装配尺寸路径图的建立与应用
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摘要
随着计算机技术的飞速发展，目前CAD/CAM已取得了重大的突破和辉煌的成就。但是机械产品设计和制造过程中的一项核心技术——计算机辅助精度设计（CAT）却远远落后于它们的发展，已成为制约CAD/CAM发展的瓶颈，迫切需要人们对它进行深入的研究。利用计算机辅助来确定零件的合理尺寸标注模式和建立完整合理的装配尺寸模型是计算机辅助精度设计研究领域的一个关键技术，具有重大的理论和实际意义。为此本文提出装配尺寸路径图的概念，它结合了图形表达直观而文字描述准确之共同优点，采用文字描述的图形来确定装配体各个零件的尺寸标注模式，根据装配尺寸路径图还可建立全体目标尺寸的装配尺寸式系，从而得到完整的全相关装配尺寸模型，在全体目标尺寸及公差的驱动下，能求解出全部零件尺寸及公差，为计算机辅助公差设计打下良好基础，也可更好的满足参数化设计的需求。
本文主要进行了以下几个方面的研究工作：
(1)规定了装配体中要素和尺寸的命名方法、目标尺寸的选取原则。
(2)将计算机辅助精度设计的问题提升到装配层次进行统一考虑，在“路径最短”及“高精度优先”两项原则的基础上，提出建立路径图的两个基本要点，通过建立并优化装配尺寸路径图来确定装配体各个零件的合理尺寸标注模式。
(3)通过建立装配尺寸模型来为实现装配体合理的公差分析与综合打下良好基础，也可更好地满足计算机辅助公差设计及参数化设计的需求。
(4)基于VB.net2005软件开发环境，利用CAD环境所提供的ActiveX技术，采用面向对象的设计方法，开发出相应的软件系统。
(5)结合实例，详细阐述了装配尺寸模型应用软件确定零件的合理尺寸标注模式的整个过程。
With the rapid development of computer technology, great breakthrough andresplendent achievement have been made in CAD/CAM at present. But thedevelopment of an important part of mechanical product design andmanufacturing—computer aided tolerancing design has lagged behind themgreatly, it has become the bottleneck of their further development, which makesit necessary to do research on it. It is an important part in CAT field and of greatsignificance in engineering to utilize computer aid engineers to make sure of thereasonable dimensioning mode, complete the automatic dimensioning of partsand realize tolerance analysis and comprehensive reasonably.So,the concept ofthe schematics of assembly dimension route has been put forward, whichcombined advantages of the graphics expression intuitive and text descriptionaccurate, using the text graphics to ensure the reasonable dimensioning mode ofthe parts. Moreover, after the path diagram has been confirmed, a mode systemof mounting dimensions can be established for the target sizes in the ensemble,and a complete model of total correlative mounting dimensions can be obtained.Under the drive of the entire target sizes and the tolerances, the dimensions andthe tolerances of all the components can be solved so that the demands ofcomputer-aided design of tolerance and parameterization can be better met.
In this paper, tasks has been accomplished as follows:
(1)Being defined the name method of the element and dimension in parts,the concept of the target size and its select principle.
(2)Put the computer aided tolerancing design problem to ascend to theassembly levels, Based on “finding the shortest path” and “giving high-precisionpriority”, two essentials of establishing path diagrams are put forward. Throughestablishing The Schematics of Assembly Dimension Route to ascertain thereasonable dimension mode of parts.
(3)Through establishing The Assembly Dimensioning Model to implementthe reasonable tolerance analysis and synthesis of parts, and realized theparameter of dimension and tolerance.
(4)Based on VB.net2005software development environment, using ActiveXtechnique provided by CAD, the corresponding system has been developed.
(5)Use the example to introduce the entire realizing process of the automaticdimensioning technique.
