面向装配的公差设计系统研究
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摘要
产品设计阶段的公差直接影响着产品的装配性,装配体的误差是由零件组装过程中的误差累积造成的。计算机辅助公差设计( Computer Aided Tolerancing,简称CAT)是CAD/CAM集成中的关键技术之一,将该技术运用到产品的装配阶段,能够很好的减少制造和装配阶段的成本,与传统的手工装配相比,提高了准确率,从而提高产品的质量和附加值。
本文构建了一个面向装配的尺寸链模型。从装配体的形成过程入手,在深入研究装配信息模型和装配特征模型的基础上,建立了基于装配约束特征的面向尺寸链的装配特征层次模型,并根据本课题所研究的装配尺寸链的特点,在充分研究Pro/E软件平台的约束机制的基础上,提出了装配尺寸链的数据结构,给出了配合约束信息以及尺寸信息的获取方法。
完善了尺寸链自动生成方法。通过系统自动的提取尺寸链所需要的信息,由用户指定封闭环的两要素,通过一定的搜索算法来自动生成尺寸链;根据向量方向性提出了判断增减环的方法,使用蒙特卡洛法进行公差分析,使计算结果更能反映实际的加工条件,应用等精度法进行公差综合的研究。
使用VS2008及Pro/TOOLKIT二次开发包开发了集成于Pro/E的公差设计软件系统,结合实例探讨了基于装配尺寸链的公差设计系统的应用,并将结果保存到ACCESS数据库中。
The phase of tolerance design impacts the assembly of product directly. The tolerance of assembly is accumulated by part tolerance. Computer Aided Tolerancing is a key technology of CAD/CAM integration, which is one of the important factors which affect product quality and cost. If the technology is applied on the product assembly stage ,not only can improve product performance, but also reduce the cost of manufacturing and testing phase. Compared with the traditional assembly, Computer Aided Tolerancing enhances the value of product.
From the start with the formation of assembly, the model of assembly dimension chain is builded. Based the assembly information model and assembly feature model , assembly-oriented hierarchical model of the assembly dimension chain is builded. According to the characteristics of the assembly dimension chain, this paper raised the dimension chain data structure. based on the constraint mechanism of Pro/E software platform ,the method of the constraint information and dimensional information were given.
The method of automatically generated dimension chain was improved, the system automatically gets the information needed by the user-specified two elements of closed loop . The dimension chain is generated automatically by a certain search algorithm. The method of determining increase or decrease of loop is given, based on vector direction.
Based the Comparison of traditional tolerance design method, using Monte Carlo tolerance design method, which could reflect the actual results and processing conditions. We use the method of equal precision in tolerance synthesis. tolerance design system is developed using VS2008 and Pro/TOOLKIT development package .The paper takes a solid assemble as an example to make an verification of the system. The results are saved in the ACCESS database.
本文构建了一个面向装配的尺寸链模型。从装配体的形成过程入手,在深入研究装配信息模型和装配特征模型的基础上,建立了基于装配约束特征的面向尺寸链的装配特征层次模型,并根据本课题所研究的装配尺寸链的特点,在充分研究Pro/E软件平台的约束机制的基础上,提出了装配尺寸链的数据结构,给出了配合约束信息以及尺寸信息的获取方法。
完善了尺寸链自动生成方法。通过系统自动的提取尺寸链所需要的信息,由用户指定封闭环的两要素,通过一定的搜索算法来自动生成尺寸链;根据向量方向性提出了判断增减环的方法,使用蒙特卡洛法进行公差分析,使计算结果更能反映实际的加工条件,应用等精度法进行公差综合的研究。
使用VS2008及Pro/TOOLKIT二次开发包开发了集成于Pro/E的公差设计软件系统,结合实例探讨了基于装配尺寸链的公差设计系统的应用,并将结果保存到ACCESS数据库中。
The phase of tolerance design impacts the assembly of product directly. The tolerance of assembly is accumulated by part tolerance. Computer Aided Tolerancing is a key technology of CAD/CAM integration, which is one of the important factors which affect product quality and cost. If the technology is applied on the product assembly stage ,not only can improve product performance, but also reduce the cost of manufacturing and testing phase. Compared with the traditional assembly, Computer Aided Tolerancing enhances the value of product.
