重型汽车变速箱齿轮材料及热处理工艺的试验研究
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摘要
齿轮为汽车变速箱中的关键零件。本文运用金属材料合金化原理及热处理技术,对不同系列齿轮钢的化学万分、力学性能特点进行分析研究,选择国内外通用的重型变速箱齿轮材料20CrNi2MoH钢和17CrNiMo6H,并根据其特点开展工艺研究。首先通过对所选材料连续转变曲线的分析研究,进行两种不同的预备热处理工艺试验,根据最后检验结果,得出最佳预备热处理工艺方案,可以在现生产中使用。
对20CrNi2MoH钢和17CrNiMo6H两种材料进行渗碳淬火回火工艺研究。从两种材料合金成分及含量、热处理特性出发,制定两种不同的渗碳淬火回火工艺,从表面硬度、心部硬度、金相组织、有效硬化层深等方面进行对比分析研究,同时就处理过程中质量控制要点进行论述,给出了渗碳淬火过程中易出现的缺陷、产生原因、预防方法。最终出寻找适合公司热处理设备进行热处理的工艺方法,指导现生产。最后对所加工齿轮进行强化处理方法研究,提高齿轮疲劳强度。
For the automobile transmission, gear are the key parts. In this paper, through applying the metal material alloying principle and HT technology to analyse the chemical composition, mechanical performance characteristics of the different series steel and choose the materials ,CrNi2MoH 20 and 17CrNiMo6H, generally used in domestic and abroad for heavy transmission gear and to do technology research according to their characteristics . Based on the analysis of the continuous change curve of the selected materials, conduct the two kinds of different pre-heat treatment process,then get the best pre-heat treatment process for production according to the final testing result.
Researching the carburizing, quenching ,tempering processes of the two kinds of materials ,20 CrNi2MoH steel and 17 CrNiMo6H. Based on the alloy composition and content, the heat treatment characteristics of the two materials, formulate two sets of different carburizing quenching tempering processes to do comparative analysis from the surface hardness , the core hardness, microstructure, the effective hardening case, as well as to discuss the quality control points in the process and put forward the defect easily occurred during the carburizing quenching process, causes and preventive methods . Eventually find the suitable heat treatment process for the company’s heat treatment equipment to guide production. Finally research the reinforce processing method to the processed gear and improve the fatigue strength of the gear.
对20CrNi2MoH钢和17CrNiMo6H两种材料进行渗碳淬火回火工艺研究。从两种材料合金成分及含量、热处理特性出发,制定两种不同的渗碳淬火回火工艺,从表面硬度、心部硬度、金相组织、有效硬化层深等方面进行对比分析研究,同时就处理过程中质量控制要点进行论述,给出了渗碳淬火过程中易出现的缺陷、产生原因、预防方法。最终出寻找适合公司热处理设备进行热处理的工艺方法,指导现生产。最后对所加工齿轮进行强化处理方法研究,提高齿轮疲劳强度。
For the automobile transmission, gear are the key parts. In this paper, through applying the metal material alloying principle and HT technology to analyse the chemical composition, mechanical performance characteristics of the different series steel and choose the materials ,CrNi2MoH 20 and 17CrNiMo6H, generally used in domestic and abroad for heavy transmission gear and to do technology research according to their characteristics . Based on the analysis of the continuous change curve of the selected materials, conduct the two kinds of different pre-heat treatment process,then get the best pre-heat treatment process for production according to the final testing result.
Researching the carburizing, quenching ,tempering processes of the two kinds of materials ,20 CrNi2MoH steel and 17 CrNiMo6H. Based on the alloy composition and content, the heat treatment characteristics of the two materials, formulate two sets of different carburizing quenching tempering processes to do comparative analysis from the surface hardness , the core hardness, microstructure, the effective hardening case, as well as to discuss the quality control points in the process and put forward the defect easily occurred during the carburizing quenching process, causes and preventive methods . Eventually find the suitable heat treatment process for the company’s heat treatment equipment to guide production. Finally research the reinforce processing method to the processed gear and improve the fatigue strength of the gear.
引文
[1]高泽远,姚玉泉,李林贵.机械设计[M ].沈阳:东北工学院出版社, 1987:163-165
[2]彭俊等,汽车渗碳齿轮用钢及热处理工艺的现状和发展趋势,热处理技术与装备,2007,28:3～6
[3]刘云树等.汽车齿轮用渗碳钢的发展现状及前景[ J ].汽车工艺与材料, 1998, (9) : 1 - 4.
[4]欧阳玺.我国汽车齿轮热处理生产现状与国外的差距及今后的发展方向[ J ].中国机械工程学会热处理学会第四届年会论文集, 1991: 275 - 281.
