基于ECE法规的多轴汽车制动性能分析方法研究
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摘要
汽车的制动性能是汽车安全行驶的重要保障,ECE制动法规对汽车的制动性能有着明确的要求。双轴汽车的制动性能分析方法,已经成熟并被广泛采用；多轴汽车的制动系统结构与双轴汽车比较更为复杂,以致较难分析其制动性能。近年来,有一些相关的研究,但方法大都是基础性的且繁琐,很难在实际中应用。本文提出一套较完整的基于ECE制动法规的多轴汽车制动性能分析方法。研究成果有：
(1)指出以往汽车制动性能评价指标的不足,给出了完整的多轴汽车制动性能评价指标体系。
(2)通过分析ECE制动法规对多轴汽车剩余制动和应急制动性能的要求,分别提出了多轴汽车剩余制动和应急制动性能分析方法。
(3)以三轴汽车为例,推导出多轴汽车的驻车极限坡度计算公式,并对其影响因素进行分析；在此基础上,提出了多轴汽车的驻车制动性能分析方法；另外,首次提出了极限坡度利用率的概念,作为对驻车制动性能分析指标的补充。(4)分析了ECE制动法规对多轴汽车制动力分配的要求,指出目前多轴汽车制动力分配方面的分析方法的不足,提出了基于ECE制动法规的“利用附着系数图示法”；提出了一种新的多轴汽车各轴地面法向反力的计算方法。分析了汽车列车的制动不协调的产生原因、带来的危害以及解决措施；在此基础上,提出了汽车列车制动协调性分析方法。
(5)分析了目前几种常用的制动性能试验,整理出ECE制动法规对几种常用试验方法所对应的制动性能的要求,并给出每个试验的条件、试验方法。
最后,按照本文提出的多轴汽车制动性能分析方法,对六辆试验样车的制动性能进行分析和评价,以阐述本文的方法的整个分析过程,同时验证了该方法的正确性和实用性。
Braking performance of automobile is important for safe driving and is required specifically by ECE braking regulation. The braking performance analysis of two-axle automobile has been researched deeply. For braking system of multi-axle automobile is more complex than two-axle automobile, it is difficult to analyze the braking performance of multi-axle automobile. Some fundamental researches have been done for the braking performance of multi-axle automobile in recent years, but the conclusions are difficult to be applied in practice. A relatively complete set of analysis methods of braking performance of multi-axle automobile based on ECE braking regulation is proposed in this paper. Research results are as follows:
(1) Defects of previous evaluation indicators of braking performance of automobile are pointed out, and a complete evaluation index system of braking performance of multi-axle automobile is proposed.
(2) By analyzing the requirements of residual braking performance and emergency braking performance of multi-axle automobile according to ECE braking regulation, analysis methods of residual braking performance and emergency braking performance of multi-axle automobile are proposed respectively.
(3) Three-axle automobile is referenced as an example. The formula of parking limit slope of three-axle automobile is derived, and the factors which influenced it are analyzed. On this basis, an analysis method of parking-braking performance of multi-axle automobile is proposed. Additionally, a concept named limit slope efficiency is proposed for the first time, supplementing the indicators of parking-braking performance.
(4) Requirements of braking force distribution of multi-axle automobile according to ECE braking regulation are analyzed. Defects of analysis methods about braking performance of multi-axle automobile are pointed out. A method named adhesion utilization coefficient diagram is proposed. A new calculation method of normal reaction force of each axle of multi-axle automobile from ground is proposed. An analysis method of braking consistent of automobile train is proposed based on analysis of causes, harms, solutions of braking inconsistent of automobile train.
(5) Requirements of several common tests by ECE braking regulation are sorted out, and test conditions and test methods of each test are given.
Finally, according to the analysis method of braking performance of multi-axle automobile proposed in this paper, braking performances of six test automobiles are analyzed and evaluated, to illustrate the whole analysis process of the method, and to verify the correctness and practicability of the method simultaneously.
