日本留学生心理词典的词汇通达
|
摘要
本研究的主要目的是通过考察“同形”对汉语词汇加工的影响，来讨论以汉语为第二语言的日本留学生的心理词典表征结构，从而建构其词汇加工模型。研究中我们以双音节汉日同形同义词，同形异义词、异形词为材料，采用了语音判断任务和语义判断任务，以反应时和错误率两个指标作为测量变量加以考察。实验结果表明：词形和学习者的汉语水平都影响到心理词典表征结构以及词汇通达模式。不同汉语水平的学习者有不同的词汇加工策略和不同的心理词典结构，同一汉语水平的学习者加工不同类型的词时也有不同的加工策略。
This paper examines orthography similarity effect in two groups of Japanese learners of Chinese .The purpose of the research was to investigate how words was accessed and stored in two mental lexicon. With the material of two-character words whose orthography are similar or unsimilar in both Chinese and Japanese, two experiments was used to investigate phonology and semantic processing in the word level .The results suggest that the depth of individual word knowledge affect the patterns of lexical representation. And the learners shift their method of accessing and storing language information as their language proficiency developed.
Lijing (Second language acquisition) Directed by Prof. Gaoliqun
This paper examines orthography similarity effect in two groups of Japanese learners of Chinese .The purpose of the research was to investigate how words was accessed and stored in two mental lexicon. With the material of two-character words whose orthography are similar or unsimilar in both Chinese and Japanese, two experiments was used to investigate phonology and semantic processing in the word level .The results suggest that the depth of individual word knowledge affect the patterns of lexical representation. And the learners shift their method of accessing and storing language information as their language proficiency developed.
Lijing (Second language acquisition) Directed by Prof. Gaoliqun
引文
1．毕彦超、周晓林、舒华，1998，心理词典中不同表征间的激活扩散，《心理学报》第3期
2．陈宝国、彭聃龄，2001a，汉字识别中形音义激活时间进程的研究，《心理学报》第1期
3．陈宝国、彭聃龄，2001b，汉语双字多义词的识别优势效应，《心理学报》第4期
4．方俊明，2002，双语获得的认知过程与浸入式教学的理论基础，《心理学报》第2期
5．高立群，2000，语音在汉语语义通达中作用的实验研究，《语言教学与研究》第2期
6．桂诗春，1992，认知与外语学习，《外语教学与研究》第4期
7．蒋祖康，1999，第二语言习得研究，外语教学与研究出版社
8．芝田稔，关于汉语和日语的汉语词汇，《第三届国际汉语教学讨论会论文选》
9．宋华、张厚粲、舒华，1995，在中文阅读中字音、字形的作用及其发展转换，《心理学报》第2期
10．王顺洪、西川和男，1995，中日汉字异同及其对日本人学习汉语之影响，《世界汉语教学》，第2期
11．张厚粲、舒华，1989，汉字读音中的音似和形似启动效应，《心理学报》第3期
12．周晓林，1997，语义激活中语音的有限作用，《汉语认知研究》彭聃龄、舒华、陈亘之编，山东教育出版社
13．彭聃龄、舒华、陈亘主编，《汉语认知研究》山东教育出版社，1997
14．彭聃龄、徐世勇、Marcus Taft、刘颖，2002，汉语双字词识别中的多音字效应，《心理学报》增刊
15. Altarriba,J.& K. M. Mathis. (1997). Conceptual and lexical development in second language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 36: 550-568.
16. Anooshian, L.J.& Hertel,P.T., (1994). Emotionality in free recall: Language specificity in bilingual memory. Cognition and Emotion. 8(6): 503-514.
17. Brent Wolter.(2001)Comparing the L1 and L2 mental lexicon:A depth of individual word knowledge model. SSLA, 23, 41-69. Printed in the United States of America.
18. Carr T H, Pollatsek A. (1985)Recognizing printed words: A look at correct models. In: D Besner, T G Waller, E MacKinnon ed. Reading Research: Advances in theory and practice. New York: Academic press. 5,1-82
19. Channell, J. (1990). Vocabulary acquisition and the mental lexicon. In J. Tomasczyk & B. Lewandowska-Tomasczyk(Eds.), Meaning and lexicography (pp. 21-31). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
20. Chen H.C. & C. Ho. (1986). Development of Stroop interference in Chinese-English Bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 3:397-401.
21. Coltheart, M.,Davelaar E, et al. (1977)Access to the internal lexicon. In: Dornic ed. Attention and performance Ⅵ,San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 534-555.