[5] By Daniel W. Mocurdy. Desktop computer simulation of at2mosphere carburizing[J ]. Heat treating. July 1990 : 26 - 29.
[6] Dr. Fred rich Preisser. Vacuum and Plasma Carburizing with High - pressure Gas Quenching[ J ]. Heat Treatment of Metals. 1998, 25 (3) : 65 - 71.
[7]郭应国等.我国齿轮材料及其热处理技术的最新进展[ J ].热加工工艺, 2003. 2.
[8]陈国民,对我国渗碳淬火齿轮技术的评述[ J ],金属热处理,2008,1(33):25～33
[9] Hoffmann F, KesslerO,Luebben Th,Mayr P.”Distortion Engineering”-Distortion control during the production process[J].金属热处理,2004,29(8):61
[10] Kllaus-Dieter Thoben,Dieter Klein“Distortion Engineering”:A system-oriented view on the distortion of component parts[J],金属热处理,2004
[11] Sharma V K,Walter G H,Breen D H.Stress and strength in tersection analysis to optimize case in carburzeoled gears[J].ASM Technical Report System[C].A.S.M Metals Park,Ohio:1976,76-40:44-73.
[12]张英才,汽车用齿轮钢及其应用技术的某些发展,汽车技术, 2004 (10) : 22～26
[13]杨莉,齿轮钢的生产现状及发展方向[ J ] ,太钢科技, 2003 (3) : 45～47
[14]李金良,17Cr2NiMo大模数齿轮轴渗碳淬火热处理工艺优化[J],大型铸锻件,2008(1):11-13
[15]《热处理手册》编委会,热处理手册[M],北京:机械工业出版社,2002:41
[16]赵德寅.对汽车渗碳齿轮标准的论述[ J ].吉林工学院学报, 1995 (3).
[17]阎承沛.我国齿轮热处理技术概况及发展趋势[J].国外金属热处理,2002,(2):1.
[18]戚正风.固态金属中的扩散与相变[M ].北京:机械工业出版社, 1998: 124– 126
[19]王笑天.金属材料学[M ].北京:机械工业出版社,1987: 78
[20]雷廷权.金属热处理工艺方法500种[M ].北京:机械工业出版社, 1998: 159– 161
[21]闫宇红等. 20CrNi2Mo钢的应用范围[ J ].矿山机械,1998 (8) 68 - 69.
[22]吕瑞明,SAER8620H钢齿轮的热处理,机械工程与自动化,2007,12.27:175～177
[23] John A ,Vacear . New Method of Carburizing and Hardening for Improve Surface and Inside Strength , Metals Engineering .1973 (6) 176 .
[24]顾治吉,20CrNi2Mo钢齿轮锻坯的锻后热处理及带状组织控制,上海金属,1999,7.21(4):15～19
[25]华公平,20CrNi2Mo钢带状组织的形成与消除,机车车辆工艺,2003,10.5: 7～9
[26]刘云旭,低碳合金钢中带状组织的成因、危害和消除,金属热处理,2000,12.1: 1～3
[27]内藤武志.浸炭烧入れの实际日刊工业新闻社.昭和56年, 125.
[28] By Daniel W.Mocurdy.Desktop computer simulation of at-mosphere carburizing[J],Heat treating July 1990:26-29.
[29] Sagaradze U S Effect of carbon content on the strength of carburized steel [J].Trans of ASM,1958,50:227-241.
[30] Sharma V K,Walter G H,Breen D H.Stress and strength in tersection analysis to optimize case in carburzeoled gears[J].ASM Technical Report System[C].A.S.M Metals Park,Ohio:1976,76-40:44-73.
[31]王万智.钢的渗碳.北京:机械工业出版社,1985 :33-36.
[32] ZHAO Zhen-bo, L IU Yun-xu. Isothermal normalizing systemby utilizing the residual forged heat in alloy carburizing p roducts [A ]. Mishra B. EPD Congress[ C ]. TheMineral,Metals &Materials Society, San Diego, California, 1999: 251-258.
[33] L IU Cheng,L IU Yun-xu, J I Chang-tao, ZHU Qi-hui, ZHANGJ i-kui. Cooling p rocess and mechanical properties design of high carbon hot rolled high strength (HRHS) steel[ J ]. Materials and Design, 1998 (9) : 175-177.
[34] KazeminezhadM, Karimi Taheri A. The effect of controlled cooling after hot rolling on the mechanical p roperties of a commercial high carbon steelwire rod[ J ]. Materials &Design, 2003, 24 (6) : 415-421
[35]КалвнерВД1渗碳时的内氧化1热处理译文集1上海机械制造工艺研究所,1975
[36] Reseach Report of Volvo Company[J ] .齿轮信息,1991 , (8) .