(1)指出以往汽车制动性能评价指标的不足,给出了完整的多轴汽车制动性能评价指标体系。
(2)通过分析ECE制动法规对多轴汽车剩余制动和应急制动性能的要求,分别提出了多轴汽车剩余制动和应急制动性能分析方法。
(3)以三轴汽车为例,推导出多轴汽车的驻车极限坡度计算公式,并对其影响因素进行分析；在此基础上,提出了多轴汽车的驻车制动性能分析方法；另外,首次提出了极限坡度利用率的概念,作为对驻车制动性能分析指标的补充。(4)分析了ECE制动法规对多轴汽车制动力分配的要求,指出目前多轴汽车制动力分配方面的分析方法的不足,提出了基于ECE制动法规的“利用附着系数图示法”；提出了一种新的多轴汽车各轴地面法向反力的计算方法。分析了汽车列车的制动不协调的产生原因、带来的危害以及解决措施；在此基础上,提出了汽车列车制动协调性分析方法。
(5)分析了目前几种常用的制动性能试验,整理出ECE制动法规对几种常用试验方法所对应的制动性能的要求,并给出每个试验的条件、试验方法。
最后,按照本文提出的多轴汽车制动性能分析方法,对六辆试验样车的制动性能进行分析和评价,以阐述本文的方法的整个分析过程,同时验证了该方法的正确性和实用性。
Braking performance of automobile is important for safe driving and is required specifically by ECE braking regulation. The braking performance analysis of two-axle automobile has been researched deeply. For braking system of multi-axle automobile is more complex than two-axle automobile, it is difficult to analyze the braking performance of multi-axle automobile. Some fundamental researches have been done for the braking performance of multi-axle automobile in recent years, but the conclusions are difficult to be applied in practice. A relatively complete set of analysis methods of braking performance of multi-axle automobile based on ECE braking regulation is proposed in this paper. Research results are as follows:
(1) Defects of previous evaluation indicators of braking performance of automobile are pointed out, and a complete evaluation index system of braking performance of multi-axle automobile is proposed.
(2) By analyzing the requirements of residual braking performance and emergency braking performance of multi-axle automobile according to ECE braking regulation, analysis methods of residual braking performance and emergency braking performance of multi-axle automobile are proposed respectively.
(3) Three-axle automobile is referenced as an example. The formula of parking limit slope of three-axle automobile is derived, and the factors which influenced it are analyzed. On this basis, an analysis method of parking-braking performance of multi-axle automobile is proposed. Additionally, a concept named limit slope efficiency is proposed for the first time, supplementing the indicators of parking-braking performance.
(4) Requirements of braking force distribution of multi-axle automobile according to ECE braking regulation are analyzed. Defects of analysis methods about braking performance of multi-axle automobile are pointed out. A method named adhesion utilization coefficient diagram is proposed. A new calculation method of normal reaction force of each axle of multi-axle automobile from ground is proposed. An analysis method of braking consistent of automobile train is proposed based on analysis of causes, harms, solutions of braking inconsistent of automobile train.
(5) Requirements of several common tests by ECE braking regulation are sorted out, and test conditions and test methods of each test are given.
Finally, according to the analysis method of braking performance of multi-axle automobile proposed in this paper, braking performances of six test automobiles are analyzed and evaluated, to illustrate the whole analysis process of the method, and to verify the correctness and practicability of the method simultaneously.
引文
[1]王兴东.提高多轴重型越野车的理论与试验研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2005：1-2
[2]郭正康.现代汽车列车设计与使用[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2006
[3]王兆.乘用车制动标准法规技术对比分析与研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2008
[4]Brake regulation summary table:M1 vehicles[R].PCGTR2003/5
[5]ECE R-13.Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles of categories M, N and 0 with regard to braking[S].
[6]韩鸣.一种驻车制动兼应急辅助制动的汽车制动装置：中国,ZL200820097963.8[P],2009-04-15
[7]刘维信.汽车制动系统的结构分析与设计计算[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[8]方泳龙.汽车制动理论与设计[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005
