales, D. Z. Skinner, et al. Measurement of Haplotypic Variation in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Within a Single Field by rep-PCR and RFLP Analysis. Phytopathology, 1996,86:1352-1359.
33. Ching-Hong Yang, David E. Crowley, James Borneman, et al. Microbial phyllosphere populations are more complex than previously realized. PNAS, 2001,98(7): 3889-3894.
34. Christopher Dardick, Francisco Goes da Silva, Yuwei Shen, et al. Antagonistic Interactions Between Strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Phytopathology, 2003,93:705-711.
35. Cynthia B. Andaya and Pamela Ronald. A catalytically impaired mutant of the rice Xa21 receptor kinase confers partial resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2003,62: 203-208.
36. D.H. Gent, H. F. Schwartz, C. A. Ishimaru, et al. Polyphasic Characterization of Xanthomonas Strains from Onion. Phytopathology, 2001,94(2): 184-195.
37. Descheemaker P and Swings J. The application of fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME) for the identification ofheterotrophic bacteria present in decaying Lede-stone of the St. Bavo Cathedral in Ghent. The Science of the Total Environment, 1995,167:241-247.
38. Donegan K.K., Seidler R.J., Doyle J.D., et al. A field study with genetically engineered alfalfa inoculated with recombinant Sinorhizobium meliloti: effects on the soil ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1999,36(6): 920-936.
39. Edmilson R. Goncalves and Yoko B. Rosato. Phylogenetic analysis of Xanthoraonas speices based upon 16S-23S intergenic spacer sequences. International Joumal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2002,52: 355-361.
40. Emmanuel Hilarie, Scott A. Young, Lloyd H. Willard, et al. Vascular Defense Responses in Rice: Peroxidase Accumulation in Xylem Parenchyma Cells and Xylem Wall Thickening. MPMI, 2001,14(12): 1411-1419.
41. FJ Louws, JLW Rademaker and FJ de Bruijn. The Three Ds of PCR-Based Genomic Analysis of Phytobaeteria: Diversity, Detection, and Disease Diagnosis. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 1999,37: 81-125.
42. G.D. Di Giovanni, L.S. Watrud, R.J. Seidler, et al. Comparison of Parental and Transgenic Alfalfa Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities Using Biolog GN Metabolic Fingerprinting and
Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Sequence-PCR (ERIC-PCR). Microb Ecol, 1999,37: 129-139.
43. Griffiths B.S., Geoghegan I.E. and Robertson W.M Testing genetically engineered potato, producing the lectins GNA and Con A, on non-target soil organisms and processes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000,37(1): 159-170.
44. Gsell TC, Holben WE and V. RM. Characterization of the sediment bacterial community in groundwater discharge zones of an alkaline fen: a seasonal study. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1997,63:3111-3118.
45. Gwyn A. Beattie and S. E. Lindow. Bacterial Colonization of Leaves: A Spectrum of Strategies. Phytopathology, 1999,89: 353-359.
46. H. Ochiai. Whole genome sequencing of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. In Ist International Conference on Bacterial Blight of Rice, Tsukuba, Japan, 2004
47. H. Ochiai, O. Horino, K. Miyajima, et al. Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains from Sri Lanka. Phytopathology, 2000,90:415-421.
48. Hallmann, J. Plant Interactions with Endophytic Bacteria. In:M. J. Jeger and N. J. Spence, eds. Biotic Interactions in Plant-Pathogen Associations: CABI International.2001.
49. Hofle M. Identification of bacteria by low molecular weight RNA profiles: a new chemotaxonomic approach. J Microbiol Methods, 1988,8: 235-248.
50. Holger Heuer and Kornelia Smalla. Bacterial phyllosphere communities of Solanum tuberosum L. and T4-lysozyme-producing transgenic variants. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1999,28: 357-371.
51. Holger Heuer, Reiner M. Kroppenstedt, Jana Lottmann, et al. Effects of T4 Lysozyme Release from Transgenic Potato Roots on Bacterial Rhizosphere Communities Are Negligible Relative to Natural Factors. Appl Environ Microbiol., 2002,68(3): 1325-1335.
