《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第79条之研究
摘要
合同不履行后的免责问题是合同法上的重要问题。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》以国际公约的形式在其第79条中对因障碍而免责的问题进行了规定。本文在对该条中的有关条款的逐一分析和评论的基础上,结合对各国有关国内法的有关规则的介绍及其与公约第79条的比较,最后提出对公约第79条的修改建议和对我国国内法有关规则的改进的建议。
第一章是对非涉第三人的条款进行分析和评论。公约第79条的五个条款大致可以分为涉及第三人的条款(即第二款)和非涉第三人条款。由于第二款具有非常特殊的地位和重要性,而且对第二款的分析需要建立在对其他四款的分析基础上,因此,笔者将对第二款的分析和评论单独列为一章(第二章)进行探讨,并将其他四个条款放在第一章中进行分析和评论。在本章中,将会在结合立法史和有关案例以及学者观点的基础上,对有关条款中的词语进行解析并对适用上的相互关系等问题进行分析和评论。
第二章是对涉第三人条款的分析和评论。在这一部分,笔者同样在结合有关立法史和学者观点的基础上,着重对该条款中的第三人的范围进行分析,并在对该款中的两个条件的解析的基础上对该条款的理论价值和实践价值进行分析和评论。
第三章是对部分缔约国有关立法的介绍及与公约第79条的比较。由于在上面两章的分析中,笔者认为公约第79条还有不足之处需要予以改进。而,由于公约是一项国际公约,其修改必须得到缔约国的支持和同意,因此,笔者在本章中对有关国家的相关国内立法进行介绍并将其与公约第79条进行比较,为第四章中的修改建议的提出及其可行性研究做准备。在本章中,笔者选取了比较有代表性的德国、法国、瑞士以及美国的有关立法进行介绍和比较。
第四章是立法建议。本章包括了对公约第79条的修改建议及其可行性研究,也提出对我国国内有关法律的修改建议。
The issue of exemption for failure to perform a contract is a very important issue in contract law, because if the one who failure to perform a contract was be exempted, relative rules about responsibility of failure to perform a contract will become invalid. The article 79 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Good(sCISG) provides an international convention on the issue of failure to perform a contract which is due to an impediment. In this dissertation there are analysis and comments of each clause in this article on the basis of legislation history and cases about this article, introduction of relational rules in some countries' national law and some advices to perfect this article and relational rules in China's contract law.
ChapterⅠinclude analysis and comments for other four clauses of this article exclude the second clause which is involving the third party. The five clauses of this article can be divide to two part, involving third party clauses and not. Because the second clause which is about the issue of exemption involving the third party is very special and important and the analysis and comment for this clause is based on the analysis and comments of other four clauses, it is discussed in chapterⅡ. In chapterⅠ, I will integrate the history of legislation, cases of this article and ideas of some scholar in the resolution of some words in these clauses and comments of some issues.
ChapterⅡis about the second clause. In this part, I will pay more attention on discuss the range of the third party on the basis of legislation history and scholars' ideas. In this part, there are comments of this article's academic value and practical value on the basis of analysis of the two conditions in this clause.
ChapterⅢincludes analysis of relational rules in some contracting countries' national law and comparison of these rules with article 79. After analysis in upper two chapters, we can come to an conclusion that there are some shortages in article 79 which need to be perfected. And because CISG is an international law, any change of this convention need to be approved by Contracting States. The analysis and comparison in this chapter is a preparation for next chapter which is about advices to perfect this article and feasibility of those advices. In this chapter, I chose relational rules from Germany law, French law, Swiss law, American law and English law. Because these law are regarded to be representative around this world especially in the range of contract law.
ChapterⅣis about legislative advices. This chapter includes advices for article 79 and relational rules in China's contract law. In the first part, after give some advices to perfect article79, there is a discussion about the feasibility of those advices on the basis of ChapterⅢ. Because the relational rules in China's contract law are too simple and half-baked, advices to amend those rules will be supplied in the last part of this chapter.
