热管式光伏光热综合利用系统的理论和实验研究
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摘要
太阳能光伏光热综合利用(PV/T)技术将太阳能光伏发电技术与太阳能集热技术有机结合,一方面,可以将太阳能转化为电能和热能,同时获得两种能量的收益,提高了系统太阳能的综合利用率；另一方面,冷却流体可以将光伏电池的热量带走,从而达到对电池的冷却作用,提高其光电转换效率。另外,在PV/T系统中,由于光伏组件与集热模块是复合成一个整体的,因此易于标准化、模块化生产制作,非常适合与建筑相结合,可以充分利用建筑外表面所接收到的太阳能。
根据冷却工质的不同,PV/T系统一般可划分为水冷型和风冷型PV/T系统。据研究表明,水冷型PV/T系统可获得比风冷型PV/T系统更好的太阳能综合利用效率,且更具有应用前景。但是传统的水冷型PV/T系统容易受到冻结,且冻结时会破坏PV/T模块板芯,导致系统不能正常运行,因此不能在高纬、寒冷地区使用。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种热管式PV/T系统(HP-PV/T)。该系统将热管传热技术与PV/T技术相结合,利用热管良好的防冻性能和超导热性能,间接地将PV/T模块内的热量传给冷却水,从而解决了PV/T模块的防冻问题,同时还可避免由于长期直接通水冷却而导致PV/T模块板芯遭受杂质的腐蚀,大大延长了模块的使用寿命。另外,本文还对热管式PV/T系统进行了拓展研究,提出了光伏-太阳能热泵/热管复合系统(PV-SAHP/HP)。该系统具有太阳能-热管制热水、太阳能-热泵制热水、太阳能-热泵采暖、空气源-热泵制冷、空气源-热泵辅助制热水和空气源-热泵辅助采暖等6种运行模式,可根据外界环境气象参数(太阳辐照、环境温度)以及用户的需求,进行单个模式的运行或多个模式的耦合运行,可以弥补传统太阳能利用系统中由于太阳能的间歇性特点而导致系统不能连续、稳定运行的不足,大大提高了系统的设备利用率和增强系统的实用性。
本文的研究工作主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)设计和搭建了热管式PV/T系统实验测试平台,并对系统分别采用两种不同热管间距(80mm和140mm)、两种不同集热器安装倾角(32°和45°)以及两种不同循环水流量(3.7L/min和10.0L/min)时的光电、光热以及综合性能进行对比测试研究。研究表明,热管式PV/T系统具有良好的光电、光热性能,其全天平均光热效率可达45.8%,平均光电效率可达11.2%,平均光电光热综合效率达到52.3%；减小热管间距和增大循环水流量有助于提高系统的光电光热综合性能；对于合肥地区,在相同的实验条件下,系统在32°的集热器安装倾角下获得比在45°的安装倾角下更高的综合性能。
(2)建立热管式PV/T系统动态数学模型,对系统的全天动态性能进行模拟计算,并与实验结果相对比。对比结果显示,理论计算结果与实验测量结果基本吻合。此外,利用验证后系统模型,对系统在不同循环水流量、不同光伏电池覆盖因子、不同热管间距以及不同电池基板涂层材料下的性能进行优化计算和研究分析,并对系统分别在香港、拉萨和北京地区使用时的全年性能进行模拟预测和研究分析。
(3)设计和搭建PV-SAHP/HP系统实验测试平台,对系统分别在东莞和香港地区运行时的性能进行测试研究,讨论和分析系统在热管运行模式和热泵运行模式下的瞬时动态性能变化以及全天的综合性能,并基于热力学第一能源效率和热力学第二能源效率的分析方法,对系统在这两种运行模式下的能源效率和火用效率进行研究分析,探讨最佳的系统耦合运行方式。
(4)建立PV-SAHP/HP系统动态数学模型,对不同太阳辐照强度下系统PVT集热器-蒸发器的动态参数变化情况进行模拟计算和研究分析,并对系统全天的动态性能变化情况进行仿真和研究分析。
The hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) technology refers to a technology that integrates a PV module and a solar thermal collector into one unit. A hybrid PV/T system can simultaneously generate electrical and thermal energies; hence, the effective rate of solar energy utilization per unit collecting area can be increased in this PV/T system. In addition, heat carriers, such as water or air, take up the heat extracted from PV cells and cool them, thereby improving the yield of electricity. Moreover, the PV module and the solar thermal collector are integrated into a PV/T collector. Hence, they can readily be made in standardized and module product, and are quite fit for the integration with the building.