From the start with the formation of assembly, the model of assembly dimension chain is builded. Based the assembly information model and assembly feature model , assembly-oriented hierarchical model of the assembly dimension chain is builded. According to the characteristics of the assembly dimension chain, this paper raised the dimension chain data structure. based on the constraint mechanism of Pro/E software platform ,the method of the constraint information and dimensional information were given.
The method of automatically generated dimension chain was improved, the system automatically gets the information needed by the user-specified two elements of closed loop . The dimension chain is generated automatically by a certain search algorithm. The method of determining increase or decrease of loop is given, based on vector direction.
Based the Comparison of traditional tolerance design method, using Monte Carlo tolerance design method, which could reflect the actual results and processing conditions. We use the method of equal precision in tolerance synthesis. tolerance design system is developed using VS2008 and Pro/TOOLKIT development package .The paper takes a solid assemble as an example to make an verification of the system. The results are saved in the ACCESS database.
引文
[1]黄美发.面向设计和制造的并行公差设计方法研究[D].杭州:华中科技大学,2004:1-9.
[2]李焕庆.面向虚拟装配的公差分析关键技术研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2006:2-4.
[3] Roy U, Li B. Representation and interpretation of geometric tolerances for polyhedral objects-II.size,orientation and position tolerances[J]. Computer Aided Design,1999(31):273-285.
[4] Tsai J C, Cutkosky M P. Representation and reasoning of geometric tolerances in design Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design[J]. Analysis and Manufacturing,1997(11):325-341.
[5] Srinibasan V,Jayarman R. Geometric tolerance:conditional tolerances[J]. IBM J.Res.Develop,1989,33(2):105-125.
[6] Requicha A A G. Towards a Theory of Geometric Tolerance[J]. International of Robotic Research.2007,2(4):45-60.
[7] Hillyard R C.Characterzing Non-Ideal Shapes in Terms of Dimensions and Tolerances[J]. Computer Graphics.1983,12(3):234-238.
[8] Johnson R.F.Dimensioning and Tolerancing-Final Report[C]. 84-GM-02-2, CAM- I,Arlingtion,TX,May,1984:132-155.
[9] Roy U.Feature_based Representational Scheme of A Solid Modular for Providing Dimensioning and Tolerancing Information[J]. Robotics and Computer Intergrated Manufacturing.1988,4(3):335-345.
[10] Roy U. Tolerance Represent scheme in solid Modeling:PartsI&II.Proceedings of the 15th ASME Design Automation Conference.Montreal,1989:1-17.
[11]刘玉生.基于数学定义的平面尺寸和形位公差建模与表示技术的研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2001:58-88.
[12]王恒,宁汝新.计算机辅助公差设计及分析的研究现状及展望[J].航空制造技术,2006(3):73-76.
[13] Yongmin Zhong, M. W. Wolfgang, Weiyin Ma. A Hierarchically Structured Constraint-based Data Model for Solid Modelling in a Virtual Reality Environment. Computer Society, 2002 IEEE, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds (CW’02).
[14] Weiyin Ma, Yongmin Zhong, Shiu-Kit Tso, Tianxiang Zhou. A HierarchicallyStructured and Constraint-based Data Model for Intuitive and Precise Solid Modeling in a Virtual Reality Environment. Computer-Aided Design. 2004,(36):903~928.
[15] Climent A,Riviere A. Tolerancing versus nominal modeling in next generation CAD/CAM system. Proceedings of 3rd CIRP Seminars on Computer Aided Tolerancing,1993:97-114.
[16] Hillyard R C. Dimension and Tolerances in ShapeDesign[D]. University of Cambridge,UK:PhD.Dissertation.
[17] B jorke O. Computer-Aided Tolerance[J]. ASME Press,NewYork. 1989.2nd.
[18]马玉林,姬舒平,李小但.基于智能技术的计算机辅助公差设计[J].高技术通讯,1999,(2):57-60.
[19]田中立,马玉林,姬舒平.装配尺寸链自动生成技术的研究[J].工程设计,2000,(4):138-144.
[20]孙绍民. CAD环境下公差分析与综合的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,1997:50-64.
[21]姬舒平.虚拟环境下并行公差设计方法的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2000:43-60.
[22] P.Ji. An algebraic approach for dimensional chain identification in process planning[J].International Journal of Production Research,1999,37(1):99-10.
[23] P.Treacy, J.B.Ochs and T.M.Ozsoy et al. Automated tolerance analysis for mechanical assemblies modeled with geometric features and relational data structure[J].Computer-Aided Design.1999,23(6):444-453.