第一章是对非涉第三人的条款进行分析和评论。公约第79条的五个条款大致可以分为涉及第三人的条款(即第二款)和非涉第三人条款。由于第二款具有非常特殊的地位和重要性,而且对第二款的分析需要建立在对其他四款的分析基础上,因此,笔者将对第二款的分析和评论单独列为一章(第二章)进行探讨,并将其他四个条款放在第一章中进行分析和评论。在本章中,将会在结合立法史和有关案例以及学者观点的基础上,对有关条款中的词语进行解析并对适用上的相互关系等问题进行分析和评论。
第二章是对涉第三人条款的分析和评论。在这一部分,笔者同样在结合有关立法史和学者观点的基础上,着重对该条款中的第三人的范围进行分析,并在对该款中的两个条件的解析的基础上对该条款的理论价值和实践价值进行分析和评论。
第三章是对部分缔约国有关立法的介绍及与公约第79条的比较。由于在上面两章的分析中,笔者认为公约第79条还有不足之处需要予以改进。而,由于公约是一项国际公约,其修改必须得到缔约国的支持和同意,因此,笔者在本章中对有关国家的相关国内立法进行介绍并将其与公约第79条进行比较,为第四章中的修改建议的提出及其可行性研究做准备。在本章中,笔者选取了比较有代表性的德国、法国、瑞士以及美国的有关立法进行介绍和比较。
第四章是立法建议。本章包括了对公约第79条的修改建议及其可行性研究,也提出对我国国内有关法律的修改建议。
The issue of exemption for failure to perform a contract is a very important issue in contract law, because if the one who failure to perform a contract was be exempted, relative rules about responsibility of failure to perform a contract will become invalid. The article 79 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Good(sCISG) provides an international convention on the issue of failure to perform a contract which is due to an impediment. In this dissertation there are analysis and comments of each clause in this article on the basis of legislation history and cases about this article, introduction of relational rules in some countries' national law and some advices to perfect this article and relational rules in China's contract law.
ChapterⅠinclude analysis and comments for other four clauses of this article exclude the second clause which is involving the third party. The five clauses of this article can be divide to two part, involving third party clauses and not. Because the second clause which is about the issue of exemption involving the third party is very special and important and the analysis and comment for this clause is based on the analysis and comments of other four clauses, it is discussed in chapterⅡ. In chapterⅠ, I will integrate the history of legislation, cases of this article and ideas of some scholar in the resolution of some words in these clauses and comments of some issues.
ChapterⅡis about the second clause. In this part, I will pay more attention on discuss the range of the third party on the basis of legislation history and scholars' ideas. In this part, there are comments of this article's academic value and practical value on the basis of analysis of the two conditions in this clause.
ChapterⅢincludes analysis of relational rules in some contracting countries' national law and comparison of these rules with article 79. After analysis in upper two chapters, we can come to an conclusion that there are some shortages in article 79 which need to be perfected. And because CISG is an international law, any change of this convention need to be approved by Contracting States. The analysis and comparison in this chapter is a preparation for next chapter which is about advices to perfect this article and feasibility of those advices. In this chapter, I chose relational rules from Germany law, French law, Swiss law, American law and English law. Because these law are regarded to be representative around this world especially in the range of contract law.
ChapterⅣis about legislative advices. This chapter includes advices for article 79 and relational rules in China's contract law. In the first part, after give some advices to perfect article79, there is a discussion about the feasibility of those advices on the basis of ChapterⅢ. Because the relational rules in China's contract law are too simple and half-baked, advices to amend those rules will be supplied in the last part of this chapter.
引文
① http://www.law.pace.edu/news/2007/CISG.html.
① 李巍.联合国国际货物销售合同公约评释[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.351.
② http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/dimatteo3.html#vi.
③ 本文中所引用的案例如果没有特别说明均来自http://www.unilex.info/dynasite.cfm?dssid=2376&dsmid=13356&x=1.
①中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会编.中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会裁决书汇编(1997 年卷)[Z].北京:法律出版社,2004. 2993-3000.
②同上,第 2102-2110 页。
①李巍.联合国国际货物销售合同公约评释[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.351.
①中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会编.中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会裁决书汇编(1997 年卷)[Z].北京:法律出版社,2004.1819-1824.
