二维非平衡辐射流体力学程序研制与应用研究
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摘要
X光激光(XRL)以其独特的优点使得它在物理学、生物学、化学、材料学以及惯性约束聚变(ICF)等领域有着巨大的应用前景。经过20多年的发展,XRL输出已经能够达到饱和,现在各实验室纷纷开展应用演示研究。在XRL的深入研究过程中,我们发现1D研究越来越不能适应XRL理论研究的需要;XRL诊断ICF等离子体研究也期待一个2D程序。只有通过2D研究,我们才能更清楚地认识XRL复杂的场图结构;才能更好地完成XRL单靶、多靶的优化设计,以得到更强的XRL输出;才能在XRL密度诊断中更好完成待测等离子体的预先设计;才能更好的解释密度诊断实验结果,达到校验理论模型的目的。为适应这种需要,在博士论文期间,我把原有1D程序JB19发展成了非平衡辐射流体力学二维程序XRL2D,并用它来进行了系列物理问题的研究。
XRL2D程序采用单流体模型,电子离子温度脱离,电子离子能量输运采用限流扩散近似,辐射输运采用多群限流扩散近似,用平均原子模型计算原子过程。程序采用分裂格式,把扩散过程与电离、加热等局域过程分开求解,2D扩散计算采用Kershaw的九点差分格式。文章对物理过程和计算方法进行了详细介绍。
(1)计算方法研究。为克服Lagrange方法的网格易变形问题,借鉴三角形抗变形能力强的特点,本研究创新性地提出了改进IGA格式,有效地抑制了网格变形。但是该方法对物理上真实存在的流体卷曲、混合等也显得无能为力,因此程序采用了ALE方法。为考察ALE方法网格重分、物理量重映导致的数值扩散对计算精度的影响,进行了一些计算比较,结果显示,虽然存在一定程度的抹平现象,但是网格重分带来的数值耗散并不大,对物理图象并没有显著的影响。文中还给出了XRL2D同LASNEX程序的对比计算,以考察程序的可靠性;论文还探讨了用双向一维方法替代九点差分格式的可能性,因为前者能够大大降低计算量。
(2)物理问题研究。首先对神光Ⅱ上的准稳态Ni-like Ag XRL实验进行了模拟,计算结果很好的解释了XRL实验场图出现弯月形分布的原因。其次,在XRL等离子体密度诊断方面,对近期神光Ⅱ上的三个实验进行了模拟对比研究;用XRL M-Z干涉仪对点聚焦CH等离子体电子密度的诊断;用XRL对倍频光烧蚀CH薄片的背景照相;用XRL对射流的阴影成像。模拟结果同实验结果有些定量符合,有些定性符合,也有存在明显差异的地方。论文还给出了在神光Ⅱ上近期将进行的XRL诊断应用实验的理论设计,用激光驱动半开腔Au靶,诊断腔口喷出等离子体的电子密度,模拟显示了XRL2D程序的模拟能力。
本论文的完成得到了国家高技术863计划项目资助课题(803-804-7-1,803-804-1-10-1)
For its unique advantages,x-ray laser has significant prospects of applications in physics,biology,chemistry,materials science and ICF fields.After 20 years' development,the saturated output of XRL has been obtained,and now all laboratories all over the world have beginning the research of its application demonstration.In the study of XRL,we more and more find that the 1D study can't catch up with the step of XRL theoretical deep study,and the study of diagnosing of ICF plasma by XRL also desires a 2D code.Only through 2D study,we can understand complicated filed image structures of XRL,and carefully optimize XRL experiments of single- and multi-targets to get higher intensity of XRL,we can more professionally design plasma to be probed in XRL density diagnosis,and explain the experimental results of electron density diagnosis,to fulfill the goal of testing theoretical models.In order to adapt those requirements,in the period of my PhD,I have developed the 1D code JB19 to a 2D non-equilibrium radiation hydrodynamic code,named XRL2D,and have completed some physical studies using this code.
Single hydrodynamic model is used in XRL2D code,electron and ion have different temperatures.Flux-limit heat-conduction approximation and flux-limit multi-group diffusion approximation are adopted,and average atomic model is used in code.Split scheme is used,the diffusion processes is departed from local processes such as ionization and heating.The 9-piont differential scheme suggested by Kershaw is used in the calculation of 2D diffusions.The physical processes and calculating methods are detailed in this thesis.
(1)The studies of calculating methods.In order to overcome the trouble of mesh distorting in Lagrange calculation,taking the advantage of strong anti-distorting for triangle meshes,a modified IGA scheme is proposed innovatively in thesis,and the attempts show that the mesh distorting are restrained effectively.But this method can also do nothing while real physical convolution and mixture of fluid existing,so the ALE method is adopted in code.In order to survey the numerical diffusion induced by mesh rezoning and variables remap in ALE method,some calculations had been done,and comparisons show that the smoothing does exist,but the numerical dissipation is not serious,it do no harm to physical picture.Furthermore,thesis includes the comparisons of simulation results between XRL2D and LASNEX code for same models to survey the reliability of code.And the possibility of displacing 9-point differential scheme by bidirectional 1D method is also discussed in thesis,for the latter can greatly decrease the calculation amount.
(2)The studies of physical problem.Firstly,the experiment of quasi-steady-state Ni-like Ag XRL on ShenGuang-Ⅱfacility is simulated,the calculated results can well explain why the experimental field image of XRL show a crescent-shaped structure.Secondly,three recent experiments of electron density diagnosis by XRL on ShenGuang-Ⅱalso are simulated,those experiments are;electron density diagnosis of spot focused CH plasma by XRL M-Z interferometer,measurement of CH film driven by 2w laser using a XRL backlighter and measurement of fluid jet by XRL backlighter.Some simulation results agree with experimental results quantitatively, some results agree experiment only qualitatively,and some disagreements also exist. A theoretical design of electron density diagnosis application experiment by XRL is also given out in thesis,in which the plasma jetted out of Au half-hohlraum driven by laser will be measured.This simulation shows the calculating ability of XRL2D code.