22. Daneman,M.Stainton. M. (1991)Phonological Recoding in Silent Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: :Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 17(4):618-632
23. Daneman,M., Reingold, E.,(1993)What Eye Fixations Tell Us About Phonological Recording During Reading. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,47(2:)153-178
24. Daneman,M., Reingold, E., &Davidson, M. (1995).Time course of phonological activation during reading: Evidence from eye fixations. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21(4),884-898.
25. Hirose, H. 1992,Recognition of verbs, abstract nouns ,and concrete nouns from the left and right visual half-fields.Neuropsychologia 14.211-216
26. Joseph F. Kess&Tadao Miyamoto,(1999).The Japanese Mental Lexicon:Psycholinguistic Studies of Kana and Kanji processing .John Benjamins Publishing Company.
27. Keatley CW., Spinks J.A.,& De Gelder J.A. (1994). Asymmetrical cross-language priming effects. Memory and Cognition, 22: 70-84.
28. Kess&Miyamoto,(1996).Psycholinguistic aspects of Hanji processing in Chines".Mon-Khmer Studies 27.349-359
29. Kolers, P. A.(1963).Interlingual word associations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2:291-300.
30. Kolers, P.A. & Gonzalez. (1980). Memory for words, synonyms, and Translations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(1): 53-65.
31. Leck,K.J., Weekes, B.S., &M.J.Chen.(1995).Visual and Phonological pathways to the lexicon: Evidence from Chinese readers. Memory&Cognition, 23,468-476.
32. Lukatela,G., &Turvey, M.T. (1994).Visual lexical access is initially phonological: Evidence
from associative priming by works, homophones, and pseudohomophones. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123,107-128.
33. Markus Brauer (1998) Stroop Interference in Bilinguals: The Role of Similarity Between the Two Languages. In Foreign Language Learning. Alice F. Healy & Lyle E. Bourne(Ed.) NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associaties.
34. Magiste, E. (1984). Stroop tasks and dichotic translation: The development of interference patterns in bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 10,304-315.
35. Meara, P. (1982). Word association in a foreign language: A report on the Birkbeck Vocabulary Project. Nottingham Linguistic Circular, 11, 29-37.
36. Meara, P. (1984). The study of lexis in interlanguage. In A. Davies, A. Howart, & C. Criper (Eds.),lnterlanguage (pp. 225 - 235). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
37. Miyamoto&Kess,(1995).The Japanese brain:Information processing in the right vs. left hemispheres ".Proceedings of the Japan studies association of Canada .Victoria,Sptember30
38. Paivio, A.; Clark,J.M.; & Lambert, W.E.(1988). Bilingual Dual-Coding Theory and semantic representation effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 14(1): 163-172.)
39. Perfetti,C.A.,&Zhang,S.,&Berent, I.(1992)Reading in English and Chinese Evidence for a "universal" phonological principle In R.Frost &L.Katz(Eds.),"Orthography,phonology, morphology, and meaning "Advance in psychology vol. 94.(pp.227-248),Amsterdam North-Holand
40. Perfetti,C.A.,&Zhang,S. (1995) .Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition,21,24-33.
41. Postman, L. (1970). The California norms: Association as a function of word frequency. In L. Postman& G. Keppel (Eds.), Norms of word association (pp. 241- 320). New York: Academic Press.
42. Rubenstein H, Lewis S S, Rubenstein M A. (1971) .Evidence for Phonemic recoding in visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10:647-657.
43. Sakuma, Itoh&Sasanuma,(1989).Recognition units of kanji words: Priming effects on Kanji Recognition.Shinrigaku Kenkyu60. 1-8
44. Sandra,D.(1994)The morphology of the mental lexicon:Internal word structure viewed from a
psycholinguistics perspective.Language and Cognitive Processes, 9(3),227-269
45. Sasanuma, (1992)Neuropsychology of reading :Universal and Language-specific features of reading impairment. International Perspective on psychological science. Vol1, 105-125
46. Smith F. (1971)Understanding Reading: A Psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to read. NY: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.
47. Stolz, W. S., & Tiffany, J. (1972). The production of "child like" word associations by adults to unfamiliaradjectives. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 38-46.
48. Tan L H, Hoosain R ,Peng D L.(1995).Role of early presemantic phonological code in Chinese character identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,Memory and Cognition,21:34-42.
49. Tan L H,&Perfetti C.A.(1997).Visual Chinese character recognition :Does phonological information mediate access to meaning .Journal of Memory and Language.37:41-57.
50. Taft M, Fiona van Graan. (1998)Lack of phonological mediation in semantic categorization task. Journal of Memory and Language. 38:203-224
51. Taft M ,Huang J, Zhu X, (1994).The influence of character frequency on word recognition responses in Chinese.In H W Chang,J T huang,C W Hue,O Tzeng ed. Advances in the study of Chinese language processing. Volume 1.
