菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的研究
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摘要
本文在前人研究的基础上，结合豆田害虫综合治理的现状，通过田间系统调查和室内研究，采用群落分析、多元统计分析等方法，系统研究了菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的组成结构和季节动态，并对杀虫剂对菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的影响及其生态学机理进行分析探讨，结果如下：
1．菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的结构
两季三菜用大豆田共查出节肢动物144种，分属于3个纲13个目，65个科(类)，100709个体。其中害虫类51种，分属于25科；捕食类48种，分属于21个科；寄生类23种，分属于12个科，中性类22种，分属于14个科。春种菜用大豆田共有节肢动物115种，分属于56个科；秋种菜用大豆田共有节肢动物94种，分属于54个科。
春种菜用大豆田害虫类的相对丰盛度为0.6361～0.7018，捕食类的相对丰盛度为0.1641～0.1907，寄生类和中性类的相对丰盛度分别为0.0418～0.0647和0.0923～0.1085。秋种菜用大豆田害虫类的相对丰盛度为0.9483～0.9749，捕食类的相对丰盛度为0.0097～0.0164，寄生类和中性类的相对丰盛度分别为0.0087～0.0173和0.0067～0.0188。
两季菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的优势集中性为秋种田高于春种田，捕食类和害虫类优势种三样田基本一致。春种菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的优势集中性为台湾毛豆75＞2808＞茶豆；各亚群落的优势集中性略有不同，台湾毛豆75和2808豆田为中性类＞捕食类＞寄生类＞害虫类，茶豆田为中性类＞捕食类＞害虫类＞寄生类。秋种菜用大豆节肢动物群落的优势集中性为茶豆＞台湾毛豆75＞2808；台湾毛豆75和茶豆表现为害虫类＞寄生类＞捕食类＞中性类，2808豆田各亚群落的优势集中性为害虫类＞寄生类＞中性类＞捕食类。
春种菜用大豆田节肢动物群落多样性DG指数是茶豆＞台湾毛豆75＞2808；秋种群落多样性DG指数台湾毛豆75＞茶豆＞2808；害虫大发生的可能性2808较其他豆田大。
豆田害虫类节肢动物亚群落的多样性和均匀性与总群落一致，呈低-高-低-高的变化趋势；捕食类亚群落的多样性和均匀性动态呈高-低-高的变化趋势。
影响群落多样性H指数的主要成分是均匀性和物种丰富度，春种菜用大豆田群落多样性变化受均匀性的影响占58.29％-63.54％；受物种丰富度的影响占33.93％-36.28％；秋种菜用大豆田群落多样性变化受均匀性的影响占75.18％-79.30％；受物种丰富度的影响占16.94％-22.61％。
2．施用辛硫磷对菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的影响
春种菜用大豆田施用辛硫磷区多样性指数略低于对照区，均匀性指数施药区高于对照区，优势集中性指数对照区略高于施药区；施用辛硫磷对节肢动物群落类群数、物种数和个体数均有一定的抑制作用，菜用大豆生长前期施药比中后期影响大。施药对优势害虫和捕食性天敌均有一定的杀伤作用，且对捕食性天
Based on the previous research, the thesis reviewed international research progress on the soybean pest, combining the development strategies of research on arthropod community and integrated pest management. The dynamics of the arthropod community in vegetable soybean fields and the effects of different pesticides on the arthropod community and diferent sub-communities were studied. The researching results were as follows:
1 Structure of the arthropod community in vegetable soybean fields
The arthropod community in vegetable soybean fields were divided into four sub-communities, which are pests, predators, parasitoids and neutralities. The structure and dynamics of the arthropod community and diferents sub-communities were analyzed by using a number of community parameters in the fields cultured vegetable soybean varieties of Green 75, 2808 and Chadou respectively. The results indicated that there were 144 species of arthropod belonging to 3 Classes, 13 orders, 6 5 families in three vegetable soybean fields, including 51 species (taxa) of insect pests belonging to 25 families, 48 species (taxa) of predators belonging to 21 families, 23 species (taxa) of parasitoids belonging to 12 families and 22 species (taxa) of neutralities belonging to 14 families.
The relative abundance of pests , predators, parasitoids and neutralities were 0.6361-0.7018 ,0.1641-0.1907, 0.0418-0.0647 and 0.0923-0.1085 respectively in Spring sowing season . The relative abundance of pests , predators, parasitoids and neutralities were 0.9483-0.9749, 0.0097-0.0164,0.0087-0.0173 and 0.0067-0.0188 respectively in Fall sowing season.
