超高压发电机失磁过程的研究
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摘要
超高压发电机采用高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆作为定子绕组,这种革新结构使其能够输出高电压,从而可以直接并网。超高压电机的这种结构与特性的改变,必然导致其运行特征不同于传统发电机的运行特征,因此,对超高压发电机的运行进行系统地研究是极为必要的。由于超高压发电机发生失磁故障后,可能造成定子电流增大,转子过电压,异步转矩大,定子绕组发热,转子表面温度和阻尼条温度过高等等一些原因限制其异步运行。本文从失磁过程中定、转子各电气量的变化规律、失磁稳态异步运行时的磁场和失磁后定转子温度场等多方面对超高压发电机失磁过程进行了研究。
本文建立了超高压发电机变参数模型,模型中考虑并计算了励磁绕组和直轴阻尼绕组间的互感漏抗,得出超高压发电机暂态分析时不能忽略此值的结论。经验公式表明,转子的涡流与转差密切相关,而失磁运行时,转差又随时间变化而变化,因此本文采用考虑了励磁绕组和直轴阻尼绕组间互感漏抗和转子涡流的二阶模型对超高压发电机失磁过程进行研究。超高压发电机从失磁到失步的过程会影响系统的静态稳定性,通过数值计算,确定了超高压发电机的功率特性及静态稳定极限角和极限功率,得出了超高压发电机的静态稳定裕度较大的结论。另外,超高压发电机失磁后,定子回路参数一定发生变化,为此研究了机端的阻抗特性,为超高压发电机的失磁保护中的阻抗继电器整定提供基础数据。
建立了超高压发电机的失磁变参数模型,运用动态仿真的方法分析了超高压发电机的失磁过程,通过实验机组验证,确定了超高压发电机失磁故障仿真模型和仿真方法的正确性。分析了在系统运行的超高压发电机发生失磁故障后对较近和较远处机组的影响。
建立了超高压发电机二维物理模型。求解过程中采用了有限元自适应网格剖分,可在保持精度的情况下减少剖分单元数。在处理定子和转子的运动耦合问题时,采用运动边界插值法,将电机在气隙中线处分割为定子与转子两部分,然后将定转子节点方程通过气隙中心线上运动边界处的节点进行插值耦合,进而得到运动有限元模型。通过分析超高压发电机同步运行和稳态异步运行时的磁场分布,得出超高压发电机失磁后稳态异步运行与同步运行时的气隙磁密基波幅值一致,而谐波磁密的幅值较大的结论。并且得出随着超高压发电机失磁前所带负荷的减少,气隙磁密谐波分量也逐渐减小,气隙磁密逐渐接近正弦波的结论。
建立了超高压发电机三维温度场模型,分析了超高压发电机同步运行时的温度场分布。通过定、转子各部分温升的计算值与温升实验数据的对比,验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上分析了超高压发电机失磁后,定、转子电流最大时定、转子极限温度场的分布。
An innovational structure of the EHV (extra high voltage) generator, that XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) cable is used as stator windings, enables the generator to generate extra high voltage and to be connected to the power grid directly. So, it is necessary to investigate the operation of EHV generator systematically. For EHV generator, when the loss of field failure occurs, the stator current increases, temperature rise of stator windings gets higher, rotor over voltage occurs, asynchronous torque becomes larger, temperature rise of rotor surface and damping winding will also become too high to asynchronous operation. All of these reasons make asynchronous operation of EHV generators impossible. This paper studies the performance of EHV generator under loss of field, including characteristics of electrical quantities, utmost temperature and electromagnetic field.
Varying parameter model of EHV generator, considering mutual leakage reactance between field winding and direct-axis damping windings, is established. After calculation of the mutual leakage reactance with the varying parameter model, it can be derived that this mutual leakage reactance cannot be ignored in transient analysis of EHV generator. According to empirical formula, eddy current of solid rotor is related with rotor slip. The slip varies with time during the process of loss of field. So this paper adopts a second-order model considering the mutual leakage reactance between field winding and direct-axis damping winding and eddy current of rotor.
The loss of field of EHV generator can affect system static stability. In this paper, power characteristic and static stability limiting angle is calculated by numerical method. It is proved that stability margin of EHV generator is large. Under loss of field,circuit lump parameter of EHV generator must be different from that of rated operation. So terminal impedance is studied here and it can provide basic date for impedance relay for the loss of field protection of EHV generator.
A loss of field model with varying parameters is established, and the dynamic simulation method is used to analyze the process of EHV generator loss of filed. By comparison with the experimental units, the model and simulation method are proved to be correct. And the impact on the near and the far units is analyzed after the loss of field faults of EHV generator.
A two-dimension physical model of EHV generator is established, and adaptive mesh generation method is adopted to mesh the solution region, which is smarter in meshing so as to reduce the number of finite elements without sacrificing calculation accuracy. For the model consists moving part and stationary part, which will be separated by a circular arc on the middle position of the air gap, by coupling node equations on the nodes locating on the moving interface between the moving and the stationary part, finite element model considering motion can be set up. By analyzing and comparing the field distributions during synchronous operation and steady asynchronous operation, it can be concluded that the amplitudes of fundamental flux densities are the same, but the amplitudes of the harmonic flux densities are much different. Besides, it can also be concluded that the less load before the loss of field, the less harmonic flux density there is, and the air gap flux density is closer to sinusoid.