52. Taylor, I. (1971). How are words from two languages organized in bilinguals memory? Canadian Journal of Psychology. 25(3): 228-240.
53. Tzeng O J L, Hung D L, Wang W S Y.(1977) Speech Recoding in Reading Chinese Characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3:621-630
54. Van Orden G C. (1987),A ROWS is a ROSE:Spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 15: 181-198.
55. Van Orden G C.,Pennington B F, Stone G O. (1997)Word identification in reading and the promise of sub symbolic Psycholinguistics. Psychological Review, 488-522
56. Wydell TN, Butterworth B ,Patterson K.(1995).The inconsistency of consistence effects in reading: The case of Japanese Kanji. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition.21:1155-1168
57. Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. (1994) Words, morphemes and syllables in the Chinese mental lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processing, 9:393-423
58. Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. (1996).Direct visual access is the only way to access the Chinese mental lexicon.In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Cognitive Science Society.
2．陈宝国、彭聃龄，2001a，汉字识别中形音义激活时间进程的研究，《心理学报》第1期
3．陈宝国、彭聃龄，2001b，汉语双字多义词的识别优势效应，《心理学报》第4期
4．方俊明，2002，双语获得的认知过程与浸入式教学的理论基础，《心理学报》第2期
5．高立群，2000，语音在汉语语义通达中作用的实验研究，《语言教学与研究》第2期
6．桂诗春，1992，认知与外语学习，《外语教学与研究》第4期
7．蒋祖康，1999，第二语言习得研究，外语教学与研究出版社
8．芝田稔，关于汉语和日语的汉语词汇，《第三届国际汉语教学讨论会论文选》
9．宋华、张厚粲、舒华，1995，在中文阅读中字音、字形的作用及其发展转换，《心理学报》第2期
10．王顺洪、西川和男，1995，中日汉字异同及其对日本人学习汉语之影响，《世界汉语教学》，第2期
11．张厚粲、舒华，1989，汉字读音中的音似和形似启动效应，《心理学报》第3期
12．周晓林，1997，语义激活中语音的有限作用，《汉语认知研究》彭聃龄、舒华、陈亘之编，山东教育出版社
13．彭聃龄、舒华、陈亘主编，《汉语认知研究》山东教育出版社，1997
14．彭聃龄、徐世勇、Marcus Taft、刘颖，2002，汉语双字词识别中的多音字效应，《心理学报》增刊
15. Altarriba,J.& K. M. Mathis. (1997). Conceptual and lexical development in second language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 36: 550-568.
16. Anooshian, L.J.& Hertel,P.T., (1994). Emotionality in free recall: Language specificity in bilingual memory. Cognition and Emotion. 8(6): 503-514.
17. Brent Wolter.(2001)Comparing the L1 and L2 mental lexicon:A depth of individual word knowledge model. SSLA, 23, 41-69. Printed in the United States of America.
18. Carr T H, Pollatsek A. (1985)Recognizing printed words: A look at correct models. In: D Besner, T G Waller, E MacKinnon ed. Reading Research: Advances in theory and practice. New York: Academic press. 5,1-82
19. Channell, J. (1990). Vocabulary acquisition and the mental lexicon. In J. Tomasczyk & B. Lewandowska-Tomasczyk(Eds.), Meaning and lexicography (pp. 21-31). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
20. Chen H.C. & C. Ho. (1986). Development of Stroop interference in Chinese-English Bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 3:397-401.
21. Coltheart, M.,Davelaar E, et al. (1977)Access to the internal lexicon. In: Dornic ed. Attention and performance Ⅵ,San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 534-555.
22. Daneman,M.Stainton. M. (1991)Phonological Recoding in Silent Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: :Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 17(4):618-632
23. Daneman,M., Reingold, E.,(1993)What Eye Fixations Tell Us About Phonological Recording During Reading. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,47(2:)153-178
24. Daneman,M., Reingold, E., &Davidson, M. (1995).Time course of phonological activation during reading: Evidence from eye fixations. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21(4),884-898.
25. Hirose, H. 1992,Recognition of verbs, abstract nouns ,and concrete nouns from the left and right visual half-fields.Neuropsychologia 14.211-216
26. Joseph F. Kess&Tadao Miyamoto,(1999).The Japanese Mental Lexicon:Psycholinguistic Studies of Kana and Kanji processing .John Benjamins Publishing Company.
27. Keatley CW., Spinks J.A.,& De Gelder J.A. (1994). Asymmetrical cross-language priming effects. Memory and Cognition, 22: 70-84.