[24] B.Ramani,S.H.Cheraghi and J.M.Twomey. CAD based integrated Tolerancing system[J].International Journal of Production Research.1998,36(10):2891-2910.
[25] Zuomin Dong,Andress Soom. Automatic optimal tolerance design for related dimension chains[J].Manufacturing Review.1990,3(4):262-271.
[26]肖迪,张根保.一种公差建模方法及其在尺寸链自动生成中的应用[J].机床与液压,2001,(6):156-157.
[27]王洋,王春河,高峰等.基于特征的装配尺寸链自动生成及分析的研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学报,1998,10(2):28-30.
[28]王兆正,张维强.基于装配数据库的尺寸链自动生成[J].机械设计与制造工程,2002,31(5):12-13.
[29]江思敏,刘向锋,高志等.基于配合特征的配合零件链自动生成[J].设计与工艺,2000,11(11):138-144.
[30]王恒,宁汝新,唐承统.三维装配尺寸链的自动生成[J].机械工程学报,2005,41(6):181-183.
[31] Wang N, Ozsoy T M. Automatic generation of tolerance chains from mating relations represented in assembly models[J]. ASEM journal of Mechanical Design.1993,115(4):757-761.
[32] Salomons O W. Computer support in the design of mechanical Products,constraint specification and satisfaction in feature based design for manufacturing[D].University of Twente,The Netherlands,1995.
[33] Parkinson,D.B. The Application of Reliability Methods to Tolerance. Journal of Mechanical Design,ASME,1982,104:612-618.
[34] Hasofer,A.M,Lind,N.C. Exact and Invarient Second Moment Code Fomat. Journal of The Engineering Mechanics Division,ASME. 1974,EM1,111-123
[35] Taguchi G. Performance Analysis Design[J]. International Journal of Production Design,1978(16):521-530.
[36]彭和平,刘晓军.基于矢量环装配模型的二维公差分析[J].机械传动,2007,31(6):84-86.
[37]顾凌涛,金隼等.基于特征的公差分析及其非线性问题研究[J].机械设计制造,2007,4:42-44.
[38] Ngoi B K A, Min O.J. Optimum tolerance allocation in assembly[J].Int. J. Advanced Manufacturing Technology,1999,15(9):660-665.
[39] Chen T C,Fisher G W. AGA-based search method for the tolerance allocation problem[J].Artificial Intelligence in Engineering,2000,14(2):133-141.
[40] Prabhaharan G,Asokan P,Ramesh P,et al. Genetic-algorithm-based optimal tolerance allocation using least-cost model[J].Int.J.Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2004,24(9-10):647-660
[41] Shan A,Roth R.N,Wilson R.J. Genetic Algorithms in Statistical Tolerance[J]. Mathematical Computer Modelling,2003,38(11-13):1427-1436.
[42] Roy U,Li.B. Representation and interpretation of geometric tolerances for polyhedral objects-II from tolerances[J].Computer Aided Design,1998,30(2):151-161.
[43] F H Speckhart. Calculation of tolerance based on minimum cost approach[J]. Journal of Engineering for Industry,ASME.1992,94(2):447-453.
[44] W Michael, J N Siddall. The optimal tolerance assignment with less than fullacceptance[J].Journal of Mechanical Design,ASME.1982,104(3):855-860.
[45]杨将新,顾大强,吴绍同.基于神经网络的机械加工成本-公差模型[J].中国机械工程.1996,7(6):41-42.
[46]姬舒平,孙宏伟等.一种新的公差优化数学模型的研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2000,32(3):12-16.
[47]王瑜,马玉林,吴伟国,等.加工工艺误差的分布对公差统计分析的影响[J].机械研究与应用,2004,17(2):23-24.
[48]匡兵,黄美发,钟艳如,孙永厚.基于粒子群算法的装配公差优化分配.机械设计与制造,2009(2):35-37.
[49]王平,沈晓阳.公差分析中的统计公差方法综述[J].工具技术,2008,42(10):43-48.
[50]赵罡,王超,于红亮.基于神经网络和遗传算法的公差优化设计[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2010,36(5):518-523.
[51]张为民,李国伟,陈灿.基于雅可比旋量理论的公差优化分配[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(4):216-220.
