某载货汽车制动系统的设计
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摘要
汽车制动系是用以强制行驶中的汽车减速或停车、使下坡行驶的汽车车速保持稳定以及使已停驶的汽车在原地(包括在斜坡上)驻留不动的机构。随着高速公路的迅速发展和车速的提高以及车流密度的日益增大,为了保证行车安全,汽车制动系的工作可靠性显得日益重要。也只有制动性能良好、制动系工作可靠的汽车,才能充分发挥其动力性能。
本文通过某载货汽车制动系统的设计,系统详细的将油压整车制动系统进行了阐述。制动系统匹配设计主要是根据设计任务书的要求,整车配置、布置及参数,参考同类车型参数,选择制动器型式、结构及参数,然后校核计算,验证所选参数是否满足设计任务书及法规的要求,满足要求后初步确定参数。
由于本文参考样车为油压制动车型,操纵系统为液压操纵、真空助力。因此,本匹配计算主要以上述车型及操纵系统为基础进行基础制动系统及调节装置的匹配计算。在整车制动系统设计之初,首先利用设计任务书提供的整车制动参数绘制出绘出理想制动力分配I曲线,确定空载或满载时的同步附着系数,然后,计算出制动器制动力分配系数,绘出β线。将I、β曲线进行分析比较,初步选择合适的制动力分配系数;为保证整车的制动稳定性和制动效率,该车型采用了制动调节装置——油压感载比例阀;在确定了前后制动器制动力分配系数后,结合制动系统总布置形式,完成了制动器和制动操作系统的选择和计算。在制动系统匹配校核计算时,主要进行前、后制动力分配校核、系统工作压力校核、行车及驻车制动操纵系统的校核及计算、行车制动系统效能的校核、应急制动及部分失效的制动效能校核、制动器能容量的校核;校核的标注主要是看是否满足GB12676-1999《汽车制动系结构、性能和试验方法》、GB7258-2004《机动车运行安全技术条件》、ECE等制动法规对制动系的性能、要求及试验方法的规定。同时,为提本车型的车性能,在部分性能的要求,又会对制动性能提出高于以上标准的要求,这些要求会在设计任务书中体现,因此,对设计任务书要求高于法规要求的,要按设计任务书要求设计。
Automobile brake system is used to force the running of the vehicle to slow or stop, the vehicle speed of the driving downhill remained stable and that the car had been stopped in situ ( including on the slope ) resides not moving mechanism. With the rapid development of Expressway and increase the speed and traffic density increasing day by day, in order to guarantee the traffic safety, automotive braking system working reliability becomes more and more important. Only excellent braking performance, braking system work reliable car, in order to give full play to its dynamic performance.
This article through a truck brake system design, system of hydraulic vehicle braking system is discussed. Brake system matching design is mainly based on the requirements of the mission design, vehicle configuration, layout and parameter, reference congener model parameters, selection of brake type, structure and parameter, and then checking calculation, verification of selected parameters can meet the design task book and regulatory requirements, meet the requirements after the initial identification of parameters.
The vehicle hydraulic brake system for vehicle, control for hydraulic control, vacuum booster. Therefore, the matching calculation of the above models and main control system based on foundation braking system and regulating device matching calculation. In vehicle brake system was first designed, first using the design task book provides the vehicle brake parameter draw draw the ideal braking force distribution curve to determine I, empty or full load of synchronous adhesion coefficient, then, calculate the braking force distribution coefficient, draw the beta line. I, beta curve were analyzed, a preliminary selection of suitable braking force distribution coefficient; to ensure the vehicle braking stability and braking efficiency, the model uses a brake adjusting device of hydraulic load sensing proportioning valve; in the front and rear braking force distribution coefficient, combined braking system general layout, complete brake and brake operating system selection and calculation.
In the braking system matching calculation, the main front, rear braking force distribution system pressure check, check, traffic and parking brake control system of checking and calculating, the brake system performance check, emergency braking and partial neutralization of the braking efficiency, brake check capacity check; check mark is mainly to see whether or not to meet the GB12676-1999" automobile braking system structure, performance and test methods motor vehicles," GB7258-2004" safe technical requirements, such as" ECE braking regulation of the braking system performance, requirements and test methods of regulation. At the same time, carry the vehicle vehicle performance, in part performance requirements, and will be on the braking performance of above standards, these requirements will be reflected in the design task book, therefore, the design task book requirements higher than the requirements of the regulations, according to the design task book requirements design.