52. HORINO, O. Studies on Resistance Mechanisms of Rice against Bacterial Blight Caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 2002,68(3): 253 - 256.
53. Hubner I, Steinmetz I, Obst U, et al. Rapid determination of members of the Enterbacteriaceae in drinking water by an immunological assay using a monoclonal antibody against enterobacterial common antigen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1992,58: 3187-3191.
54. Ingrid Ahrenholtz, Klaus Harms, Johann De Vries, et al. Increased Killing of Bacillus subtilis on the Hair Roots of Transgenic T4 Lysozyme-Producing Potatoes. Appl Environ Microbiol., 2000,66(5): 1862-1865.
55. J.E. LEACH, M. L. RHOADS, C. M. VERA CRUZ, et al. Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae with a Repetitive DNA Element. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 1992,58(7): 2188-2195.
56. J. Yashitola, I. A. P., A. P. K. Reddy, et al. A Widely Distributed Lineage of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in India May Have Come from Native Wild Rice. Plant Dis., 2000,84: 465-469.
57. J. Yashitola, D. Krishnaveni, A. P. K. Reddy, et al. Genetic Diversity within the Population of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in India, Phytopathology, 1997,87: 760-765.
58. James, C. Preview: Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2003. ISAAA Briefs No. 30.ISAAA: Ithaca, NY.2003.
59. Jana Lottmann, Holger Heuer, Johann de Vries, et al. Establishment of introduced antagonistic
bacteria in the rhizosphere of transgenic potatoes and their effect on the bacterial community. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2000,33: 41-49.
60. Jana Lottmann, Holger Heuer, Kornelia Smalla, et al. Influence of transgenic T4-lysozyme-producing potato plants on potentially beneficial plant-associated bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1999,29: 365-377.
61. Jan-Peter Nap, Peter L.J.Metz, Marga Escaler, et al. The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. Part Ⅰ. Overview of current status and regulations. The Plant Journal, 2003,33: 1-18.
62. Jesus Garcia-Martinez, Ignacio Bescos, Jesus Javier Rodriguez-Sala, et al. RISSC: a novel database for ribosomal 16S-23S RNA genes spacer regions. Nucleic Acids Research, 2001,29(1): 178-180.
63. Jesus Garcia-Martinez, Silvia G. Acinas, Ana Isabel Anton, et al. Use of the 16S-23S ribosomal genes spacer region in studies of prokaryotic diversity. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 1999,36: 55-64.
64. Joseph Sambrook, David W. Russell and Joe Sambrook. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed.(黄培堂): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2001.
65. Joy Bergelson, Martin Kreitman, Eli A. Stahl, et al. Evolutionary Dynamics of Plant R-Genes. Science, 2001,292:2281-2285.
66. Julian Kinderlerer. Effects on non-target organisms of the release of genetically modified crops into the environment. In:Rene Custers, eds. Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops. Zwijnaarde, Belgium: VIB publication,Flanders Interuniversity Institute for B iotechnology.2001, p88-107.
67. Jun Yu, Songnian Hu, Jun Wang, et al. A Draft Sequence oftbe Rice Genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp.indica). Science, 2002,296: 79-92.
68. K.S. Lee, S. Rasabandith, E. R. Angeles, et al. Inheritance of Resistance to Bacterial Blight in 21 Cultivars of Rice. Phytopathology, 2003,93:147-152.
69. Karen S. Century, Regina A. Lagman, Michael Adikisson, et al. Developmental control of Xa21-mediated disease resistance in rice. The Plant Journal, 1999,20(2): 231-236.
70. Kari E. Dunfield and James J. Germida. Diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and root interior of field-grown genetically modified Brassica napus. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2001,38: 1-9.
71. Kari E. Dunfield and James J. Germida. Seasonal Changes in the Rhizosphere Microbial Communities Associated with Field-Grown Genetically Modified Canola (Brassica napus). APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 2003,69(12): 7310-7318.