[37] Smith JO,Liu Chk. Stresses Due to Tangential and Normal Loads on an Elastic With Application to Some strees Problems,Journal of Applied Mechanics,1953,20(2)
[38]董秦铮.齿轮热处理变形的讨论.汽车工艺与材料,1996 , (2) .
[39]熊定国.德国ZF齿轮厂热处理与钢材质量控制.汽车工艺与材料,1996 , (3) .
[40]汪光旭,齿轮磨齿裂纹的产生及控制1中国表面工程, 19961
[41]王爱香等,新型高合金齿轮钢17CrNiMo6的热处理,金属热处理,2010,35:82-86
[42] Inoue T. and Okamura K, Material database for simulation of metallo-thermo-mechanical fields , Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Quenching and Distortion Control , ASM,St Louis , October , 2000 ,753 - 760.
[43] Nagasaka , Y. , Mathematical model of phase transformations and elasto-plastic stress in the water in the water spray quenching of steel bars , Metallurgical Transactions A , 1993 ,24A:795 - 808.
[44] Preprint , Joint Meeting of JSMS and JSHT on Benchmark Project on Quenching Simulation ( in Japanese) , July 10 ,2004.
[45]张玉所,朱百智等,对20CrMnMo材料心部硬度及表面脱碳的研究[J],热处理,2000(4):11-14
[46]胡建文,陈国民。渗碳淬火齿轮有效硬化层的碳浓度研究[J],热加工工艺,1999(4):19-20
[47]夏立芳.金属热处理工艺学[M ].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 1986.
[48]王仁智.喷丸强化手册。北京:机械工业出版社,1998:56
[49] J.chenefal .the Eeffect of shot peening on Contact Fatgne Life of Carburired steel,prone of Ind. Icsp parts 1981.333-340
[50]陈思联等,合金结构钢的组织超细化及其性能研究[C]//新一代钢铁材料热处理重大基础研究论文集,北京:北京科技大学,2000:281-286
[51]胡赓祥等,金属学[M],上海:上海科学技术出版社,1982:265
[52] [苏]萨威林,喷丸强化,机械工业出版社,1960年第一版。
[2]彭俊等,汽车渗碳齿轮用钢及热处理工艺的现状和发展趋势,热处理技术与装备,2007,28:3～6
[3]刘云树等.汽车齿轮用渗碳钢的发展现状及前景[ J ].汽车工艺与材料, 1998, (9) : 1 - 4.
[4]欧阳玺.我国汽车齿轮热处理生产现状与国外的差距及今后的发展方向[ J ].中国机械工程学会热处理学会第四届年会论文集, 1991: 275 - 281.
[5] By Daniel W. Mocurdy. Desktop computer simulation of at2mosphere carburizing[J ]. Heat treating. July 1990 : 26 - 29.
[6] Dr. Fred rich Preisser. Vacuum and Plasma Carburizing with High - pressure Gas Quenching[ J ]. Heat Treatment of Metals. 1998, 25 (3) : 65 - 71.
[7]郭应国等.我国齿轮材料及其热处理技术的最新进展[ J ].热加工工艺, 2003. 2.
[8]陈国民,对我国渗碳淬火齿轮技术的评述[ J ],金属热处理,2008,1(33):25～33
[9] Hoffmann F, KesslerO,Luebben Th,Mayr P.”Distortion Engineering”-Distortion control during the production process[J].金属热处理,2004,29(8):61
[10] Kllaus-Dieter Thoben,Dieter Klein“Distortion Engineering”:A system-oriented view on the distortion of component parts[J],金属热处理,2004
[11] Sharma V K,Walter G H,Breen D H.Stress and strength in tersection analysis to optimize case in carburzeoled gears[J].ASM Technical Report System[C].A.S.M Metals Park,Ohio:1976,76-40:44-73.
[12]张英才,汽车用齿轮钢及其应用技术的某些发展,汽车技术, 2004 (10) : 22～26
[13]杨莉,齿轮钢的生产现状及发展方向[ J ] ,太钢科技, 2003 (3) : 45～47
[14]李金良,17Cr2NiMo大模数齿轮轴渗碳淬火热处理工艺优化[J],大型铸锻件,2008(1):11-13
[15]《热处理手册》编委会,热处理手册[M],北京:机械工业出版社,2002:41
[16]赵德寅.对汽车渗碳齿轮标准的论述[ J ].吉林工学院学报, 1995 (3).
[17]阎承沛.我国齿轮热处理技术概况及发展趋势[J].国外金属热处理,2002,(2):1.
[18]戚正风.固态金属中的扩散与相变[M ].北京:机械工业出版社, 1998: 124– 126
[19]王笑天.金属材料学[M ].北京:机械工业出版社,1987: 78
[20]雷廷权.金属热处理工艺方法500种[M ].北京:机械工业出版社, 1998: 159– 161
[21]闫宇红等. 20CrNi2Mo钢的应用范围[ J ].矿山机械,1998 (8) 68 - 69.