This thesis has been supported by the National High Technology 863 project of China(Grant No.863-804-7-1 and 803-804-1-10-1).
XRL2D程序采用单流体模型,电子离子温度脱离,电子离子能量输运采用限流扩散近似,辐射输运采用多群限流扩散近似,用平均原子模型计算原子过程。程序采用分裂格式,把扩散过程与电离、加热等局域过程分开求解,2D扩散计算采用Kershaw的九点差分格式。文章对物理过程和计算方法进行了详细介绍。
(1)计算方法研究。为克服Lagrange方法的网格易变形问题,借鉴三角形抗变形能力强的特点,本研究创新性地提出了改进IGA格式,有效地抑制了网格变形。但是该方法对物理上真实存在的流体卷曲、混合等也显得无能为力,因此程序采用了ALE方法。为考察ALE方法网格重分、物理量重映导致的数值扩散对计算精度的影响,进行了一些计算比较,结果显示,虽然存在一定程度的抹平现象,但是网格重分带来的数值耗散并不大,对物理图象并没有显著的影响。文中还给出了XRL2D同LASNEX程序的对比计算,以考察程序的可靠性;论文还探讨了用双向一维方法替代九点差分格式的可能性,因为前者能够大大降低计算量。
(2)物理问题研究。首先对神光Ⅱ上的准稳态Ni-like Ag XRL实验进行了模拟,计算结果很好的解释了XRL实验场图出现弯月形分布的原因。其次,在XRL等离子体密度诊断方面,对近期神光Ⅱ上的三个实验进行了模拟对比研究;用XRL M-Z干涉仪对点聚焦CH等离子体电子密度的诊断;用XRL对倍频光烧蚀CH薄片的背景照相;用XRL对射流的阴影成像。模拟结果同实验结果有些定量符合,有些定性符合,也有存在明显差异的地方。论文还给出了在神光Ⅱ上近期将进行的XRL诊断应用实验的理论设计,用激光驱动半开腔Au靶,诊断腔口喷出等离子体的电子密度,模拟显示了XRL2D程序的模拟能力。
本论文的完成得到了国家高技术863计划项目资助课题(803-804-7-1,803-804-1-10-1)
For its unique advantages,x-ray laser has significant prospects of applications in physics,biology,chemistry,materials science and ICF fields.After 20 years' development,the saturated output of XRL has been obtained,and now all laboratories all over the world have beginning the research of its application demonstration.In the study of XRL,we more and more find that the 1D study can't catch up with the step of XRL theoretical deep study,and the study of diagnosing of ICF plasma by XRL also desires a 2D code.Only through 2D study,we can understand complicated filed image structures of XRL,and carefully optimize XRL experiments of single- and multi-targets to get higher intensity of XRL,we can more professionally design plasma to be probed in XRL density diagnosis,and explain the experimental results of electron density diagnosis,to fulfill the goal of testing theoretical models.In order to adapt those requirements,in the period of my PhD,I have developed the 1D code JB19 to a 2D non-equilibrium radiation hydrodynamic code,named XRL2D,and have completed some physical studies using this code.
Single hydrodynamic model is used in XRL2D code,electron and ion have different temperatures.Flux-limit heat-conduction approximation and flux-limit multi-group diffusion approximation are adopted,and average atomic model is used in code.Split scheme is used,the diffusion processes is departed from local processes such as ionization and heating.The 9-piont differential scheme suggested by Kershaw is used in the calculation of 2D diffusions.The physical processes and calculating methods are detailed in this thesis.
(1)The studies of calculating methods.In order to overcome the trouble of mesh distorting in Lagrange calculation,taking the advantage of strong anti-distorting for triangle meshes,a modified IGA scheme is proposed innovatively in thesis,and the attempts show that the mesh distorting are restrained effectively.But this method can also do nothing while real physical convolution and mixture of fluid existing,so the ALE method is adopted in code.In order to survey the numerical diffusion induced by mesh rezoning and variables remap in ALE method,some calculations had been done,and comparisons show that the smoothing does exist,but the numerical dissipation is not serious,it do no harm to physical picture.Furthermore,thesis includes the comparisons of simulation results between XRL2D and LASNEX code for same models to survey the reliability of code.And the possibility of displacing 9-point differential scheme by bidirectional 1D method is also discussed in thesis,for the latter can greatly decrease the calculation amount.
(2)The studies of physical problem.Firstly,the experiment of quasi-steady-state Ni-like Ag XRL on ShenGuang-Ⅱfacility is simulated,the calculated results can well explain why the experimental field image of XRL show a crescent-shaped structure.Secondly,three recent experiments of electron density diagnosis by XRL on ShenGuang-Ⅱalso are simulated,those experiments are;electron density diagnosis of spot focused CH plasma by XRL M-Z interferometer,measurement of CH film driven by 2w laser using a XRL backlighter and measurement of fluid jet by XRL backlighter.Some simulation results agree with experimental results quantitatively, some results agree experiment only qualitatively,and some disagreements also exist. A theoretical design of electron density diagnosis application experiment by XRL is also given out in thesis,in which the plasma jetted out of Au half-hohlraum driven by laser will be measured.This simulation shows the calculating ability of XRL2D code.
This thesis has been supported by the National High Technology 863 project of China(Grant No.863-804-7-1 and 803-804-1-10-1).
引文
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