72. Keller B and Carabias EH. Transgenic plants for sustainable crop production. In:Nosberger J, Geiger HH and Struik PL, eds. Crop sciences: Progress and prospects..2001, p351-367.
73. Khalid Meksem, Aziz Jamai, Eliza Ruben, et al. Resistance to soybean cyst nematode: an Xa21-like gene family that requires possible for signal transduction.In The Fourth International Congress of Nematology., Tenbel,La Galleras,Arona,Tenerife,Canary Islands, Spain, June 8-13,2002
74. Khush, G. S., et al.,. A new gene for resistance to bacterial blight from O.longistaminata. Rice Genetics Newsletter, 1990,7:121-122.
75. Leben, C. Relative humidity and the survival of epiphytic bacteria with buds and leaves of cucumber plants. Phytopathology, 1988,78:179-185.
76. Lee D-H, Zo Y-G and Kim S-J. Non-radioactive method to study genetic profiles of natural
bacterial communities by single-stranded-conformation polymorphism. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1996,62:3112-3120.
77. Legard, D. E., M. P. McQuilken, J. W. Whipps, et al. Studies of seasonal changes in the microbial populations on the phyllosphere of spring wheat as a prelude to the release of a genetically modified microorganism. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 1994,50: 87-101.
78. Liu W-T., Marsh TL, Cheng H, et al. Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1997,63:4516-4522.
79. M.L.C. George, M. Bustamam, W. T. Cruz, et al. Movement of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Southeast Asia Detected Using PCR-Based DNA Fingerprinting. Phytopathology, 1997,87: 302-309.
80. Magaurran A E. Ecological diversity and its measurement. New Jersey: Princeton university press, 1988,47- 132.
81. Mansvelt, E. L. and M. J. Hattingh. Scanning electron microscopy of colonization of pear leaves by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Can. J. Bot., 1987,65:2517-2522.
82. Martinez-Murcia AJ, Acinas SG and Rodriguez-Valera F. Evaluation of prokaryotic diversity by restrictase digestion of 16S rDNA directly amplified from hypersaline environments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol., 1995,17: 247-256.
83. Massol-Deya AA, Odelson DA, Hickey RF, et al. Bacterial community fingerprinting of amplified 16S and 16S-23S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and restriction endonuclease analysis (ARDRA). Mol Microb Ecol Manual, 1995,3.3.2: 1-18.
84. MetcalfTG, Melnick JL and Estes MK. Environmental virology: from detection of virus in sewage and water by isolation to identification by molecular biology - a trip of over 50 years. Annual Reviews of Microbiology, 1995,49:461-487.
85. Mew, T. M. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae on rice: cause of bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak. In:J.G. Swings and E. L. Civerolo, eds. Xanthomonas. Chapman & Hall, London.1993, p30-40.
86. Mew, T. W. Current Status And Future Prospects Of Research On Bacterial Blight Of Rice. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 1987,25: 359-382.
87. Mew, T. W., C. M. Vera Cruz and E. S. Medalla. Changes in race frequency of Xanthoraonas oryzae pv. oryzae in response to rice cultivars planted in the Philippines. Plant Dis., 1992,76: 1029-1032.
88. Morris, C. E., J. M. Monier and M. A. Jacques. Fifty years of phyllosphere microbiology: significant contributions to research in related fields. In:S. E. Lindow, E. I. Hecht-Poinar and V. Elliott, eds. Phyllosphere microbiology. St. Paul, Minn.: APS Press.2002.
89. Morris, C. E., J.-M. Monier and M.-A. Jacques. Methods for observing microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces and recovering them for isolation of culturable microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1997,63:1570-1576.
90. Muirhead KA, Horan PK and Poste G. Flow cytometry: Present and future. Biotechnology, 1985,3: 337-356.
91. Muyzer G. Structure, function and dynamics of microbial communities: the molecular biological approach, In:Carvalho GR, eds. Advances in molecular ecology,. Amsterdam: OS Press. 1998, p87-117.
92. Muyzer G. Genetic fingerprinting of microbial communities - present status and future
perspectives, In:Bell CR, Brylinsky M and Johnson-Green P, eds. Microbial Biosystems: New Frontiers Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Halifax, Canada,: Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology. 1999.