[22]吕瑞明,SAER8620H钢齿轮的热处理,机械工程与自动化,2007,12.27:175～177
[23] John A ,Vacear . New Method of Carburizing and Hardening for Improve Surface and Inside Strength , Metals Engineering .1973 (6) 176 .
[24]顾治吉,20CrNi2Mo钢齿轮锻坯的锻后热处理及带状组织控制,上海金属,1999,7.21(4):15～19
[25]华公平,20CrNi2Mo钢带状组织的形成与消除,机车车辆工艺,2003,10.5: 7～9
[26]刘云旭,低碳合金钢中带状组织的成因、危害和消除,金属热处理,2000,12.1: 1～3
[27]内藤武志.浸炭烧入れの实际日刊工业新闻社.昭和56年, 125.
[28] By Daniel W.Mocurdy.Desktop computer simulation of at-mosphere carburizing[J],Heat treating July 1990:26-29.
[29] Sagaradze U S Effect of carbon content on the strength of carburized steel [J].Trans of ASM,1958,50:227-241.
[30] Sharma V K,Walter G H,Breen D H.Stress and strength in tersection analysis to optimize case in carburzeoled gears[J].ASM Technical Report System[C].A.S.M Metals Park,Ohio:1976,76-40:44-73.
[31]王万智.钢的渗碳.北京:机械工业出版社,1985 :33-36.
[32] ZHAO Zhen-bo, L IU Yun-xu. Isothermal normalizing systemby utilizing the residual forged heat in alloy carburizing p roducts [A ]. Mishra B. EPD Congress[ C ]. TheMineral,Metals &Materials Society, San Diego, California, 1999: 251-258.
[33] L IU Cheng,L IU Yun-xu, J I Chang-tao, ZHU Qi-hui, ZHANGJ i-kui. Cooling p rocess and mechanical properties design of high carbon hot rolled high strength (HRHS) steel[ J ]. Materials and Design, 1998 (9) : 175-177.
[34] KazeminezhadM, Karimi Taheri A. The effect of controlled cooling after hot rolling on the mechanical p roperties of a commercial high carbon steelwire rod[ J ]. Materials &Design, 2003, 24 (6) : 415-421
[35]КалвнерВД1渗碳时的内氧化1热处理译文集1上海机械制造工艺研究所,1975
[36] Reseach Report of Volvo Company[J ] .齿轮信息,1991 , (8) .
[37] Smith JO,Liu Chk. Stresses Due to Tangential and Normal Loads on an Elastic With Application to Some strees Problems,Journal of Applied Mechanics,1953,20(2)
[38]董秦铮.齿轮热处理变形的讨论.汽车工艺与材料,1996 , (2) .
[39]熊定国.德国ZF齿轮厂热处理与钢材质量控制.汽车工艺与材料,1996 , (3) .
[40]汪光旭,齿轮磨齿裂纹的产生及控制1中国表面工程, 19961
[41]王爱香等,新型高合金齿轮钢17CrNiMo6的热处理,金属热处理,2010,35:82-86
[42] Inoue T. and Okamura K, Material database for simulation of metallo-thermo-mechanical fields , Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Quenching and Distortion Control , ASM,St Louis , October , 2000 ,753 - 760.
[43] Nagasaka , Y. , Mathematical model of phase transformations and elasto-plastic stress in the water in the water spray quenching of steel bars , Metallurgical Transactions A , 1993 ,24A:795 - 808.
[44] Preprint , Joint Meeting of JSMS and JSHT on Benchmark Project on Quenching Simulation ( in Japanese) , July 10 ,2004.
[45]张玉所,朱百智等,对20CrMnMo材料心部硬度及表面脱碳的研究[J],热处理,2000(4):11-14
[46]胡建文,陈国民。渗碳淬火齿轮有效硬化层的碳浓度研究[J],热加工工艺,1999(4):19-20
[47]夏立芳.金属热处理工艺学[M ].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 1986.
[48]王仁智.喷丸强化手册。北京:机械工业出版社,1998:56
[49] J.chenefal .the Eeffect of shot peening on Contact Fatgne Life of Carburired steel,prone of Ind. Icsp parts 1981.333-340
[50]陈思联等,合金结构钢的组织超细化及其性能研究[C]//新一代钢铁材料热处理重大基础研究论文集,北京:北京科技大学,2000:281-286
[51]胡赓祥等,金属学[M],上海:上海科学技术出版社,1982:265
[52] [苏]萨威林,喷丸强化,机械工业出版社,1960年第一版。