According to type of the coolant, Hybrid PV/T systems are classified as the water-type and the air-type PV/T system. The previous investigations showed that, the water-type PV/T system can achieve higher total PV/T efficiency compared with that of the air-type PV/T system, and have an extensive future. However, a traditional water-type system is unsuitable to be used in the cold regions because of the freezing of the water, which will damage the PV/T collectors. Based on this account, a novel heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (HP-PV/T) system is presented here. In the HP-PV/T system, the heat pipes with very high thermal conduction are used to transfer the heat from the collectors to the water. As the heat pipe use the low boiling point refrigerant as its working fluid, thus freezing can be eliminated and corrosion can be reduced as well. Further more, a novel system named photovoltaic solar assisted heat pump/heat pipe (PV-SAHP/HP) system is also presented here. To focus on both actual demand and energy savings, the PV-SAHP/HP system is designed to be capable of operating in six different modes, namely, the heat-pipe solar water heating, solar-assisted heat pump water heating and space heating, air-source heat-pump water heating, space heating and cooling. According to the user's demand and the ambient parameters (such as solar radiation and ambient temperature), the system operates in an optimal mode, hence it can be considered to be a significant technology for energy savings. In addition, an air-cooled heat exchanger was used as an auxiliary evaporator of the heat pump, on overcast or rainy days, when the solar radiation is weak, the system can absorb energy from ambient air, hence offsetting the weaknesses of the traditional solar system.
The main works of this paper are summarized as follows:
(1) A HP-PV/T system test rig was designed and constructed, and comparative tests were performed to study the performance of the system under different conditions, such as tube spaces of heat pipes at80mm and140mm, tilt angles of the collectors installed at32°and45°, and volume flow rate of the circulating water of3.7L/min and10.0L/min. Experimental results showed that, the daily thermal efficiency, daily electrical efficiency and total PV/T efficiency of the HP-PV/T system can reach45.8%,11.2%and52.3%, respectively; the total PV/T efficiency of the system can be improved by reducing the tube space of the heat pipes or increasing the water flow rate; the collector installed at a tilt angle of32°yielded a better results than the collector installed at45°for the HP-PV/T system used in Hefei, China.
(2) A dynamic model was presented to predict the instantaneous performance of the HP-PV/T system. Experiments were also conducted to validate the simulation results, and the comparative result demonstrated that the simulated values agreed with the experimental results. Based on the validated model, the performances of the heat pipe PV/T system were studied under different parametric conditions, such as water flow rates, PV cell covering factor, tube space of heat pipes, and solar absorptive coatings materials of the absorber plate. Moreover, using this model, the annual electrical and thermal behavior of the HP-PV/T system used in three typical climate areas of China, namely, Hong Kong, Lhasa, and Beijing, were also predicted and analyzed.
(3) A PV-SAHP/HP system test rig was designed and constructed. A series of experiments were conducted in Dongguan and Hong Kong to study the instantaneous system performance when this system was operated in the heat-pipe and the solar-assisted heat-pump modes. Moreover, energy and exergy analyses were used to investigate the total PV/T performance of the system and the optimum operation mode of the system.
(4) A dynamic model of the PV-SAHP/HP system was presented. Using this model, the dynamic parameters of the PV/T collector/evaporator were predicted and analyzed under different intensities of solar irradiation. In addition, the instantaneous performances of the system were also simulated and studied.
根据冷却工质的不同,PV/T系统一般可划分为水冷型和风冷型PV/T系统。据研究表明,水冷型PV/T系统可获得比风冷型PV/T系统更好的太阳能综合利用效率,且更具有应用前景。但是传统的水冷型PV/T系统容易受到冻结,且冻结时会破坏PV/T模块板芯,导致系统不能正常运行,因此不能在高纬、寒冷地区使用。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种热管式PV/T系统(HP-PV/T)。该系统将热管传热技术与PV/T技术相结合,利用热管良好的防冻性能和超导热性能,间接地将PV/T模块内的热量传给冷却水,从而解决了PV/T模块的防冻问题,同时还可避免由于长期直接通水冷却而导致PV/T模块板芯遭受杂质的腐蚀,大大延长了模块的使用寿命。另外,本文还对热管式PV/T系统进行了拓展研究,提出了光伏-太阳能热泵/热管复合系统(PV-SAHP/HP)。该系统具有太阳能-热管制热水、太阳能-热泵制热水、太阳能-热泵采暖、空气源-热泵制冷、空气源-热泵辅助制热水和空气源-热泵辅助采暖等6种运行模式,可根据外界环境气象参数(太阳辐照、环境温度)以及用户的需求,进行单个模式的运行或多个模式的耦合运行,可以弥补传统太阳能利用系统中由于太阳能的间歇性特点而导致系统不能连续、稳定运行的不足,大大提高了系统的设备利用率和增强系统的实用性。
本文的研究工作主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)设计和搭建了热管式PV/T系统实验测试平台,并对系统分别采用两种不同热管间距(80mm和140mm)、两种不同集热器安装倾角(32°和45°)以及两种不同循环水流量(3.7L/min和10.0L/min)时的光电、光热以及综合性能进行对比测试研究。研究表明,热管式PV/T系统具有良好的光电、光热性能,其全天平均光热效率可达45.8%,平均光电效率可达11.2%,平均光电光热综合效率达到52.3%；减小热管间距和增大循环水流量有助于提高系统的光电光热综合性能；对于合肥地区,在相同的实验条件下,系统在32°的集热器安装倾角下获得比在45°的安装倾角下更高的综合性能。
(2)建立热管式PV/T系统动态数学模型,对系统的全天动态性能进行模拟计算,并与实验结果相对比。对比结果显示,理论计算结果与实验测量结果基本吻合。此外,利用验证后系统模型,对系统在不同循环水流量、不同光伏电池覆盖因子、不同热管间距以及不同电池基板涂层材料下的性能进行优化计算和研究分析,并对系统分别在香港、拉萨和北京地区使用时的全年性能进行模拟预测和研究分析。