本文主要进行了以下几个方面的研究工作：
(1)规定了装配体中要素和尺寸的命名方法、目标尺寸的选取原则。
(2)将计算机辅助精度设计的问题提升到装配层次进行统一考虑，在“路径最短”及“高精度优先”两项原则的基础上，提出建立路径图的两个基本要点，通过建立并优化装配尺寸路径图来确定装配体各个零件的合理尺寸标注模式。
(3)通过建立装配尺寸模型来为实现装配体合理的公差分析与综合打下良好基础，也可更好地满足计算机辅助公差设计及参数化设计的需求。
(4)基于VB.net2005软件开发环境，利用CAD环境所提供的ActiveX技术，采用面向对象的设计方法，开发出相应的软件系统。
(5)结合实例，详细阐述了装配尺寸模型应用软件确定零件的合理尺寸标注模式的整个过程。
With the rapid development of computer technology, great breakthrough andresplendent achievement have been made in CAD/CAM at present. But thedevelopment of an important part of mechanical product design andmanufacturing—computer aided tolerancing design has lagged behind themgreatly, it has become the bottleneck of their further development, which makesit necessary to do research on it. It is an important part in CAT field and of greatsignificance in engineering to utilize computer aid engineers to make sure of thereasonable dimensioning mode, complete the automatic dimensioning of partsand realize tolerance analysis and comprehensive reasonably.So,the concept ofthe schematics of assembly dimension route has been put forward, whichcombined advantages of the graphics expression intuitive and text descriptionaccurate, using the text graphics to ensure the reasonable dimensioning mode ofthe parts. Moreover, after the path diagram has been confirmed, a mode systemof mounting dimensions can be established for the target sizes in the ensemble,and a complete model of total correlative mounting dimensions can be obtained.Under the drive of the entire target sizes and the tolerances, the dimensions andthe tolerances of all the components can be solved so that the demands ofcomputer-aided design of tolerance and parameterization can be better met.
In this paper, tasks has been accomplished as follows:
(1)Being defined the name method of the element and dimension in parts,the concept of the target size and its select principle.
(2)Put the computer aided tolerancing design problem to ascend to theassembly levels, Based on “finding the shortest path” and “giving high-precisionpriority”, two essentials of establishing path diagrams are put forward. Throughestablishing The Schematics of Assembly Dimension Route to ascertain thereasonable dimension mode of parts.
(3)Through establishing The Assembly Dimensioning Model to implementthe reasonable tolerance analysis and synthesis of parts, and realized theparameter of dimension and tolerance.
(4)Based on VB.net2005software development environment, using ActiveXtechnique provided by CAD, the corresponding system has been developed.
(5)Use the example to introduce the entire realizing process of the automaticdimensioning technique.
引文
[1]王玉.机械精度设计与检测技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005:11-189
[2]丁红宇.计算机辅助精度设计技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.合肥：合肥工业大学.2005
[3] Hillyard R.C.Dimension and Tolerances in Shape Design.University for Cambridge.UK:Ph.D,Dessertation.1978.
[4] O.Bjoke.Computer-aided Tolerance[M].ASME Press,New York,1989:2-7
[5] Requicha A.A.G.Toward a Theory of Geometric Tolerancing.Int.J.Rob.Res.1983，2(4):45-49.
[6] Turner J U.Tolerance in Computer-Aided Geometric Design.Ph.D[G].Thesis RenssetaePolytechnic Institutes.
[7] Weill R.Tolerancing for Function.CIRP Annals,1988,37(2):l~8.
[8]吴昭同,杨将新等.计算机辅助公差优化设计[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,1999:2-55.
[9]王永庆.人工智能原理与方法[M],西安：西安交大出版社,1997:40-75.
[10]李书涛.决策支持系统原理与技术[M],北京：北京理工大学出版社,1996:12-34.
[11]杨将新等.公差优化设计中几个引理的研究[J].浙江大学学报,1996,30(2):196~203.
[12]杨将新.基于装配成功率的公差优化设计系统研究[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,1996.
[13]张根保.计算机辅助公差设计综述[J].中国机械工程,1996,7(5):47~50.
[14]方红芳等.一种设计与制造公差的计算机辅助并行设计的方法研究[J].中国机械工程.1995,6:25-27.
[15]方红芳等.基于田口质量观的并行公差设计的研究[J].机械设计,1998,3:22-24.
[16] Bryan k,Ngoi A Tolerancing Optimizataion Method for Product Design[J].TheInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,1997(3):290~299.
[17] Huang M,composite Planar Tolerance Allocation with Dimensional and GeometricSpecifications[J].The International Journal of Advanced ManufacturingTechnology,2002(2):341-347.
[18] S H yeo,B K A Ngoi.Progress Sequence Optimization Based on A New Cost-toleranceModel[J].Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,1998(9):29-37.
[19] Xue Jianbin.Identifying Tolerance Chains With A Surfacechain Model In ToleranceCharting[J].Journal of Material Processing Technology,2002(9):93-99.