93. Muyzer G, Brinkhoff T, Nubel U, et ai. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) in microbial ecology. Mol Microb Ecol Manual, 1998,3.4.4: 1-27.
94. Muyzer G, de Waal EC and Uitterlinden AG. Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes encoding for 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993,59: 695-700.
95. Naoto ADACHI and Takasi OKU. PCR-mediated Detection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Amplification of the 16S-23S rDNA Spacer Sequence. J. Gen. Plant Pathol., 2000,66: 303-309.
96. Neu TR and L. JR. Development and structure of microbial biofilms in river water studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1997,24:11-25.
97. Nubel U, Engelen B, Felske A, et al. Sequence heterogeneities of genes encoding 16S rRNAs in Paenibacillus polymyxa detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. J Bacteriol., 1996,178: 5636-5643.
98. Ochiai, H., Y. Inoue, A. Hasebe, et al. Construction and characterization of a Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae bacterial artificial chromosome library. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2001,200(1): 59-65.
99. Ou, S. H. Rice disease 2nd ed. England.: Commonwealth Agricultural Beraux, 1985,380.
100. Pace NA, Stahl DA, Lane DJ, et al. The analysis of natural microbial communities by ribosomal RNA sequences. Adv Microbial Ecol, 1986,9: 1-55.
101. PAMELA C. RONALD, CHRIS DARDICK, LIYA PI, et al. The XA21 Receptor Kinase Mediated Defense Response in Rice. In Vitro Animal, 2003,39: Supplement.
102. Porter J, Deere D, Hardman M, et al. Go with the flow - use of flow cytometry in environmental microbiology. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1997,24: 93-101.
103. R.J. NELSON, M. R. BARAOIDAN, C. M. VERA CRUZ, et al. Relationship between Phylogeny and Pathotype for the Bacterial Blight Pathogen of Rice. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 1994,60(9): 3275-3283.
104. Rene Custers. Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops. Zwijnaarde, Belgium: VIB publication,Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology,2001,159.
105. S.W. Lee, S. H. Choi, S. S. Han, et al. Distribution of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains Virulent to Xa21 in Korea. Phytopathology, 1999,89: 928-933.
106. S.D. Siciliano and J.J. Germida. Taxonomic diversity of bacteria associated with the roots of field-grown transgenic Brassica napus cv. Quest, compared to the non-transgenic B. napus cv. Excel and B. rapa cv. Parkland. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 1999,29: 263-272.
107. Schwieger F and Tebbe CC. A new approach to utilize PCR-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism for 16S rRNA-based microbial community analysis. Appi Environ Microbiol, 1998,64: 4870-4876.
108. Seiji TSUGE, Mami NISHIDA, Ayako FURUTANI, et al. Growth of Glucose-uptake-deficient Mutant of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice Leaves. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 2001,6.7(2): 144- 147.
109. Shen Y, Sharma P, da Silva FG, et al. The Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae raxP and raxQ genes encode an ATP sulphurylase and adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate kinase that are required for
AvrXa21 avirulence activity. Moi Microbiol., 2002,44(1): 37-48.
110.Sodhi M., Vikal Y., George M.L.C., et al. DNA fingerprinting and virulence analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates from Punjab, northern India. Euphytica, 2003,130(1): 107-115.
111.Song, W. Y., G. L. Wang, L. L. Chen, et al. A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21. Science, 1995,270:1804-6.
112.Stephen Gyamfi, Ulrike Pfeifer, Michael Stierschneider, et al. Effects oftransgenic glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the associated herbicide application on eubacterial and Pseudomonas communities in the rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2002,41: 181-190.
113.Steven E. Lindow and Mara T. Brandl. Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2003,69(4): 1875-1883.
114.Sun, X., Y, Cao, Z. Yang, et al. Xa26, a gene conferring resistance to Xanthoraonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice, encodes an LRR receptor kinase-like protein. Plant J, 2004,37(4): 517-27.
