新疆昌吉州农业非点源污染综合评价及防治措施研究
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摘要
农业非点源污染是我国水环境恶化的主要因素之一，农业非点源污染控制的研究日益受到重视。本文研究在总结国内外非点源污染控制技术的研究进展文献的基础上，以流域管理为研究目标，昌吉州为研究对象，采用等标污染负荷法计算了村镇地表径流、生活污水、畜禽粪尿、水产养殖业、化肥等污染源的污染排放量、等标污染负荷、等标污染负荷比、等标污染指数，并根据不同类型农业非点源的污染特征，提出了相应的控制措施及治理对策。主要取得以下结论：
(1)通过国内外农村非点源研究进展的回顾，确定了水环境现状调查与评价、区域点源贡献分析、非点源污染评价的研究技术路线。
(2)将农村非点源污染分解为村镇地表径流、生活污水、畜禽粪尿、水产养殖业、化肥等污染源等类型，细化了农村非点源污染研究内容。通过农村非点源污染的计算，得出昌吉州农村非点源污染的主要来源为畜禽粪便(49．22％)，其次分别为农用化肥、村镇地表径流、生活污水以及水产养殖业的非点源排放，每年至少造成85707吨COD、27580吨TN和3084吨TP流失。
(3)确立了包括污染物放量、等标污染负荷、等标污染负荷比、等标污染指数等农村非点源污染的等标污染负荷计算方法，以及基于等标污染负荷的农村非点源污染综合评价方法。通过不同县(市)、不同污染物的等标污染负荷计算，得出昌吉州COD、TN和TP等不同污染物非点源贡献率分别为9.12％、58.27％和32.59％，昌吉市和奇台县是昌吉州COD等标污染负荷最多的地区，其负荷量分别占全州总负荷量的18.63％和17.72％，是昌吉州农村非点源污染负荷最重的地区。
(4)在农村非点源评价的基础上，提出了从源头和径流过程减少非点源污染是有效控制流域非点源污染的重要途径，配套进行法规、政策、经济和宣传教育等管理是控制流域非点源污染的重要补充的农村非点源控制思想，并提出了昌吉州村镇地表径流、生活污水、畜禽粪尿、水产养殖业、化肥等农村非点源污染的防治的一系列技术措施。
Agricultural Non-point Pollution Source is an important source of the water environment deterioration in China. The research about the controlling of agricultural non-point pollution source has been attached much importance increasingly. Based on the recent researches of controlling agricultural non-point pollution source carried in China and Overseas, The Equal Standard Pollution, the emission amount of pollutants, Equal Standard Pollution Index and Equal Standard Pollution ratio of Rural Residential Runoff, Pollutant discharge amount of domestic living, discharge amount of animal's feces, discharge amount of aquacultures, discharge amount of chemical fertilizers were calculated by using The Equal Standard Pollution Load Method for the purpose of administration of drainage area in this paper. And according the non-point pollution characters of different pollution sources, the relevant controlling measure and countermeasures were brought forwards. Results showed below:
This paper studied these objects, including Rural Residential Runoff, Pollutant discharge amount of domestic living, discharge amount of animal's feces, discharge amount of aquacultures, discharge amount of chemical fertilizers. According to results, The non-point pollution sources of three cities and five counties in Changji prefecture were categorized and evaluated. Results were showed below:
(1) The way of studying technics on water environment actuality research and avaluation, analysis of regional point source contribution, non-point pollution source avaluation were confirmed on the basis of rencent researches about rural non-point pollution source in China and overseas.
(2) The Rural non-point pollution sources were devided into Rural Residential Runoff, Polluted water of domestic living, animal's feces, aquacultures, chemical fertilizers, these particularized the content of non-point pollution source. By the calculating of rural non-point polution source, the non-point pollution sources were resulted as: The main rural non-point pollution resource of Changji prefecture was animal's feces(49.22%), after that chemical fertilizers, Rural Residential Runoff, Polluted water of domestic living, and aquacultures. The annual total emitted amount of total COD are 85707t, azotes are 27508t and the total phosphors are 3084t.
(3) The calculating method of The Equal Standard Pollution, the emission amount of pollutants, Equal Standard Pollution Index and Equal Standard Pollution ratio, rural non-point pollution souce colligation avaluating method of The Equal Standard Pollution was confirmed. By calulating The Equal pollutant standard, The contribution of COD, TN and TP of different pollutant of different counties were 9.12%、58.27% and 32.59% , respectively. The Equal standard pollutant Load was the highest in Changji city and Qitai county, accounted for 18.63%, 17.72% in total Equal standard pollutant Load in Changji prefecture, belonged to the most loaded area of non-point pollution source in Chanji.