[20]张以柱等.车身装配序列生成及分总成的识别[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2003,6:240-243.
[21]王恒等.三维装配尺寸链的自动生成[J].机械工程学报,2005,41(6):181-187.
[22]周凯.基于公理化设计的装配尺寸链生成方法[J].航天制造技术,2004,2.
[23]赵皇进，郑国磊.数字环境下装配尺寸链分析的几何方法[J].计算机辅助设计和图形学学报,2008,1.
[24]王晓慧.尺寸设计理论及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2004:14-22.
[25]王晓慧等.关于工艺尺寸式的研究[J].农业机械学报,2004,3.
[26]王晓慧,李改全.装配尺寸式的研究[J].工程设计学报.2008(3):170-174.
[27] Dov Dori,Amir Pnueli,The grammar of dimension in machine drawings[J].ComputerVision Graphics and Image Processing,1988,42(1):1-18.
[28] YUEN.M.F,TAN,S.T and YU.K.M,Science for automatic dimensioning of CSG definedparts [J]. Computer Aided design,1988,20(3):151-159.
[29] JUSTER.N.P,Modeling and representation of dimension and tolerance: a survey[J].Computer Aided Design,1992,24(1):3-17.
[30]崔品.机床大件CAD方法研究[J].机械工程学报,1992,8(2):69-72.
[31]路全胜,冯辛安,张应中.面向尺寸标注多面体机械零件基本结构分析[J].大连理工大学学报.1995,35(6):844-848.
[32]刘嘉敏,张根保.机械装配建模及其在自动尺寸标注和公差设计中的应用[J].机械设计,1998(8):41-42.
[33] CHEN Kezhang, FENG. X. A,LU. Q. S. Intelligent Location-dimensioning of CylindricalSurface in Mechanical Parts[J].Computer Aided Design,2002,34(8):185-194.
[34]曾坚阳,施岳定,陆国栋.面向自动标注的功能语义尺寸模型的研究[J].中国机械工程,2003(8):1402-1405.
[35]陈龙,陆国栋,曾坚阳.基于功能语义的尺寸模型生成及其调整[J].中国机械工程,2007,5(3):548-553.
[36]卢远志.基于排样思想的工程图坐标尺寸防干涉方法[J].中南大学学报,2010(2).
[37] Fred Bunckley Marty Lewinter,A Friendly Introduction to Graph Theory[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005:42-51.
[38]徐俊明,图论及其应用[M].合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社.2008:1-2.
[39]肖迪.机械装配建模及零件尺寸标注自动化技术研究[D].硕士学位论文,重庆：重庆大学.2002.
[40]王朝瑞.图论[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,1997:1-50.
[41]李改全.基于要素特征的装配尺寸模型的建立与应用[D].硕士学位论文,太原：太原科技大学.2010.
[42]韩进宏.互换性与技术测量[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004.7.
[43]张国宝.AutoCAD Visual Basic开发技术[M].北京：科学出版社.2000:4-36.
[44]张晋西.Visual Basic.net二次开发AutoCAD范例解析[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2004.1:20-165.
[45] Lin Z C,Chang D Y.Cost-tolerance Analysis Model Based on A Neural NetworksMethod[J].International Journal of Production Research,2002,40(6):1429-1452.
[2]丁红宇.计算机辅助精度设计技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.合肥：合肥工业大学.2005
[3] Hillyard R.C.Dimension and Tolerances in Shape Design.University for Cambridge.UK:Ph.D,Dessertation.1978.
[4] O.Bjoke.Computer-aided Tolerance[M].ASME Press,New York,1989:2-7
[5] Requicha A.A.G.Toward a Theory of Geometric Tolerancing.Int.J.Rob.Res.1983，2(4):45-49.
[6] Turner J U.Tolerance in Computer-Aided Geometric Design.Ph.D[G].Thesis RenssetaePolytechnic Institutes.
[7] Weill R.Tolerancing for Function.CIRP Annals,1988,37(2):l~8.
[8]吴昭同,杨将新等.计算机辅助公差优化设计[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,1999:2-55.
[9]王永庆.人工智能原理与方法[M],西安：西安交大出版社,1997:40-75.
[10]李书涛.决策支持系统原理与技术[M],北京：北京理工大学出版社,1996:12-34.
[11]杨将新等.公差优化设计中几个引理的研究[J].浙江大学学报,1996,30(2):196~203.