[52]金秋,莫帅.基于改进成本公差模型的并行公差优化设计[J].天津科技大学学报,2010,25(5):53-56.
[53]储备,杨海波,武俊峰,蔡青.基于图元对象的工程产品CAD信息集成模型[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学报,2001,13(4):305-309.
[54]白芳妮,李磊,魏生民.装配序列生成中装配关系信息的标示方法研究[J].中国机械工程,2002,13(14下):1209-1211.
[55]向艳萍,张申生,步丰林.装配信息模型及原型系统的设计[J].计算机工程,1996,22(6),15-18.
[56]吴昭同,杨将新.计算机辅助公差优化设计.第一版.杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.
[57]荆树峰.计算机辅助尺寸公差设计研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2009:36-39.
[58]刘之生.尺寸链理论及应用[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,1990:122-124.
[59]张继春. Pro/E二次开发实用教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[2]李焕庆.面向虚拟装配的公差分析关键技术研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2006:2-4.
[3] Roy U, Li B. Representation and interpretation of geometric tolerances for polyhedral objects-II.size,orientation and position tolerances[J]. Computer Aided Design,1999(31):273-285.
[4] Tsai J C, Cutkosky M P. Representation and reasoning of geometric tolerances in design Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design[J]. Analysis and Manufacturing,1997(11):325-341.
[5] Srinibasan V,Jayarman R. Geometric tolerance:conditional tolerances[J]. IBM J.Res.Develop,1989,33(2):105-125.
[6] Requicha A A G. Towards a Theory of Geometric Tolerance[J]. International of Robotic Research.2007,2(4):45-60.
[7] Hillyard R C.Characterzing Non-Ideal Shapes in Terms of Dimensions and Tolerances[J]. Computer Graphics.1983,12(3):234-238.
[8] Johnson R.F.Dimensioning and Tolerancing-Final Report[C]. 84-GM-02-2, CAM- I,Arlingtion,TX,May,1984:132-155.
[9] Roy U.Feature_based Representational Scheme of A Solid Modular for Providing Dimensioning and Tolerancing Information[J]. Robotics and Computer Intergrated Manufacturing.1988,4(3):335-345.
[10] Roy U. Tolerance Represent scheme in solid Modeling:PartsI&II.Proceedings of the 15th ASME Design Automation Conference.Montreal,1989:1-17.
[11]刘玉生.基于数学定义的平面尺寸和形位公差建模与表示技术的研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2001:58-88.
[12]王恒,宁汝新.计算机辅助公差设计及分析的研究现状及展望[J].航空制造技术,2006(3):73-76.
[13] Yongmin Zhong, M. W. Wolfgang, Weiyin Ma. A Hierarchically Structured Constraint-based Data Model for Solid Modelling in a Virtual Reality Environment. Computer Society, 2002 IEEE, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds (CW’02).
[14] Weiyin Ma, Yongmin Zhong, Shiu-Kit Tso, Tianxiang Zhou. A HierarchicallyStructured and Constraint-based Data Model for Intuitive and Precise Solid Modeling in a Virtual Reality Environment. Computer-Aided Design. 2004,(36):903~928.
[15] Climent A,Riviere A. Tolerancing versus nominal modeling in next generation CAD/CAM system. Proceedings of 3rd CIRP Seminars on Computer Aided Tolerancing,1993:97-114.
[16] Hillyard R C. Dimension and Tolerances in ShapeDesign[D]. University of Cambridge,UK:PhD.Dissertation.
[17] B jorke O. Computer-Aided Tolerance[J]. ASME Press,NewYork. 1989.2nd.
[18]马玉林,姬舒平,李小但.基于智能技术的计算机辅助公差设计[J].高技术通讯,1999,(2):57-60.
[19]田中立,马玉林,姬舒平.装配尺寸链自动生成技术的研究[J].工程设计,2000,(4):138-144.
[20]孙绍民. CAD环境下公差分析与综合的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,1997:50-64.
[21]姬舒平.虚拟环境下并行公差设计方法的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2000:43-60.
[22] P.Ji. An algebraic approach for dimensional chain identification in process planning[J].International Journal of Production Research,1999,37(1):99-10.
[23] P.Treacy, J.B.Ochs and T.M.Ozsoy et al. Automated tolerance analysis for mechanical assemblies modeled with geometric features and relational data structure[J].Computer-Aided Design.1999,23(6):444-453.