The dominant species in pests and predators sub-communities in three fields were almost the same. In Spring sowing season, dominant concentration of the arthropod community in the Chadou was larger than that in the Green 75 and 2808; In Fall sowing season, dominant concentration of the arthropod community in the Green 75 was larger than that in the Chadou and 2808. The diversities of the arthropod community in three fields were compared by different indices. It was found that the DG index was Chadou>Green75> 2808 and Green75> Chadou >2808, and that was superior to other analyzing the diversity of different arthropod communities. This suggested that the possibility of pest outbreak in 2808 field was larger than that in other fields. The dynamics of the diversities(H') and evennesses in pests sub-communities and arthropod communities in three fields was almost the same, changing from loosely to highly tended, to loosely, and then, to highly tended again. And that of the predators sub-communities changed from highly to loosely tended, and then, to highly tended
1．菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的结构
两季三菜用大豆田共查出节肢动物144种，分属于3个纲13个目，65个科(类)，100709个体。其中害虫类51种，分属于25科；捕食类48种，分属于21个科；寄生类23种，分属于12个科，中性类22种，分属于14个科。春种菜用大豆田共有节肢动物115种，分属于56个科；秋种菜用大豆田共有节肢动物94种，分属于54个科。
春种菜用大豆田害虫类的相对丰盛度为0.6361～0.7018，捕食类的相对丰盛度为0.1641～0.1907，寄生类和中性类的相对丰盛度分别为0.0418～0.0647和0.0923～0.1085。秋种菜用大豆田害虫类的相对丰盛度为0.9483～0.9749，捕食类的相对丰盛度为0.0097～0.0164，寄生类和中性类的相对丰盛度分别为0.0087～0.0173和0.0067～0.0188。
两季菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的优势集中性为秋种田高于春种田，捕食类和害虫类优势种三样田基本一致。春种菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的优势集中性为台湾毛豆75＞2808＞茶豆；各亚群落的优势集中性略有不同，台湾毛豆75和2808豆田为中性类＞捕食类＞寄生类＞害虫类，茶豆田为中性类＞捕食类＞害虫类＞寄生类。秋种菜用大豆节肢动物群落的优势集中性为茶豆＞台湾毛豆75＞2808；台湾毛豆75和茶豆表现为害虫类＞寄生类＞捕食类＞中性类，2808豆田各亚群落的优势集中性为害虫类＞寄生类＞中性类＞捕食类。
春种菜用大豆田节肢动物群落多样性DG指数是茶豆＞台湾毛豆75＞2808；秋种群落多样性DG指数台湾毛豆75＞茶豆＞2808；害虫大发生的可能性2808较其他豆田大。
豆田害虫类节肢动物亚群落的多样性和均匀性与总群落一致，呈低-高-低-高的变化趋势；捕食类亚群落的多样性和均匀性动态呈高-低-高的变化趋势。
影响群落多样性H指数的主要成分是均匀性和物种丰富度，春种菜用大豆田群落多样性变化受均匀性的影响占58.29％-63.54％；受物种丰富度的影响占33.93％-36.28％；秋种菜用大豆田群落多样性变化受均匀性的影响占75.18％-79.30％；受物种丰富度的影响占16.94％-22.61％。
2．施用辛硫磷对菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的影响
春种菜用大豆田施用辛硫磷区多样性指数略低于对照区，均匀性指数施药区高于对照区，优势集中性指数对照区略高于施药区；施用辛硫磷对节肢动物群落类群数、物种数和个体数均有一定的抑制作用，菜用大豆生长前期施药比中后期影响大。施药对优势害虫和捕食性天敌均有一定的杀伤作用，且对捕食性天
Based on the previous research, the thesis reviewed international research progress on the soybean pest, combining the development strategies of research on arthropod community and integrated pest management. The dynamics of the arthropod community in vegetable soybean fields and the effects of different pesticides on the arthropod community and diferent sub-communities were studied. The researching results were as follows:
1 Structure of the arthropod community in vegetable soybean fields
The arthropod community in vegetable soybean fields were divided into four sub-communities, which are pests, predators, parasitoids and neutralities. The structure and dynamics of the arthropod community and diferents sub-communities were analyzed by using a number of community parameters in the fields cultured vegetable soybean varieties of Green 75, 2808 and Chadou respectively. The results indicated that there were 144 species of arthropod belonging to 3 Classes, 13 orders, 6 5 families in three vegetable soybean fields, including 51 species (taxa) of insect pests belonging to 25 families, 48 species (taxa) of predators belonging to 21 families, 23 species (taxa) of parasitoids belonging to 12 families and 22 species (taxa) of neutralities belonging to 14 families.
The relative abundance of pests , predators, parasitoids and neutralities were 0.6361-0.7018 ,0.1641-0.1907, 0.0418-0.0647 and 0.0923-0.1085 respectively in Spring sowing season . The relative abundance of pests , predators, parasitoids and neutralities were 0.9483-0.9749, 0.0097-0.0164,0.0087-0.0173 and 0.0067-0.0188 respectively in Fall sowing season.
The dominant species in pests and predators sub-communities in three fields were almost the same. In Spring sowing season, dominant concentration of the arthropod community in the Chadou was larger than that in the Green 75 and 2808; In Fall sowing season, dominant concentration of the arthropod community in the Green 75 was larger than that in the Chadou and 2808. The diversities of the arthropod community in three fields were compared by different indices. It was found that the DG index was Chadou>Green75> 2808 and Green75> Chadou >2808, and that was superior to other analyzing the diversity of different arthropod communities. This suggested that the possibility of pest outbreak in 2808 field was larger than that in other fields. The dynamics of the diversities(H') and evennesses in pests sub-communities and arthropod communities in three fields was almost the same, changing from loosely to highly tended, to loosely, and then, to highly tended again. And that of the predators sub-communities changed from highly to loosely tended, and then, to highly tended
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