(3)设计和搭建PV-SAHP/HP系统实验测试平台,对系统分别在东莞和香港地区运行时的性能进行测试研究,讨论和分析系统在热管运行模式和热泵运行模式下的瞬时动态性能变化以及全天的综合性能,并基于热力学第一能源效率和热力学第二能源效率的分析方法,对系统在这两种运行模式下的能源效率和火用效率进行研究分析,探讨最佳的系统耦合运行方式。
(4)建立PV-SAHP/HP系统动态数学模型,对不同太阳辐照强度下系统PVT集热器-蒸发器的动态参数变化情况进行模拟计算和研究分析,并对系统全天的动态性能变化情况进行仿真和研究分析。
The hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) technology refers to a technology that integrates a PV module and a solar thermal collector into one unit. A hybrid PV/T system can simultaneously generate electrical and thermal energies; hence, the effective rate of solar energy utilization per unit collecting area can be increased in this PV/T system. In addition, heat carriers, such as water or air, take up the heat extracted from PV cells and cool them, thereby improving the yield of electricity. Moreover, the PV module and the solar thermal collector are integrated into a PV/T collector. Hence, they can readily be made in standardized and module product, and are quite fit for the integration with the building.
According to type of the coolant, Hybrid PV/T systems are classified as the water-type and the air-type PV/T system. The previous investigations showed that, the water-type PV/T system can achieve higher total PV/T efficiency compared with that of the air-type PV/T system, and have an extensive future. However, a traditional water-type system is unsuitable to be used in the cold regions because of the freezing of the water, which will damage the PV/T collectors. Based on this account, a novel heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (HP-PV/T) system is presented here. In the HP-PV/T system, the heat pipes with very high thermal conduction are used to transfer the heat from the collectors to the water. As the heat pipe use the low boiling point refrigerant as its working fluid, thus freezing can be eliminated and corrosion can be reduced as well. Further more, a novel system named photovoltaic solar assisted heat pump/heat pipe (PV-SAHP/HP) system is also presented here. To focus on both actual demand and energy savings, the PV-SAHP/HP system is designed to be capable of operating in six different modes, namely, the heat-pipe solar water heating, solar-assisted heat pump water heating and space heating, air-source heat-pump water heating, space heating and cooling. According to the user's demand and the ambient parameters (such as solar radiation and ambient temperature), the system operates in an optimal mode, hence it can be considered to be a significant technology for energy savings. In addition, an air-cooled heat exchanger was used as an auxiliary evaporator of the heat pump, on overcast or rainy days, when the solar radiation is weak, the system can absorb energy from ambient air, hence offsetting the weaknesses of the traditional solar system.
The main works of this paper are summarized as follows:
(1) A HP-PV/T system test rig was designed and constructed, and comparative tests were performed to study the performance of the system under different conditions, such as tube spaces of heat pipes at80mm and140mm, tilt angles of the collectors installed at32°and45°, and volume flow rate of the circulating water of3.7L/min and10.0L/min. Experimental results showed that, the daily thermal efficiency, daily electrical efficiency and total PV/T efficiency of the HP-PV/T system can reach45.8%,11.2%and52.3%, respectively; the total PV/T efficiency of the system can be improved by reducing the tube space of the heat pipes or increasing the water flow rate; the collector installed at a tilt angle of32°yielded a better results than the collector installed at45°for the HP-PV/T system used in Hefei, China.
(2) A dynamic model was presented to predict the instantaneous performance of the HP-PV/T system. Experiments were also conducted to validate the simulation results, and the comparative result demonstrated that the simulated values agreed with the experimental results. Based on the validated model, the performances of the heat pipe PV/T system were studied under different parametric conditions, such as water flow rates, PV cell covering factor, tube space of heat pipes, and solar absorptive coatings materials of the absorber plate. Moreover, using this model, the annual electrical and thermal behavior of the HP-PV/T system used in three typical climate areas of China, namely, Hong Kong, Lhasa, and Beijing, were also predicted and analyzed.
(3) A PV-SAHP/HP system test rig was designed and constructed. A series of experiments were conducted in Dongguan and Hong Kong to study the instantaneous system performance when this system was operated in the heat-pipe and the solar-assisted heat-pump modes. Moreover, energy and exergy analyses were used to investigate the total PV/T performance of the system and the optimum operation mode of the system.
(4) A dynamic model of the PV-SAHP/HP system was presented. Using this model, the dynamic parameters of the PV/T collector/evaporator were predicted and analyzed under different intensities of solar irradiation. In addition, the instantaneous performances of the system were also simulated and studied.
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