115.T. Adhikara and C. M. Vera Cruz. Identification of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by insertion sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR). Int. Rice Res. Notes, 1999,24: 23-24.
116.T.B. Adhikari, C. M. Vera Cruz, Q. Zhang, et al. Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Asia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1995,61(3): 966-971.
117.Thomas Lukow, Peter F. Dunfield and Werner Liesack. Use of the T-RFLP technique to assess spatial and temporal changes in the bacterial community structure within an agricultural soil planted with transgenic and non-transgenic potato plants. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2000,32: 241-247.
118.Thompson, I. P., M. J. Bailey, J. S. Fenlon, et al. Quantitative and qualitative seasonal changes in the microbial community from the phyllosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Plant Soil, 1993,150: 177-191.
119.Tika B. Adhikari, T. W. Mew and and Jan E. Leach. Genotypic and Pathotypic Diversity in Xanthoraonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal. Phytopathology, 1999,89: 687-694.
120.Torsvik V, Goksoyr J, Daae FL, et al, Use of DNA analysis to determine the diversity of microbial communities. In:Ritz K, Dighton J and G. KE, eds. Beyond the Biomass: compositional and functional analysis of soil microbial communities. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1994.
121.Tsuge, S., A. Furutani, R. Fukunaka, et al. Expression ofXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae hrp genes in a novel synthetic medium, XOM2.J. Gen. Plant Pathol., 2002,68: 363-371.
122.Tyler, S. D., C. A. Strathdee, K. R. Rozee, et al. Oligonueleotide primers designed to differentiate pathogenic pseudomonads on the basis of the sequencing of genes coding for 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacers. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 1995,2(4): 448-453.
123.Van Elsas JD and van Overbeek LS. Bacterial responses to soil stimuli. In:Kjelleberg S, eds. Starvation in Bacteria. New York: Plenum Press. 1993, p55-79.
124.Vera Cruz, C. M. and T. M. Mew. Bacterial blight of rice. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1989.
125.Volker Gurtler and Vilma A. Stanisich. New approaches to typing and identification of bacteria using the 16S-23 S rDNA spacer region. Microbiology, 1996,142: 3-16.
126.Wang GL, Song WY, Ruan DL, et al. The cloned gene, Xa21, confers resistance to multiple Xanthoraonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates in transgenic plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact,
1996,9(9): 850-855.
127. Wang, G. L., D. L. Ruan, W. Y. Song, et ai. Xa21D encodes a receptor-like molecule with a leucine-rich repeat domain that determines race-specific recognition and is subject to adaptive evolution. Plant Cell, 1998,10(5): 765-79.
128. Wawer C, Ruggeberg H, Meyer G, et al. A simple and rapid electrophoresis method to detect sequence variation in PCR-amplified DNA fragments. Nucleic Acids Res, 1995,23: 4928-4929.
129. Wen-Yuan Song, Li-Ya Pi, Guo-Liang Wang, et al. Evolution of rice Xa21 disease resistance gene family. The Plant Cell, 1997,9: 1279-1287.
130. Woese CR.. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev, 1987,51: 221-271.
131. Xia X, Bollinger J and Ogram A. Molecular genetic analysis of the response of three soil microbial communities to the application of 2,4-D. Mol Ecol, 1995,4: 17-28.
132. Xiaoyan Tang, Reid D. Frederick, Jianmin Zhou, et al. Initiation of Plant Disease Resistance by Physical Interaction of AvrPto and Pto Kinase. Science, 1996,274: 2060-2063.
133. Yoshimura, S., U. Yamanouchi, Y. Katayose, et al. Expression of Xal, a bacterial blight-resistance gene in rice, is induced by bacterial inoculation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1998,95(4): 1663-8.
134. Yuwei Shen and Pamela Ronald. Molecular determinants of disease and resistance in interactions of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and rice. Microbes and Infection, 2002,4: 1361-1367.
135. Zhu, W., M. M. Magbanua and F. E White. Identification of two novel hrp-associated genes in the hrp gene cluster of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. J. Bacteriol., 2000,182(7): 1844-1853.