[12]杨将新.基于装配成功率的公差优化设计系统研究[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,1996.
[13]张根保.计算机辅助公差设计综述[J].中国机械工程,1996,7(5):47~50.
[14]方红芳等.一种设计与制造公差的计算机辅助并行设计的方法研究[J].中国机械工程.1995,6:25-27.
[15]方红芳等.基于田口质量观的并行公差设计的研究[J].机械设计,1998,3:22-24.
[16] Bryan k,Ngoi A Tolerancing Optimizataion Method for Product Design[J].TheInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,1997(3):290~299.
[17] Huang M,composite Planar Tolerance Allocation with Dimensional and GeometricSpecifications[J].The International Journal of Advanced ManufacturingTechnology,2002(2):341-347.
[18] S H yeo,B K A Ngoi.Progress Sequence Optimization Based on A New Cost-toleranceModel[J].Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,1998(9):29-37.
[19] Xue Jianbin.Identifying Tolerance Chains With A Surfacechain Model In ToleranceCharting[J].Journal of Material Processing Technology,2002(9):93-99.
[20]张以柱等.车身装配序列生成及分总成的识别[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2003,6:240-243.
[21]王恒等.三维装配尺寸链的自动生成[J].机械工程学报,2005,41(6):181-187.
[22]周凯.基于公理化设计的装配尺寸链生成方法[J].航天制造技术,2004,2.
[23]赵皇进，郑国磊.数字环境下装配尺寸链分析的几何方法[J].计算机辅助设计和图形学学报,2008,1.
[24]王晓慧.尺寸设计理论及应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2004:14-22.
[25]王晓慧等.关于工艺尺寸式的研究[J].农业机械学报,2004,3.
[26]王晓慧,李改全.装配尺寸式的研究[J].工程设计学报.2008(3):170-174.
[27] Dov Dori,Amir Pnueli,The grammar of dimension in machine drawings[J].ComputerVision Graphics and Image Processing,1988,42(1):1-18.
[28] YUEN.M.F,TAN,S.T and YU.K.M,Science for automatic dimensioning of CSG definedparts [J]. Computer Aided design,1988,20(3):151-159.
[29] JUSTER.N.P,Modeling and representation of dimension and tolerance: a survey[J].Computer Aided Design,1992,24(1):3-17.
[30]崔品.机床大件CAD方法研究[J].机械工程学报,1992,8(2):69-72.
[31]路全胜,冯辛安,张应中.面向尺寸标注多面体机械零件基本结构分析[J].大连理工大学学报.1995,35(6):844-848.
[32]刘嘉敏,张根保.机械装配建模及其在自动尺寸标注和公差设计中的应用[J].机械设计,1998(8):41-42.
[33] CHEN Kezhang, FENG. X. A,LU. Q. S. Intelligent Location-dimensioning of CylindricalSurface in Mechanical Parts[J].Computer Aided Design,2002,34(8):185-194.
[34]曾坚阳,施岳定,陆国栋.面向自动标注的功能语义尺寸模型的研究[J].中国机械工程,2003(8):1402-1405.
[35]陈龙,陆国栋,曾坚阳.基于功能语义的尺寸模型生成及其调整[J].中国机械工程,2007,5(3):548-553.
[36]卢远志.基于排样思想的工程图坐标尺寸防干涉方法[J].中南大学学报,2010(2).
[37] Fred Bunckley Marty Lewinter,A Friendly Introduction to Graph Theory[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005:42-51.
[38]徐俊明,图论及其应用[M].合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社.2008:1-2.
[39]肖迪.机械装配建模及零件尺寸标注自动化技术研究[D].硕士学位论文,重庆：重庆大学.2002.
[40]王朝瑞.图论[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,1997:1-50.
[41]李改全.基于要素特征的装配尺寸模型的建立与应用[D].硕士学位论文,太原：太原科技大学.2010.
[42]韩进宏.互换性与技术测量[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004.7.
[43]张国宝.AutoCAD Visual Basic开发技术[M].北京：科学出版社.2000:4-36.
[44]张晋西.Visual Basic.net二次开发AutoCAD范例解析[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2004.1:20-165.
[45] Lin Z C,Chang D Y.Cost-tolerance Analysis Model Based on A Neural NetworksMethod[J].International Journal of Production Research,2002,40(6):1429-1452.