[24] B.Ramani,S.H.Cheraghi and J.M.Twomey. CAD based integrated Tolerancing system[J].International Journal of Production Research.1998,36(10):2891-2910.
[25] Zuomin Dong,Andress Soom. Automatic optimal tolerance design for related dimension chains[J].Manufacturing Review.1990,3(4):262-271.
[26]肖迪,张根保.一种公差建模方法及其在尺寸链自动生成中的应用[J].机床与液压,2001,(6):156-157.
[27]王洋,王春河,高峰等.基于特征的装配尺寸链自动生成及分析的研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学报,1998,10(2):28-30.
[28]王兆正,张维强.基于装配数据库的尺寸链自动生成[J].机械设计与制造工程,2002,31(5):12-13.
[29]江思敏,刘向锋,高志等.基于配合特征的配合零件链自动生成[J].设计与工艺,2000,11(11):138-144.
[30]王恒,宁汝新,唐承统.三维装配尺寸链的自动生成[J].机械工程学报,2005,41(6):181-183.
[31] Wang N, Ozsoy T M. Automatic generation of tolerance chains from mating relations represented in assembly models[J]. ASEM journal of Mechanical Design.1993,115(4):757-761.
[32] Salomons O W. Computer support in the design of mechanical Products,constraint specification and satisfaction in feature based design for manufacturing[D].University of Twente,The Netherlands,1995.
[33] Parkinson,D.B. The Application of Reliability Methods to Tolerance. Journal of Mechanical Design,ASME,1982,104:612-618.
[34] Hasofer,A.M,Lind,N.C. Exact and Invarient Second Moment Code Fomat. Journal of The Engineering Mechanics Division,ASME. 1974,EM1,111-123
[35] Taguchi G. Performance Analysis Design[J]. International Journal of Production Design,1978(16):521-530.
[36]彭和平,刘晓军.基于矢量环装配模型的二维公差分析[J].机械传动,2007,31(6):84-86.
[37]顾凌涛,金隼等.基于特征的公差分析及其非线性问题研究[J].机械设计制造,2007,4:42-44.
[38] Ngoi B K A, Min O.J. Optimum tolerance allocation in assembly[J].Int. J. Advanced Manufacturing Technology,1999,15(9):660-665.
[39] Chen T C,Fisher G W. AGA-based search method for the tolerance allocation problem[J].Artificial Intelligence in Engineering,2000,14(2):133-141.
[40] Prabhaharan G,Asokan P,Ramesh P,et al. Genetic-algorithm-based optimal tolerance allocation using least-cost model[J].Int.J.Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2004,24(9-10):647-660
[41] Shan A,Roth R.N,Wilson R.J. Genetic Algorithms in Statistical Tolerance[J]. Mathematical Computer Modelling,2003,38(11-13):1427-1436.
[42] Roy U,Li.B. Representation and interpretation of geometric tolerances for polyhedral objects-II from tolerances[J].Computer Aided Design,1998,30(2):151-161.
[43] F H Speckhart. Calculation of tolerance based on minimum cost approach[J]. Journal of Engineering for Industry,ASME.1992,94(2):447-453.
[44] W Michael, J N Siddall. The optimal tolerance assignment with less than fullacceptance[J].Journal of Mechanical Design,ASME.1982,104(3):855-860.
[45]杨将新,顾大强,吴绍同.基于神经网络的机械加工成本-公差模型[J].中国机械工程.1996,7(6):41-42.
[46]姬舒平,孙宏伟等.一种新的公差优化数学模型的研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报.2000,32(3):12-16.
[47]王瑜,马玉林,吴伟国,等.加工工艺误差的分布对公差统计分析的影响[J].机械研究与应用,2004,17(2):23-24.
[48]匡兵,黄美发,钟艳如,孙永厚.基于粒子群算法的装配公差优化分配.机械设计与制造,2009(2):35-37.
[49]王平,沈晓阳.公差分析中的统计公差方法综述[J].工具技术,2008,42(10):43-48.
[50]赵罡,王超,于红亮.基于神经网络和遗传算法的公差优化设计[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2010,36(5):518-523.
[51]张为民,李国伟,陈灿.基于雅可比旋量理论的公差优化分配[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(4):216-220.
[52]金秋,莫帅.基于改进成本公差模型的并行公差优化设计[J].天津科技大学学报,2010,25(5):53-56.
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