Turbo码译码算法研究及其应用
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摘要
Turbo码由于具有接近仙农理论限的优异性能，近年来已经在很多领域得到应用。但是，它也有诸如延时长、运算量比较大和具有误差平台等缺点。本文的研究目的旨在解决Turbo码的译码延时和运算量问题。
首先，通过分析编码约束度，译码的迭代次数，交织长度以及码率等参数对Turbo码纠错能力的影响的讨论为设计Turbo码提供了参数选择的基本原则。
其次，根据多个CPU的并行原理，提出了将T-BCJR算法应用于一种新的并行译码结构，并且详细地分析了将T-BCJR算法用于该结构的优点。
第三，根据对目前已有的一些迭代译码停止判据的比较，并基于文献[64]的思路，提出了一种新的迭代停止判据(CRC-SDR算法)。该算法不但降低了运算量，而且也降低了对寄存器个数的要求；用仿真证实该算法没有降低性能，但明显降低了迭代次数。
最后，通过研究Turbo译码的收敛性，提出了两种基于LLR度量的最小值和均值的迭代停止判决；通过仿真证实我们的算法在性能上几乎没有下降，但需要的迭代次数却大大降低。
Because the performance of Turbo code has achieved the shannon capacity, recently it has been improved and used in many fields. But it has a few faults, such as, the floor error, the high delay and operation in decoding . In this paper, to lower the delay and the operation is our purpose.Firstly, A few parameters influenced the performance of turbo code, such as , the rate of code, the length of inter-leaver and the number of iteration, which have been studied and discussed. And the simulations have provided the basic principle in selecting the parameter for designing of Turbo code.Secondly, based on the parallel principle of mutli-CPU, we presented a new method, that is, T-BCJR algorithm was used in a new parallel structure. Then we discussed the virtue of the T-BCJR algorithm used in the new structure.Thirdly, by studied and compared the present stopping criterions of iterative decoding, based on the notion of preference 64, we presented a new stopping criterion of iterative decoding which called CRC-SDR stopping criterion. The new criterion reduced the operation complexity and storage requirement. By simulated, the performance of Turbo code has not been degraded greatly, but the number of iteration has been decreased greatly.At last, by observing and studying the convergence of Turbo code, we presented two stopping criterions that are based on the minimum and mean of the magnitude of LLR. Simulations has been illustrated that the performance of Turbo code has not been degraded greatly and that the number of iteration has been decreased greatly.
首先，通过分析编码约束度，译码的迭代次数，交织长度以及码率等参数对Turbo码纠错能力的影响的讨论为设计Turbo码提供了参数选择的基本原则。
其次，根据多个CPU的并行原理，提出了将T-BCJR算法应用于一种新的并行译码结构，并且详细地分析了将T-BCJR算法用于该结构的优点。
第三，根据对目前已有的一些迭代译码停止判据的比较，并基于文献[64]的思路，提出了一种新的迭代停止判据(CRC-SDR算法)。该算法不但降低了运算量，而且也降低了对寄存器个数的要求；用仿真证实该算法没有降低性能，但明显降低了迭代次数。
最后，通过研究Turbo译码的收敛性，提出了两种基于LLR度量的最小值和均值的迭代停止判决；通过仿真证实我们的算法在性能上几乎没有下降，但需要的迭代次数却大大降低。
Because the performance of Turbo code has achieved the shannon capacity, recently it has been improved and used in many fields. But it has a few faults, such as, the floor error, the high delay and operation in decoding . In this paper, to lower the delay and the operation is our purpose.Firstly, A few parameters influenced the performance of turbo code, such as , the rate of code, the length of inter-leaver and the number of iteration, which have been studied and discussed. And the simulations have provided the basic principle in selecting the parameter for designing of Turbo code.Secondly, based on the parallel principle of mutli-CPU, we presented a new method, that is, T-BCJR algorithm was used in a new parallel structure. Then we discussed the virtue of the T-BCJR algorithm used in the new structure.Thirdly, by studied and compared the present stopping criterions of iterative decoding, based on the notion of preference 64, we presented a new stopping criterion of iterative decoding which called CRC-SDR stopping criterion. The new criterion reduced the operation complexity and storage requirement. By simulated, the performance of Turbo code has not been degraded greatly, but the number of iteration has been decreased greatly.At last, by observing and studying the convergence of Turbo code, we presented two stopping criterions that are based on the minimum and mean of the magnitude of LLR. Simulations has been illustrated that the performance of Turbo code has not been degraded greatly and that the number of iteration has been decreased greatly.
引文
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[4] 祁峰．turbo码在移动通信中的应用．北京航空航天大学博士论文．2000：78-85页，64-65页，39-44页
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[10] 吴湛击，吴伟陵．交织器最优化设计的理论分析基础及其工程仿真．电子学报，2002(7)：1048-1052页
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[1
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[2
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[2] 王新梅，肖国镇．纠错码—原理与方法．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001：13-14页，506-516页，505-506页，516-517页，523页，519页，522-523页
[3] 孙毅．Turbo Code在移动通信系统中的应用研究．北京邮电大学博士论文．1999
[4] 祁峰．turbo码在移动通信中的应用．北京航空航天大学博士论文．2000：78-85页，64-65页，39-44页
[5] Takeshita Y and Costello D. J. New classes of alge-braic interleavers for Turbo codes[C]. Procecdings of 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA. Auguest, 1998: 419-427p.