① John, O, Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law of International Sales [M].Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1989 .602.
② John ,O, Honnold. Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention [M]. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1987 .442.
① John ,O, Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law of International Sales [M].Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1989. 604.
②孙美兰.情事变动与契约理论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.213.
① http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/tallon-bb79.html.
② Pace Intenational Law Review. Review of the Convention On Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,2000-2001[C].Kluwer Law International, 2002.384.
①Pace Intenational Law Review. Review of the Convention On Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 2000-2001[C]. Kluwer Law International, 2002.384.
②孙美兰.情事变动与契约理论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.206.
③http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/secomm/secomm-79.html.
①参考 http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/anno-art-79.html#iss.
②转引自孙美兰.《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》免责规定研究[J].法学,2004,(12):72-82.
①在该条款的制定过程中就一直有建议将该条款。在 1980 年的外交会议上,删除该条款的建议仅以 22 比 23 的微弱劣势而被否决了。John,O, Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sale. Kluwer,1989. 633.
②http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/secomm/secomm-79.html.
③John,O,honnold. Uniform Law for International Sales Under the 1980 United Nations Convention [M]. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1982.440.
① John,o,Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sale[M].Kluwer,1989. 349.
② Id., p600.
① John,o,Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sale[M].Kluwer,1989. 600-601.
① “双重障碍规则”这一名称可见于:[英]Michael, Bridge. 国际货物销售法律与实务[M].林一飞等译,北京:法律出版社,2004.124.
①中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会编.中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会裁决书汇编(1995 年卷) [Z].北京:法律出版社,2004.1311-1316.
①以下所引有关《德国民法典》的法条均来自于陈卫佐.《德国民法典[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
②杜景林,卢谌.德国新债法研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004. 71.
①杜景林,卢谌.德国新给付障碍法研究[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2006. 27.
①尹田.法国现代合同法[M].北京:法律出版社,1994.314-316.
②罗结珍译.法国民法典[M].北京:法律出版社,2005.873-874.
① 万群.美国契约法理论的历史发展及思想渊源[A].载于梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》(6).北京:法律出版社,1997.465.
①孙新强.美国《统一商法典》及其正式评述[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.201.
②何宝玉.英国合同法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.632-633.
①韩世远.履行障碍法的体系[M].北京:法律出版社,2006.26.
①实际上,国内外已经有学者依据“只”被删除这一点而认为公约第 79 条还适用于一定的情事变更。见孙美兰.情事变动与契约理论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.210.
②韩世远.合同法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.435.
①胡锦涛. 携手建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界——二00六年新年贺词[EB/OL]. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/wjdt/zyjh/t228934.htm.
[1]陈安,主编.国际经济法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[2]陈安,主编.国际经济法学专论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[3] 杜景林,卢谌.德国新给付障碍法研究[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2006.
[4] 杜景林,卢谌.德国新债法研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[5] 韩世远.履行障碍法的体系[M].北京:法律出版社,2006.
[6] 韩世远.合同法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[7] 何宝玉.英国合同法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.
[8] 李巍.联合国国际货物销售合同公约评释[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[9] 单文华,主编.国际贸易法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
[10] 劭建东,孟翰,牛文怡.德国债法现代化法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.
[11] 沈木珠.国际贸易法研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[12] 孙美兰.情事变动与契约理论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[13] 王军.美国合同法[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2004.
[14] 王利明.违约责任论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.
[15] 邢颖.违约责任[M].北京:中国法制出版社,1999.
[16] 尹田.法国现代合同法[M].北京:法律出版社,1995.
[17][德]迪特尔·梅迪库斯.德国债法总论[M].杜景林,卢谌译,北京:法律出版社,2004.
[18] [英]Michael, Bridge.国际货物销售法律与实务[M].林一飞等译,北京:法律出版社,2004.
[19] [英] A.L.科宾.科宾论合同[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998.
[20] John ,O, Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law of International Sales [M]. Hague: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1989.
[21] John O Honnold. Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention[M].Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers,1987.
[1] 黄洁.浅析《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第 79 条[J].国际商务研究,2005,(5).