(4) On the basis of rural non-point pollution source avaluation, the most effective way to decrease the non-point pollution is from the sources to the pathways, in drainage areas. In virtue of corresponding Rule of law, policy, economy, propaganda and education, the effect of controlling non-point source pollution must be ensured. Also, the series technology of controlling the rural runoff, polluted water of domestic living, animal feces, aquacultures and chemical fertilizers.
(1)通过国内外农村非点源研究进展的回顾，确定了水环境现状调查与评价、区域点源贡献分析、非点源污染评价的研究技术路线。
(2)将农村非点源污染分解为村镇地表径流、生活污水、畜禽粪尿、水产养殖业、化肥等污染源等类型，细化了农村非点源污染研究内容。通过农村非点源污染的计算，得出昌吉州农村非点源污染的主要来源为畜禽粪便(49．22％)，其次分别为农用化肥、村镇地表径流、生活污水以及水产养殖业的非点源排放，每年至少造成85707吨COD、27580吨TN和3084吨TP流失。
(3)确立了包括污染物放量、等标污染负荷、等标污染负荷比、等标污染指数等农村非点源污染的等标污染负荷计算方法，以及基于等标污染负荷的农村非点源污染综合评价方法。通过不同县(市)、不同污染物的等标污染负荷计算，得出昌吉州COD、TN和TP等不同污染物非点源贡献率分别为9.12％、58.27％和32.59％，昌吉市和奇台县是昌吉州COD等标污染负荷最多的地区，其负荷量分别占全州总负荷量的18.63％和17.72％，是昌吉州农村非点源污染负荷最重的地区。
(4)在农村非点源评价的基础上，提出了从源头和径流过程减少非点源污染是有效控制流域非点源污染的重要途径，配套进行法规、政策、经济和宣传教育等管理是控制流域非点源污染的重要补充的农村非点源控制思想，并提出了昌吉州村镇地表径流、生活污水、畜禽粪尿、水产养殖业、化肥等农村非点源污染的防治的一系列技术措施。
Agricultural Non-point Pollution Source is an important source of the water environment deterioration in China. The research about the controlling of agricultural non-point pollution source has been attached much importance increasingly. Based on the recent researches of controlling agricultural non-point pollution source carried in China and Overseas, The Equal Standard Pollution, the emission amount of pollutants, Equal Standard Pollution Index and Equal Standard Pollution ratio of Rural Residential Runoff, Pollutant discharge amount of domestic living, discharge amount of animal's feces, discharge amount of aquacultures, discharge amount of chemical fertilizers were calculated by using The Equal Standard Pollution Load Method for the purpose of administration of drainage area in this paper. And according the non-point pollution characters of different pollution sources, the relevant controlling measure and countermeasures were brought forwards. Results showed below:
This paper studied these objects, including Rural Residential Runoff, Pollutant discharge amount of domestic living, discharge amount of animal's feces, discharge amount of aquacultures, discharge amount of chemical fertilizers. According to results, The non-point pollution sources of three cities and five counties in Changji prefecture were categorized and evaluated. Results were showed below:
(1) The way of studying technics on water environment actuality research and avaluation, analysis of regional point source contribution, non-point pollution source avaluation were confirmed on the basis of rencent researches about rural non-point pollution source in China and overseas.
(2) The Rural non-point pollution sources were devided into Rural Residential Runoff, Polluted water of domestic living, animal's feces, aquacultures, chemical fertilizers, these particularized the content of non-point pollution source. By the calculating of rural non-point polution source, the non-point pollution sources were resulted as: The main rural non-point pollution resource of Changji prefecture was animal's feces(49.22%), after that chemical fertilizers, Rural Residential Runoff, Polluted water of domestic living, and aquacultures. The annual total emitted amount of total COD are 85707t, azotes are 27508t and the total phosphors are 3084t.
(3) The calculating method of The Equal Standard Pollution, the emission amount of pollutants, Equal Standard Pollution Index and Equal Standard Pollution ratio, rural non-point pollution souce colligation avaluating method of The Equal Standard Pollution was confirmed. By calulating The Equal pollutant standard, The contribution of COD, TN and TP of different pollutant of different counties were 9.12%、58.27% and 32.59% , respectively. The Equal standard pollutant Load was the highest in Changji city and Qitai county, accounted for 18.63%, 17.72% in total Equal standard pollutant Load in Changji prefecture, belonged to the most loaded area of non-point pollution source in Chanji.
(4) On the basis of rural non-point pollution source avaluation, the most effective way to decrease the non-point pollution is from the sources to the pathways, in drainage areas. In virtue of corresponding Rule of law, policy, economy, propaganda and education, the effect of controlling non-point source pollution must be ensured. Also, the series technology of controlling the rural runoff, polluted water of domestic living, animal feces, aquacultures and chemical fertilizers.
引文
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