本文通过某载货汽车制动系统的设计,系统详细的将油压整车制动系统进行了阐述。制动系统匹配设计主要是根据设计任务书的要求,整车配置、布置及参数,参考同类车型参数,选择制动器型式、结构及参数,然后校核计算,验证所选参数是否满足设计任务书及法规的要求,满足要求后初步确定参数。
由于本文参考样车为油压制动车型,操纵系统为液压操纵、真空助力。因此,本匹配计算主要以上述车型及操纵系统为基础进行基础制动系统及调节装置的匹配计算。在整车制动系统设计之初,首先利用设计任务书提供的整车制动参数绘制出绘出理想制动力分配I曲线,确定空载或满载时的同步附着系数,然后,计算出制动器制动力分配系数,绘出β线。将I、β曲线进行分析比较,初步选择合适的制动力分配系数;为保证整车的制动稳定性和制动效率,该车型采用了制动调节装置——油压感载比例阀;在确定了前后制动器制动力分配系数后,结合制动系统总布置形式,完成了制动器和制动操作系统的选择和计算。在制动系统匹配校核计算时,主要进行前、后制动力分配校核、系统工作压力校核、行车及驻车制动操纵系统的校核及计算、行车制动系统效能的校核、应急制动及部分失效的制动效能校核、制动器能容量的校核;校核的标注主要是看是否满足GB12676-1999《汽车制动系结构、性能和试验方法》、GB7258-2004《机动车运行安全技术条件》、ECE等制动法规对制动系的性能、要求及试验方法的规定。同时,为提本车型的车性能,在部分性能的要求,又会对制动性能提出高于以上标准的要求,这些要求会在设计任务书中体现,因此,对设计任务书要求高于法规要求的,要按设计任务书要求设计。
Automobile brake system is used to force the running of the vehicle to slow or stop, the vehicle speed of the driving downhill remained stable and that the car had been stopped in situ ( including on the slope ) resides not moving mechanism. With the rapid development of Expressway and increase the speed and traffic density increasing day by day, in order to guarantee the traffic safety, automotive braking system working reliability becomes more and more important. Only excellent braking performance, braking system work reliable car, in order to give full play to its dynamic performance.
This article through a truck brake system design, system of hydraulic vehicle braking system is discussed. Brake system matching design is mainly based on the requirements of the mission design, vehicle configuration, layout and parameter, reference congener model parameters, selection of brake type, structure and parameter, and then checking calculation, verification of selected parameters can meet the design task book and regulatory requirements, meet the requirements after the initial identification of parameters.
The vehicle hydraulic brake system for vehicle, control for hydraulic control, vacuum booster. Therefore, the matching calculation of the above models and main control system based on foundation braking system and regulating device matching calculation. In vehicle brake system was first designed, first using the design task book provides the vehicle brake parameter draw draw the ideal braking force distribution curve to determine I, empty or full load of synchronous adhesion coefficient, then, calculate the braking force distribution coefficient, draw the beta line. I, beta curve were analyzed, a preliminary selection of suitable braking force distribution coefficient; to ensure the vehicle braking stability and braking efficiency, the model uses a brake adjusting device of hydraulic load sensing proportioning valve; in the front and rear braking force distribution coefficient, combined braking system general layout, complete brake and brake operating system selection and calculation.
In the braking system matching calculation, the main front, rear braking force distribution system pressure check, check, traffic and parking brake control system of checking and calculating, the brake system performance check, emergency braking and partial neutralization of the braking efficiency, brake check capacity check; check mark is mainly to see whether or not to meet the GB12676-1999" automobile braking system structure, performance and test methods motor vehicles," GB7258-2004" safe technical requirements, such as" ECE braking regulation of the braking system performance, requirements and test methods of regulation. At the same time, carry the vehicle vehicle performance, in part performance requirements, and will be on the braking performance of above standards, these requirements will be reflected in the design task book, therefore, the design task book requirements higher than the requirements of the regulations, according to the design task book requirements design.
引文
[1]方泳龙.汽车制动理论与设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2005.
[2]高延龄,许洪国.汽车运用工程[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2009.
[3]霍志毅,徐平,何晓鹏.某轻型载货汽车制动性能分析与改进设计[J].汽车技术,2010(12):33-36.
[4]朱美章.感载比例阀静特性优化设计[J].四川工业学院学报,1990,9(1,2),69-74.
[5]陈家瑞.汽车构造(下册)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
[6]王汝成.轿车制动系统结构分析与设计计算研究[D].长安:长安大学,2009.