[6] 唐朝京，刘东华，基于二次同余映射交织器设计的改进．应用科学学报．2002(9)：246-250页
[7] DANESHGARAN F. and MONDIN M. Design of interleavers for turbo codes: iterative interleaver growth algorithms of polynomial complexity. IEEE Trans. On Information Theory. 1999, 45(6): 1845-1859p
[8] 刘星成，张光昭．一类新的Turbo码交织器设计．中山大学学报(自然科学版)．2000，39(6)：39-43页
[9] 史治平，靳蕃．高码率Turbo码中确定性交织器的设计．西南交通大学学报．2002(10)：544-547页
[10] 吴湛击，吴伟陵．交织器最优化设计的理论分析基础及其工程仿真．电子学报，2002(7)：1048-1052页
[11] Hamid R. Sadjadpour, Neil J. A. Sloane, Masoud Salehi, and Gabriele Nebe. Interleaver design for turbo codes. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2001, 19(5): 831-836p
[1
[12] 王强，孙锦涛，苗义．Turbo码的优选扩散交织器设计．电子与信息学报．2002(10)：1366-1371页
[13] 王琳，罗庆霖，张红雨，虞厥邦．混沌交织器的实现．系统工程与电子技术．2002，24(6)：112-115页
[14] 孙毅，高路，赵建平．KB Turbo码中交织器的设计．电子与信息学报．2001，23(5)：503-506页
[15] 许成谦，陈嘉兴，林雪红．一种新的适于移动通信系统的交织器．电子技术(上海)．2002，29(2)：31-34页
[16] A. Giulietti, L. vander Perre and M. Strum. Parallel turbo coding interleavers: avoiding collisions in accesses to storage elements. Electronics letters 28th Feb 2002, 38(5): 232-233p
[17] J. A. Briffa and V. Buttigieg. Interleaving and termination in unpunctured symmetric turbo codes. IEEproc. Communications. 2002, 149(1): 6-12p
[18] 李建平，王宏远，黄瑞光．基于全交织的Turbo码方案．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2002(2)：66-68页
[19] J. Hagenauer, Elke Offer and Lutz Papke. Iterative decoding of binary block and convolutional codes. Transactions On Information Theory. 1996, 42(2): 429-445p
[20] 刘东华，唐朝京．用于Turbo迭代译码的log-MAP算法的简化．电子与信息学报．200123(12)：1340-1347页
[21] G. Colavolpe, G. Gerrari and R. Raheli. Reduced-State BCJR-Type Algorithms. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 2001, 19(5): 847-858p
[22] V. Franz and J. B. Anderson. Concatenated decoding, with a reduced search BCJR algorithm. IEEE J. on Selected Areas in Communications. 1998, 16(2): 186-195p
[23] Goo-Hyun, Suk-Hyon, Daesik and Chang-Eon. Design for a Turbo-Code Decoder Using a Block-Wise Algorithm. IEICE Trans. Commun. Lett, 2002, E85-B(2): 559-564p
[24] 许成谦，林雪红，陈嘉兴．Turbo码Log—MAP译码算法的一种改进 算法．燕山大学学报．2002，26(4)：286-288页
[2
[25] 万蕾．Turbo码及其在第三代移动通信系统中的应用．北京理工大学博士学位论文．2001：1-10页，16页，16-20页，22-26页，33页-35页
[26] 张路，万蕾，匡镜明．Turbo码的一种全新的SOVA译码算法．通信学报．2002，23(8)：24-32页
[27] Sang-sic, Hyung-Chl and Kwyro. A high performance serially mixed SOVA decoder for Turbo code. IEICE Trans. Commun. Letter. 2002, E85-B(1): 332-335p
[28] Gyongsu, Sin-Chong. A Turbo Decoder with Reduced Number of Iterations Using Even Parity-Check Bits", IEICE Trans. Commun. Lett, 2002, E85-B(6): 1195-1197p
[29] 刘陈，吴成林．Turbo码并行译码算法的研究．南京邮电学院学报(自然科学版)．2002，22(1)：26-30页
[30] 许成谦，林雪红，陈嘉兴．一种加速Turbo码译码实现的改进算法的研究．电子学报．2002，30(8)：1210-1212页
[31] J. Hsu and C. Wang. A parallel decoding scheme for turbo decoding [J]. Proc. ISCAS'98, 1998, 4(6): 445-448p
[32] Seokhyun Yoon and Yeheskel Bar-Nes. A parallel MAP algorithm for Low Latency Turbo Decoding. IEEE Communications letters, 2002, 6(7): 288-290p
[33] 刘东华，唐朝京．基于交叉熵最小化的Turbo码迭代译码停止判决．国防科技大学学报。2000，22(5)：46-50页
[34] Rose Y. shao, shu lin and Marc P. C. Fosssrier. Two simple stopping criterion for Turbo decoding. IEEE Transactions on Communication, 1999, 47(8): 1117-1120p
[35] T. M. N. Ngatched and F. Takawira. Simple stopping criterion for turbo decoding. Electronics Letters, 2001, 37(22): 1350-1351p
[36] Yufei Wu, Brian D. Woerner and William J. Ebel. A simple stopping criterion for Turbo decoding. IEEE Commun. Letters, 2000, 4(8): 258-260p
[37] Ian D. Marsland, P. Takis Mathiopoulos. Multiple Differential Detection of Parallel Concatenate Convolutional (Turbo) Codes in Correlated Fast Rayleigh Fading. IEEE J. Select Areas Commun. 2001, 16(2): 265-275p
[38] Andrej Stefanov and Tolga M. Duman. Turbo-Coded Modulation for Systems with Transmit and Receive Antenna Diversity over Block Fading Channels: System Model, Decoding Approaches, and Practical Considerations. IEEE J. Selected Areas Communications. 2001, 19(5): 958-968p
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