The model of a two-dimensional magnetic field EHV generator is established. Magnetic distribution of the stator core and air-gap of EHV generator, during steady-state asynchronous operation, is quantitatively analyzed. And it can provide basic data for solutions to the temperature field. Based on these analyses, a three-dimensional temperature field model of EHV generator is created, which is used for analyzing temperature distribution of EHV generator under synchronous operation. By comparing the iron losses calculated in two different methods, stator segment flux density and average flux density, it can be found that difference between the two methods for iron losses calculation is small. The three-dimensional temperature model is proved to be accurate by comparing the calculated temperature rise with experimental data. The model is used to calculate the utmost temperature of stator and rotor of EHV generator under loss of field.
本文建立了超高压发电机变参数模型,模型中考虑并计算了励磁绕组和直轴阻尼绕组间的互感漏抗,得出超高压发电机暂态分析时不能忽略此值的结论。经验公式表明,转子的涡流与转差密切相关,而失磁运行时,转差又随时间变化而变化,因此本文采用考虑了励磁绕组和直轴阻尼绕组间互感漏抗和转子涡流的二阶模型对超高压发电机失磁过程进行研究。超高压发电机从失磁到失步的过程会影响系统的静态稳定性,通过数值计算,确定了超高压发电机的功率特性及静态稳定极限角和极限功率,得出了超高压发电机的静态稳定裕度较大的结论。另外,超高压发电机失磁后,定子回路参数一定发生变化,为此研究了机端的阻抗特性,为超高压发电机的失磁保护中的阻抗继电器整定提供基础数据。
建立了超高压发电机的失磁变参数模型,运用动态仿真的方法分析了超高压发电机的失磁过程,通过实验机组验证,确定了超高压发电机失磁故障仿真模型和仿真方法的正确性。分析了在系统运行的超高压发电机发生失磁故障后对较近和较远处机组的影响。
建立了超高压发电机二维物理模型。求解过程中采用了有限元自适应网格剖分,可在保持精度的情况下减少剖分单元数。在处理定子和转子的运动耦合问题时,采用运动边界插值法,将电机在气隙中线处分割为定子与转子两部分,然后将定转子节点方程通过气隙中心线上运动边界处的节点进行插值耦合,进而得到运动有限元模型。通过分析超高压发电机同步运行和稳态异步运行时的磁场分布,得出超高压发电机失磁后稳态异步运行与同步运行时的气隙磁密基波幅值一致,而谐波磁密的幅值较大的结论。并且得出随着超高压发电机失磁前所带负荷的减少,气隙磁密谐波分量也逐渐减小,气隙磁密逐渐接近正弦波的结论。
建立了超高压发电机三维温度场模型,分析了超高压发电机同步运行时的温度场分布。通过定、转子各部分温升的计算值与温升实验数据的对比,验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上分析了超高压发电机失磁后,定、转子电流最大时定、转子极限温度场的分布。
An innovational structure of the EHV (extra high voltage) generator, that XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) cable is used as stator windings, enables the generator to generate extra high voltage and to be connected to the power grid directly. So, it is necessary to investigate the operation of EHV generator systematically. For EHV generator, when the loss of field failure occurs, the stator current increases, temperature rise of stator windings gets higher, rotor over voltage occurs, asynchronous torque becomes larger, temperature rise of rotor surface and damping winding will also become too high to asynchronous operation. All of these reasons make asynchronous operation of EHV generators impossible. This paper studies the performance of EHV generator under loss of field, including characteristics of electrical quantities, utmost temperature and electromagnetic field.
Varying parameter model of EHV generator, considering mutual leakage reactance between field winding and direct-axis damping windings, is established. After calculation of the mutual leakage reactance with the varying parameter model, it can be derived that this mutual leakage reactance cannot be ignored in transient analysis of EHV generator. According to empirical formula, eddy current of solid rotor is related with rotor slip. The slip varies with time during the process of loss of field. So this paper adopts a second-order model considering the mutual leakage reactance between field winding and direct-axis damping winding and eddy current of rotor.
The loss of field of EHV generator can affect system static stability. In this paper, power characteristic and static stability limiting angle is calculated by numerical method. It is proved that stability margin of EHV generator is large. Under loss of field,circuit lump parameter of EHV generator must be different from that of rated operation. So terminal impedance is studied here and it can provide basic date for impedance relay for the loss of field protection of EHV generator.
A loss of field model with varying parameters is established, and the dynamic simulation method is used to analyze the process of EHV generator loss of filed. By comparison with the experimental units, the model and simulation method are proved to be correct. And the impact on the near and the far units is analyzed after the loss of field faults of EHV generator.
A two-dimension physical model of EHV generator is established, and adaptive mesh generation method is adopted to mesh the solution region, which is smarter in meshing so as to reduce the number of finite elements without sacrificing calculation accuracy. For the model consists moving part and stationary part, which will be separated by a circular arc on the middle position of the air gap, by coupling node equations on the nodes locating on the moving interface between the moving and the stationary part, finite element model considering motion can be set up. By analyzing and comparing the field distributions during synchronous operation and steady asynchronous operation, it can be concluded that the amplitudes of fundamental flux densities are the same, but the amplitudes of the harmonic flux densities are much different. Besides, it can also be concluded that the less load before the loss of field, the less harmonic flux density there is, and the air gap flux density is closer to sinusoid.
The model of a two-dimensional magnetic field EHV generator is established. Magnetic distribution of the stator core and air-gap of EHV generator, during steady-state asynchronous operation, is quantitatively analyzed. And it can provide basic data for solutions to the temperature field. Based on these analyses, a three-dimensional temperature field model of EHV generator is created, which is used for analyzing temperature distribution of EHV generator under synchronous operation. By comparing the iron losses calculated in two different methods, stator segment flux density and average flux density, it can be found that difference between the two methods for iron losses calculation is small. The three-dimensional temperature model is proved to be accurate by comparing the calculated temperature rise with experimental data. The model is used to calculate the utmost temperature of stator and rotor of EHV generator under loss of field.
引文
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