[7]中华人民共和国公安部.2008年全国道路交通事故白皮书[M].北京:群众出版社,2009.
[8]黄安华,杨世轶,孙楠.浅谈汽车的制动系统(三)驻车制系统和辅助制动系统[J].驾驶园,2010(5):62-63.
[9]叶卫国.在载货汽车上推广缓速器的应用势在必行[J].重型汽车,2006(1).
[10] [美]L·鲁道夫.汽车制动系统的分析与设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1985.
[11] GB 12676-1999.汽车制动系统结构、性能和实验方法[S].
[12] GB 7258-1997.机动车运行安全技术条件[S].
[13]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[14]王望予.汽车设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[15]张代胜,邹海斌,谢有浩,朱志刚,刘广.汽车同步附着系数影响因数的分析[N].农业机械学报,2004-11.
[16]方锡邦,何军,董然平,等.四轮农用运输车总设计原则[J].山东交通科技,1998(4):25-28.
[17]贾国强,姚立民,王立祥.BM5815PD农用四轮车双回路制动系统的制动效能[J].拖拉机与农用运输车,2004(3):25-27.
[18]武田信之著,方泳龙(译).载货汽车设计[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1997.
[19]姜继海,苏文海,陈宏钧,张晓华,等.汽车液压感载比例阀性能试验台的研制[J].汽车技术,2006(9):34-36.
[20]赵振兴.汽车液压感载比例阀[J].汽车工程师,2010(5):47-50.
[21]唐梦柔.汽车制动力分配策略研究[J].科技风,2008(6):45-46.
[22]童成前,何仁,赵玲,何建清.汽车制动器与整车匹配设计方法研究[J].公路与汽运,2010(6):1-4.
[23]昌庆铃.汽车液压制动器现代设计方法研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2002.
[24] Edara R.Heavy vechicle disc brake components design Using CAE Tool.SEA Paper, 2006-01-3559.
[25] Rajaram L S,Sudharsan S.Optimization of caliper housing using FEM. SEA Paper, 2005-26-060.
[26] Littlejohn D.performance robustness and durability of an automatic brake system for vehicle adaptive cruise control. SEA Paper,2004-01-0255.
[27]白旭明,甘佩炎.工程车辆简单非平衡式制动器优化设计.北京:建筑工程学院学报[N],1992(1):53-61.
[28]姚明,王国林,周孔亢,等.车辆鼓式制动器结构参数的稳健优化分析.农业机械学报[N],2005,36(10):17-20.
[29]清华大学汽车教研组编.汽车的制动性能[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1975.
[30]管欣,申军烽,管仁梅,詹军.鼓式制动器相关参数对其制动效能的影响[J].科学技术与工程,2009(2):940-942.
[31]郑兰霞,张俊海,陈艳艳.盘式制动器在现代汽车上的应用与发展分析[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2007(9):44-48.
[32]史瑞康,张德林.汽车制动器效能因数计算及结果分析[J].汽车技术,2005(6):3.
[33]张立军,朱博,贾云雷.依ECE法规进行汽车制动力分配新方法[N].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005-4(276-277).
[34]杨啟梁．低速货车制动力分配系数分析[J].拖拉机与农用运输车,2006(6):65-67.
[35]张国强,殷卫乔,代金利.车辆三种控制系统祥介[J].汽车技术,2009(4):133-135.
[36]王海峰.2007年中国汽车工程学会年会论文集[C].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[37]查宏民,闫祥安,曹玉平.真空助力器-制动主缸总成测试装置[J].机床与液压,2005(1):75-76.
[38]杨维和.汽车制动助力真空器的工作原理与性能计算[J].汽车技术,1991(10):8-13.
[39]罗文发,李莉薇.真空助力制动系统的真空泵技术[J].汽车与配件,2008(40):37-39.
[40]赵凯.汽车真空助力器的原理参数计算[J].汽车技术,2001(1):1-4.
[41]陶敏中,刘笑羽.真空助力器-制动主缸总成速度效率曲线的测试方法[J].机械工程师,2010(2):3-4.
[42]黄宗益,李兴华,孙蛟.前后车轮制动器制动力矩的分配[J].筑路机械与施工机械化,2006(1).
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[45]吴明.汽车制动距离与速度的关系[J].公路与汽运,2010(3):46-49.
[46]黄键,李薇,辜振宇.驻车制动装置的设计[C].福建:[出版者不祥],2004.
[47]刘惟信.汽车设计[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[48]刁立福,戴汝泉,张全良.汽车双回路制动系统布置形式研究[J].山东交通学院学报,2006(4):14-16.