28. Kess&Miyamoto,(1996).Psycholinguistic aspects of Hanji processing in Chines".Mon-Khmer Studies 27.349-359
29. Kolers, P. A.(1963).Interlingual word associations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2:291-300.
30. Kolers, P.A. & Gonzalez. (1980). Memory for words, synonyms, and Translations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(1): 53-65.
31. Leck,K.J., Weekes, B.S., &M.J.Chen.(1995).Visual and Phonological pathways to the lexicon: Evidence from Chinese readers. Memory&Cognition, 23,468-476.
32. Lukatela,G., &Turvey, M.T. (1994).Visual lexical access is initially phonological: Evidence
from associative priming by works, homophones, and pseudohomophones. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123,107-128.
33. Markus Brauer (1998) Stroop Interference in Bilinguals: The Role of Similarity Between the Two Languages. In Foreign Language Learning. Alice F. Healy & Lyle E. Bourne(Ed.) NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associaties.
34. Magiste, E. (1984). Stroop tasks and dichotic translation: The development of interference patterns in bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 10,304-315.
35. Meara, P. (1982). Word association in a foreign language: A report on the Birkbeck Vocabulary Project. Nottingham Linguistic Circular, 11, 29-37.
36. Meara, P. (1984). The study of lexis in interlanguage. In A. Davies, A. Howart, & C. Criper (Eds.),lnterlanguage (pp. 225 - 235). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
37. Miyamoto&Kess,(1995).The Japanese brain:Information processing in the right vs. left hemispheres ".Proceedings of the Japan studies association of Canada .Victoria,Sptember30
38. Paivio, A.; Clark,J.M.; & Lambert, W.E.(1988). Bilingual Dual-Coding Theory and semantic representation effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 14(1): 163-172.)
39. Perfetti,C.A.,&Zhang,S.,&Berent, I.(1992)Reading in English and Chinese Evidence for a "universal" phonological principle In R.Frost &L.Katz(Eds.),"Orthography,phonology, morphology, and meaning "Advance in psychology vol. 94.(pp.227-248),Amsterdam North-Holand
40. Perfetti,C.A.,&Zhang,S. (1995) .Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition,21,24-33.
41. Postman, L. (1970). The California norms: Association as a function of word frequency. In L. Postman& G. Keppel (Eds.), Norms of word association (pp. 241- 320). New York: Academic Press.
42. Rubenstein H, Lewis S S, Rubenstein M A. (1971) .Evidence for Phonemic recoding in visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10:647-657.
43. Sakuma, Itoh&Sasanuma,(1989).Recognition units of kanji words: Priming effects on Kanji Recognition.Shinrigaku Kenkyu60. 1-8
44. Sandra,D.(1994)The morphology of the mental lexicon:Internal word structure viewed from a
psycholinguistics perspective.Language and Cognitive Processes, 9(3),227-269
45. Sasanuma, (1992)Neuropsychology of reading :Universal and Language-specific features of reading impairment. International Perspective on psychological science. Vol1, 105-125
46. Smith F. (1971)Understanding Reading: A Psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to read. NY: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.
47. Stolz, W. S., & Tiffany, J. (1972). The production of "child like" word associations by adults to unfamiliaradjectives. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 38-46.
48. Tan L H, Hoosain R ,Peng D L.(1995).Role of early presemantic phonological code in Chinese character identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,Memory and Cognition,21:34-42.
49. Tan L H,&Perfetti C.A.(1997).Visual Chinese character recognition :Does phonological information mediate access to meaning .Journal of Memory and Language.37:41-57.
50. Taft M, Fiona van Graan. (1998)Lack of phonological mediation in semantic categorization task. Journal of Memory and Language. 38:203-224
51. Taft M ,Huang J, Zhu X, (1994).The influence of character frequency on word recognition responses in Chinese.In H W Chang,J T huang,C W Hue,O Tzeng ed. Advances in the study of Chinese language processing. Volume 1.
52. Taylor, I. (1971). How are words from two languages organized in bilinguals memory? Canadian Journal of Psychology. 25(3): 228-240.
53. Tzeng O J L, Hung D L, Wang W S Y.(1977) Speech Recoding in Reading Chinese Characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3:621-630
54. Van Orden G C. (1987),A ROWS is a ROSE:Spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 15: 181-198.
55. Van Orden G C.,Pennington B F, Stone G O. (1997)Word identification in reading and the promise of sub symbolic Psycholinguistics. Psychological Review, 488-522
56. Wydell TN, Butterworth B ,Patterson K.(1995).The inconsistency of consistence effects in reading: The case of Japanese Kanji. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition.21:1155-1168
57. Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. (1994) Words, morphemes and syllables in the Chinese mental lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processing, 9:393-423
58. Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. (1996).Direct visual access is the only way to access the Chinese mental lexicon.In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Cognitive Science Society.