[2] 何丹.试论违约责任的免除[J].理论月刊,2001,(8).
[3] 谭启平,龚军伟.不可抗力与合同中的民事责任承担[J].河北法学,2002,5).
[4] 孙美兰.《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》免责规定之研究[J].法学,2004,(12).
[5] 徐来.合同相对性原则的现代发展新论[J].特区经济,2005,(12).
[6]虞汪日.论《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》违约损害赔偿基本原则[J].武汉科技学院学报,2005,(7).
[7] 杨霄玉.第三人侵害债权若干问题浅析[J].经济论坛,2006,(1).
[8] 张金海.作为免责事由的_障碍_在 CISG 中的适用[J].法学,2006,(8).
[9] 周新军.违约责任归责原则中的经济与道德分析[J].政法学刊,2005,(8).
[10] 朱广东.情事变更原则国际法渊源辨析——兼论《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第 79 条的性质[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报哲学社会科学版,2003,(9).
[1]陈卫佐.德国民法典.北京:法律出版社,2004.
[2]罗结珍.法国民法典.北京:法律出版社,2005.
[3]刘颖,吕国民,编.国际经济法资料选编(上册).北京:中信出版社,2004.
[4]商务部条约法律司,编译.国际商事合同通则.北京:法律出版社,2004.
[5]吴兆祥,石佳友,孙淑妍等译.瑞士债法典.北京:法律出版社,2002.
[6]美国法学会,美国统一州法委员会.美国《统一商法典》及其正式评注.孙新强译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[7] Pace Intenational Law Review. Review of the Convention On Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,2000-2001[C].Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002.
Unilex on CISG. http://www.unilex.info/dynasite.cfm?dssid=2376&dsmid=14315.
Pace law school. http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/e-text-79.html.
① 李巍.联合国国际货物销售合同公约评释[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.351.
② http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/dimatteo3.html#vi.
③ 本文中所引用的案例如果没有特别说明均来自http://www.unilex.info/dynasite.cfm?dssid=2376&dsmid=13356&x=1.
①中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会编.中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会裁决书汇编(1997 年卷)[Z].北京:法律出版社,2004. 2993-3000.
②同上,第 2102-2110 页。
①李巍.联合国国际货物销售合同公约评释[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.351.
①中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会编.中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会裁决书汇编(1997 年卷)[Z].北京:法律出版社,2004.1819-1824.
① John, O, Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law of International Sales [M].Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1989 .602.
② John ,O, Honnold. Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention [M]. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1987 .442.
① John ,O, Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law of International Sales [M].Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1989. 604.
②孙美兰.情事变动与契约理论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.213.
① http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/tallon-bb79.html.
② Pace Intenational Law Review. Review of the Convention On Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,2000-2001[C].Kluwer Law International, 2002.384.
①Pace Intenational Law Review. Review of the Convention On Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 2000-2001[C]. Kluwer Law International, 2002.384.
②孙美兰.情事变动与契约理论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.206.
③http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/secomm/secomm-79.html.
①参考 http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/anno-art-79.html#iss.
②转引自孙美兰.《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》免责规定研究[J].法学,2004,(12):72-82.
①在该条款的制定过程中就一直有建议将该条款。在 1980 年的外交会议上,删除该条款的建议仅以 22 比 23 的微弱劣势而被否决了。John,O, Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sale. Kluwer,1989. 633.
②http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/secomm/secomm-79.html.
③John,O,honnold. Uniform Law for International Sales Under the 1980 United Nations Convention [M]. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1982.440.
① John,o,Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sale[M].Kluwer,1989. 349.
② Id., p600.
① John,o,Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law for International Sale[M].Kluwer,1989. 600-601.
① “双重障碍规则”这一名称可见于:[英]Michael, Bridge. 国际货物销售法律与实务[M].林一飞等译,北京:法律出版社,2004.124.
①中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会编.中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会裁决书汇编(1995 年卷) [Z].北京:法律出版社,2004.1311-1316.
①以下所引有关《德国民法典》的法条均来自于陈卫佐.《德国民法典[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
②杜景林,卢谌.德国新债法研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004. 71.
①杜景林,卢谌.德国新给付障碍法研究[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2006. 27.