[49]张立军.农用运输车制动管路部分失效时制动效能分析[J].拖拉机与农用车运输,2000(3):26-28.
[50]吴剑增.农用运输车制动器过热的探讨[J].拖拉机与农用运输车,2001(3):28-29.
[2]高延龄,许洪国.汽车运用工程[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2009.
[3]霍志毅,徐平,何晓鹏.某轻型载货汽车制动性能分析与改进设计[J].汽车技术,2010(12):33-36.
[4]朱美章.感载比例阀静特性优化设计[J].四川工业学院学报,1990,9(1,2),69-74.
[5]陈家瑞.汽车构造(下册)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
[6]王汝成.轿车制动系统结构分析与设计计算研究[D].长安:长安大学,2009.
[7]中华人民共和国公安部.2008年全国道路交通事故白皮书[M].北京:群众出版社,2009.
[8]黄安华,杨世轶,孙楠.浅谈汽车的制动系统(三)驻车制系统和辅助制动系统[J].驾驶园,2010(5):62-63.
[9]叶卫国.在载货汽车上推广缓速器的应用势在必行[J].重型汽车,2006(1).
[10] [美]L·鲁道夫.汽车制动系统的分析与设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1985.
[11] GB 12676-1999.汽车制动系统结构、性能和实验方法[S].
[12] GB 7258-1997.机动车运行安全技术条件[S].
[13]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[14]王望予.汽车设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[15]张代胜,邹海斌,谢有浩,朱志刚,刘广.汽车同步附着系数影响因数的分析[N].农业机械学报,2004-11.
[16]方锡邦,何军,董然平,等.四轮农用运输车总设计原则[J].山东交通科技,1998(4):25-28.
[17]贾国强,姚立民,王立祥.BM5815PD农用四轮车双回路制动系统的制动效能[J].拖拉机与农用运输车,2004(3):25-27.
[18]武田信之著,方泳龙(译).载货汽车设计[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1997.
[19]姜继海,苏文海,陈宏钧,张晓华,等.汽车液压感载比例阀性能试验台的研制[J].汽车技术,2006(9):34-36.
[20]赵振兴.汽车液压感载比例阀[J].汽车工程师,2010(5):47-50.
[21]唐梦柔.汽车制动力分配策略研究[J].科技风,2008(6):45-46.
[22]童成前,何仁,赵玲,何建清.汽车制动器与整车匹配设计方法研究[J].公路与汽运,2010(6):1-4.
[23]昌庆铃.汽车液压制动器现代设计方法研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2002.
[24] Edara R.Heavy vechicle disc brake components design Using CAE Tool.SEA Paper, 2006-01-3559.
[25] Rajaram L S,Sudharsan S.Optimization of caliper housing using FEM. SEA Paper, 2005-26-060.
[26] Littlejohn D.performance robustness and durability of an automatic brake system for vehicle adaptive cruise control. SEA Paper,2004-01-0255.
[27]白旭明,甘佩炎.工程车辆简单非平衡式制动器优化设计.北京:建筑工程学院学报[N],1992(1):53-61.
[28]姚明,王国林,周孔亢,等.车辆鼓式制动器结构参数的稳健优化分析.农业机械学报[N],2005,36(10):17-20.
[29]清华大学汽车教研组编.汽车的制动性能[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1975.
[30]管欣,申军烽,管仁梅,詹军.鼓式制动器相关参数对其制动效能的影响[J].科学技术与工程,2009(2):940-942.
[31]郑兰霞,张俊海,陈艳艳.盘式制动器在现代汽车上的应用与发展分析[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2007(9):44-48.
[32]史瑞康,张德林.汽车制动器效能因数计算及结果分析[J].汽车技术,2005(6):3.
[33]张立军,朱博,贾云雷.依ECE法规进行汽车制动力分配新方法[N].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2005-4(276-277).
[34]杨啟梁．低速货车制动力分配系数分析[J].拖拉机与农用运输车,2006(6):65-67.
[35]张国强,殷卫乔,代金利.车辆三种控制系统祥介[J].汽车技术,2009(4):133-135.
[36]王海峰.2007年中国汽车工程学会年会论文集[C].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[37]查宏民,闫祥安,曹玉平.真空助力器-制动主缸总成测试装置[J].机床与液压,2005(1):75-76.
[38]杨维和.汽车制动助力真空器的工作原理与性能计算[J].汽车技术,1991(10):8-13.
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