[9]余志生.汽车理论(第四版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2007
[10]王望予.汽车设计(第四版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004
[11]鲁道夫(美).汽车制动系统的分析与设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1985
[12]吉林工业大学汽车教研室.汽车设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1981
[13]周良生,秦明华,彭莫.多轴汽车车身稳定的研究[J].汽车工程,2000,22(3)：214-216
[14]汪文国.多轴汽车制动性能的简易分析法[J].机械科学与技术,1996,25(1)：9-12
[15]汪文国.半挂汽车列车制动稳定性分析方法探讨[J].机械研究与应用.1996,(4)：9-11
[16]汪文国.半挂汽车列车制动系的设计[J].机械研究与应用.1997,(4)：19-21
[17]汪文国.半挂汽车列车制动系的优化[J].机械科学与技术,1996,25(6)：11-13
[18]程军.半挂车轴间制动力的合理分配及及解决措施[J].专用汽车,1990,(3)：40-45
[19]侯建章,沈昌娟.牵引车与挂车间制动协调分析[J].专用汽车,1993,(2)：50-57
[20]M.Haataja,T.Leinonen. On the distribution of braking forces in road braking[J]. SAE Paper 2000-01-3413
[21]Guo Zheng-kang.Prediction and analysis of braking performance of the tractor-semitrailer combination[J].Journal of Hunan University,1988,15(4):1-11
[22]张建国.半挂汽车列车制动稳定性仿真分析[D].长春：吉林大学,2007
[23]孙栋栋.全地面汽车起重机制动防抱死系统仿真研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2006
[24]赵建国.多轴车辆制动性能仿真分析[D].长春：吉林大学,2009
[25]高逾.全挂汽车列车制动稳定性的仿真研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2009
[26]K.Huh, J.Kim, J.Hong.Handling and driving characteristics for six-wheeled vehicles[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part D,Journal of Automobile Engineering,2000,214(2):159-170
[27]K.Sakata, M. Harada, K. Oohata, A study of tractor-trailer stability control, by braking force control.Proceedings of JSAE,2000:1-4
[28]L.Palkovics, A.Fries, Intelligent electronic systems in commercial vehicles for enhanced traffic safety, VSD,2001:227-289
[29]T. Sakakura, H. Shimosaka, N. Ehara, Y. Kuroda, T.liba, A Study on the braking stability of an articulated vehicle by controlling braking force, Proceedings of AVEC'98,1998:637-642
[30]Tetsuya Kaneko, Ichiro Kageyama. A study on the braking stability of articulated heavy vehicles. JSAE Review,24 (2003):157-164
[31]程志兵,杨国权,张翔,雷启明.半挂汽车列车制动系统设计与试验研究[J].汽车技术,2007,(7)：38-40
[32]陈振日.牵引车、半挂车ABS道路实验及计算方法[J].汽车技术,2004,(01)：23-27
[33]刘志强,林克龙.多轴工程车辆制动性能实验研究[J].江苏理工大学学报(自然科学版),2000,21(4)：20-23
[34]汪之望,钱友军,郭春雷.中卡三轴载货车制动系统的匹配设计[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(增刊)：16-18
[35]刘志强,赵艳萍,陆森林.全地面汽车起重机制动安全性能分析[J].中国安全科学学报,1999,9(1)：68-72
[36]徐雪松.浅谈汽车制动性能的评价[J].科技资讯,2005,(27)：184-185
[37]孟树兴.汽车轴间制动力分配优化设计与制动性能计算机仿真研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2003
[38]金阳,郝志勇.各双回路制动系统在某回路失效时的制动能力分析[J].湖北汽车工业学院学报,2008,22(1)：7-12
[39]王勇军.汽车制动管路部分失效的制动效能分析[J].农业机械化与电气化,2006,(2)：27-28
[40]王兆.行车制动失效条件下的性能和结构要求[J].汽车技术,2005,(5)：9-11
[41]刘明洁.商用车行车制动失效时的性能和结构要求[J].重型汽车,2009,(4)：35-36
[42]王国军,陈欣,徐安桃,等.多轴汽车轴荷的合理分配与确定[J].军事交通学院学报,2009,11(2)：53-56
[43]柴新伟,杨世文.三轴汽车轴荷计算及轴距选择[J].机械管理开发,2010,25(1)：53-54
[44]Wan Zhen, Gao Feng, Ding Jing, Wu Xuelei.Dynamics Model and Braking Performance Analysis of Multi-Axle Vehicle[J]. Zhongguo Jixie Gongcheng,2008,19(3):365-369
[45]王兴东,杨波,邹光明.多轴汽车轴荷分配和转移的计算方法研究[J].湖北工业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,21(3)：165-167
[46]中华人民共和国国家标准.机动车运行安全技术条件[S].2004
[47]蔡果.汽车驻车制动性能检验标准分析[J].公安大学学报(自然科学版),1999,(4)：26-28
[48]张立军,朱博,贾云雷.依ECE法规进行汽车制动力分配新方法[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2005,24(2)：276-279
[49]Mauri K. Haataja, Tatu E. Leinonen. On the distribution of braking forces in road braking[J]. SAE Paper 2000-01-3413
[50]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006：108-115
[51]程军.全挂汽车列车制动相容性问题的研究[J].专用汽车,1995,(3)：6-11
[2]郭正康.现代汽车列车设计与使用[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2006
[3]王兆.乘用车制动标准法规技术对比分析与研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2008
[4]Brake regulation summary table:M1 vehicles[R].PCGTR2003/5
[5]ECE R-13.Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles of categories M, N and 0 with regard to braking[S].