①尹田.法国现代合同法[M].北京:法律出版社,1994.314-316.
②罗结珍译.法国民法典[M].北京:法律出版社,2005.873-874.
① 万群.美国契约法理论的历史发展及思想渊源[A].载于梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》(6).北京:法律出版社,1997.465.
①孙新强.美国《统一商法典》及其正式评述[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.201.
②何宝玉.英国合同法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.632-633.
①韩世远.履行障碍法的体系[M].北京:法律出版社,2006.26.
①实际上,国内外已经有学者依据“只”被删除这一点而认为公约第 79 条还适用于一定的情事变更。见孙美兰.情事变动与契约理论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.210.
②韩世远.合同法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.435.
①胡锦涛. 携手建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界——二00六年新年贺词[EB/OL]. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/wjdt/zyjh/t228934.htm.
[1]陈安,主编.国际经济法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[2]陈安,主编.国际经济法学专论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[3] 杜景林,卢谌.德国新给付障碍法研究[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2006.
[4] 杜景林,卢谌.德国新债法研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[5] 韩世远.履行障碍法的体系[M].北京:法律出版社,2006.
[6] 韩世远.合同法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[7] 何宝玉.英国合同法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.
[8] 李巍.联合国国际货物销售合同公约评释[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[9] 单文华,主编.国际贸易法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
[10] 劭建东,孟翰,牛文怡.德国债法现代化法[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.
[11] 沈木珠.国际贸易法研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[12] 孙美兰.情事变动与契约理论[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[13] 王军.美国合同法[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2004.
[14] 王利明.违约责任论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.
[15] 邢颖.违约责任[M].北京:中国法制出版社,1999.
[16] 尹田.法国现代合同法[M].北京:法律出版社,1995.
[17][德]迪特尔·梅迪库斯.德国债法总论[M].杜景林,卢谌译,北京:法律出版社,2004.
[18] [英]Michael, Bridge.国际货物销售法律与实务[M].林一飞等译,北京:法律出版社,2004.
[19] [英] A.L.科宾.科宾论合同[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998.
[20] John ,O, Honnold. Documentary History of the Uniform Law of International Sales [M]. Hague: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers ,1989.
[21] John O Honnold. Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention[M].Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers,1987.
[1] 黄洁.浅析《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第 79 条[J].国际商务研究,2005,(5).
[2] 何丹.试论违约责任的免除[J].理论月刊,2001,(8).
[3] 谭启平,龚军伟.不可抗力与合同中的民事责任承担[J].河北法学,2002,5).
[4] 孙美兰.《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》免责规定之研究[J].法学,2004,(12).
[5] 徐来.合同相对性原则的现代发展新论[J].特区经济,2005,(12).
[6]虞汪日.论《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》违约损害赔偿基本原则[J].武汉科技学院学报,2005,(7).
[7] 杨霄玉.第三人侵害债权若干问题浅析[J].经济论坛,2006,(1).
[8] 张金海.作为免责事由的_障碍_在 CISG 中的适用[J].法学,2006,(8).
[9] 周新军.违约责任归责原则中的经济与道德分析[J].政法学刊,2005,(8).
[10] 朱广东.情事变更原则国际法渊源辨析——兼论《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第 79 条的性质[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报哲学社会科学版,2003,(9).
[1]陈卫佐.德国民法典.北京:法律出版社,2004.
[2]罗结珍.法国民法典.北京:法律出版社,2005.
[3]刘颖,吕国民,编.国际经济法资料选编(上册).北京:中信出版社,2004.
[4]商务部条约法律司,编译.国际商事合同通则.北京:法律出版社,2004.
[5]吴兆祥,石佳友,孙淑妍等译.瑞士债法典.北京:法律出版社,2002.
[6]美国法学会,美国统一州法委员会.美国《统一商法典》及其正式评注.孙新强译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[7] Pace Intenational Law Review. Review of the Convention On Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,2000-2001[C].Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002.
Unilex on CISG. http://www.unilex.info/dynasite.cfm?dssid=2376&dsmid=14315.
Pace law school. http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/e-text-79.html.