[6]韩鸣.一种驻车制动兼应急辅助制动的汽车制动装置：中国,ZL200820097963.8[P],2009-04-15
[7]刘维信.汽车制动系统的结构分析与设计计算[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[8]方泳龙.汽车制动理论与设计[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005
[9]余志生.汽车理论(第四版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2007
[10]王望予.汽车设计(第四版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004
[11]鲁道夫(美).汽车制动系统的分析与设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1985
[12]吉林工业大学汽车教研室.汽车设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1981
[13]周良生,秦明华,彭莫.多轴汽车车身稳定的研究[J].汽车工程,2000,22(3)：214-216
[14]汪文国.多轴汽车制动性能的简易分析法[J].机械科学与技术,1996,25(1)：9-12
[15]汪文国.半挂汽车列车制动稳定性分析方法探讨[J].机械研究与应用.1996,(4)：9-11
[16]汪文国.半挂汽车列车制动系的设计[J].机械研究与应用.1997,(4)：19-21
[17]汪文国.半挂汽车列车制动系的优化[J].机械科学与技术,1996,25(6)：11-13
[18]程军.半挂车轴间制动力的合理分配及及解决措施[J].专用汽车,1990,(3)：40-45
[19]侯建章,沈昌娟.牵引车与挂车间制动协调分析[J].专用汽车,1993,(2)：50-57
[20]M.Haataja,T.Leinonen. On the distribution of braking forces in road braking[J]. SAE Paper 2000-01-3413
[21]Guo Zheng-kang.Prediction and analysis of braking performance of the tractor-semitrailer combination[J].Journal of Hunan University,1988,15(4):1-11
[22]张建国.半挂汽车列车制动稳定性仿真分析[D].长春：吉林大学,2007
[23]孙栋栋.全地面汽车起重机制动防抱死系统仿真研究[D].长春：吉林大学,2006
[24]赵建国.多轴车辆制动性能仿真分析[D].长春：吉林大学,2009
[25]高逾.全挂汽车列车制动稳定性的仿真研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2009
[26]K.Huh, J.Kim, J.Hong.Handling and driving characteristics for six-wheeled vehicles[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part D,Journal of Automobile Engineering,2000,214(2):159-170
[27]K.Sakata, M. Harada, K. Oohata, A study of tractor-trailer stability control, by braking force control.Proceedings of JSAE,2000:1-4
[28]L.Palkovics, A.Fries, Intelligent electronic systems in commercial vehicles for enhanced traffic safety, VSD,2001:227-289
[29]T. Sakakura, H. Shimosaka, N. Ehara, Y. Kuroda, T.liba, A Study on the braking stability of an articulated vehicle by controlling braking force, Proceedings of AVEC'98,1998:637-642
[30]Tetsuya Kaneko, Ichiro Kageyama. A study on the braking stability of articulated heavy vehicles. JSAE Review,24 (2003):157-164
[31]程志兵,杨国权,张翔,雷启明.半挂汽车列车制动系统设计与试验研究[J].汽车技术,2007,(7)：38-40
[32]陈振日.牵引车、半挂车ABS道路实验及计算方法[J].汽车技术,2004,(01)：23-27
[33]刘志强,林克龙.多轴工程车辆制动性能实验研究[J].江苏理工大学学报(自然科学版),2000,21(4)：20-23
[34]汪之望,钱友军,郭春雷.中卡三轴载货车制动系统的匹配设计[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(增刊)：16-18
[35]刘志强,赵艳萍,陆森林.全地面汽车起重机制动安全性能分析[J].中国安全科学学报,1999,9(1)：68-72
[36]徐雪松.浅谈汽车制动性能的评价[J].科技资讯,2005,(27)：184-185
[37]孟树兴.汽车轴间制动力分配优化设计与制动性能计算机仿真研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2003
[38]金阳,郝志勇.各双回路制动系统在某回路失效时的制动能力分析[J].湖北汽车工业学院学报,2008,22(1)：7-12
[39]王勇军.汽车制动管路部分失效的制动效能分析[J].农业机械化与电气化,2006,(2)：27-28
[40]王兆.行车制动失效条件下的性能和结构要求[J].汽车技术,2005,(5)：9-11
[41]刘明洁.商用车行车制动失效时的性能和结构要求[J].重型汽车,2009,(4)：35-36
[42]王国军,陈欣,徐安桃,等.多轴汽车轴荷的合理分配与确定[J].军事交通学院学报,2009,11(2)：53-56
[43]柴新伟,杨世文.三轴汽车轴荷计算及轴距选择[J].机械管理开发,2010,25(1)：53-54
[44]Wan Zhen, Gao Feng, Ding Jing, Wu Xuelei.Dynamics Model and Braking Performance Analysis of Multi-Axle Vehicle[J]. Zhongguo Jixie Gongcheng,2008,19(3):365-369
[45]王兴东,杨波,邹光明.多轴汽车轴荷分配和转移的计算方法研究[J].湖北工业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,21(3)：165-167
[46]中华人民共和国国家标准.机动车运行安全技术条件[S].2004
[47]蔡果.汽车驻车制动性能检验标准分析[J].公安大学学报(自然科学版),1999,(4)：26-28
[48]张立军,朱博,贾云雷.依ECE法规进行汽车制动力分配新方法[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2005,24(2)：276-279
[49]Mauri K. Haataja, Tatu E. Leinonen. On the distribution of braking forces in road braking[J]. SAE Paper 2000-01-3413
[50]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006：108-115
[51]程军.全挂汽车列车制动相容性问题的研究[J].专用汽车,1995,(3)：6-11