计算机光学元件的特性研究
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摘要
在电磁波的应用中,根据不同的要求,往往需要把场分布进行改变。大量文献表明,计算机光学元件(Computer Optics Element ,COE)可以应用于光波和微波波段中的场分布改变,并有着广泛的应用前景。本论文在本项目以前的工作基础上,对反射式计算机光学元件的成像特性进行研究,并对原有的设计软件进行改进,提高程序运行速度和元件的设计效果。
本文首先对计算机光学元件的基本设计理论进行了详细分析,着重研究了标量衍射理论。在此基础上,对反射式计算机光学元件的设计软件RFCOE(Reflection Computer Optics Element)进行研究。为了找出计算机光学元件的最佳工作条件,本文对计算机光学元件的带宽、景深、入射角度等特性进行了研究。这些结论适用于不同光波段(可见光与红外)的元件,也适用于毫米波场分布的元件,为今后的应用打下基础。在元件的设计过程中,某些参数的选取往往缺乏实际的依据,例如,迭代次数的选取。当迭代次数选为某一合适的值时,拟合系数就开始收敛。这一结论的获得,对元件的设计过程中具有很重要的参考意义,能够大大地提高元件设计的效率。
我们选择在科学计算领域广泛流行的且是最适于数值计算的一种高级计算机语言—FORTRAN 90与Compaq Visual Fortran(CVF)6.6开发环境。本文从软件环境和编译效率、分析程序性能、有效访问数组等几个方面,对软件RFCOE做一些优化,从而提高程序的运算速度。
软件中选取的采样点数与元件的设计效果有着密切的关系,为了提高计算精度,本文对软件进行改造,提高采样点,探讨了采样点和成像效果之间的关系。本文工作对计算机光学元件的研究具有相当的参考价值。
In the application of the electromagnetic wave, according to the different request, people need to alter field’s distribution. Many papers suggest, Computer Optics Element (COE) could realize the altering field of light distributing in light wave and microwave band and have wide application future. With the basis of some projects before, we have research on the imaging characteristics of reflecting computer optics element in this paper. And we also improve the software and the design effect.
Firstly, this paper gives a detailed analysis of the basic design theory of the COE (Computer Optics Element), and mainly focuses on the scalar diffraction theory. With the basis of these analyses, we research the design software of reflection computer optics element. In this paper, we have research on the characteristics of bandwidth, depth of field and so on to find the best work condition. These conclusions can apply to different element of light wave bands (visible and infrared light) and millimeter wave band. In the course of design element, we usually lack the actual gist to choose some parameters, for example, how to decide the iterative times. When we choose iterative times as one appropriate value, the result begins to converge. This conclusion is very important to the design of element and it can largely improve the efficiency of the design of element.
We choose an advanced computer language-FORTRAN 90 which is popular in science calculation and the exploitation environment is CVF 6.6. This paper optimizes the software from software environment and compiling efficiency, analyzing the performance of programs, call on array in effect.
The choosing of sampling spots has close relationship with the design effect of optics elements. So, we improve the design software and increase the sampling spots to discuss the relationship of sampling spots and the effect of imaging and enhance the precision of calculation.
The conclusions in this paper have a conducting value to the further research on COE in the future.
本文首先对计算机光学元件的基本设计理论进行了详细分析,着重研究了标量衍射理论。在此基础上,对反射式计算机光学元件的设计软件RFCOE(Reflection Computer Optics Element)进行研究。为了找出计算机光学元件的最佳工作条件,本文对计算机光学元件的带宽、景深、入射角度等特性进行了研究。这些结论适用于不同光波段(可见光与红外)的元件,也适用于毫米波场分布的元件,为今后的应用打下基础。在元件的设计过程中,某些参数的选取往往缺乏实际的依据,例如,迭代次数的选取。当迭代次数选为某一合适的值时,拟合系数就开始收敛。这一结论的获得,对元件的设计过程中具有很重要的参考意义,能够大大地提高元件设计的效率。
我们选择在科学计算领域广泛流行的且是最适于数值计算的一种高级计算机语言—FORTRAN 90与Compaq Visual Fortran(CVF)6.6开发环境。本文从软件环境和编译效率、分析程序性能、有效访问数组等几个方面,对软件RFCOE做一些优化,从而提高程序的运算速度。
软件中选取的采样点数与元件的设计效果有着密切的关系,为了提高计算精度,本文对软件进行改造,提高采样点,探讨了采样点和成像效果之间的关系。本文工作对计算机光学元件的研究具有相当的参考价值。
In the application of the electromagnetic wave, according to the different request, people need to alter field’s distribution. Many papers suggest, Computer Optics Element (COE) could realize the altering field of light distributing in light wave and microwave band and have wide application future. With the basis of some projects before, we have research on the imaging characteristics of reflecting computer optics element in this paper. And we also improve the software and the design effect.
Firstly, this paper gives a detailed analysis of the basic design theory of the COE (Computer Optics Element), and mainly focuses on the scalar diffraction theory. With the basis of these analyses, we research the design software of reflection computer optics element. In this paper, we have research on the characteristics of bandwidth, depth of field and so on to find the best work condition. These conclusions can apply to different element of light wave bands (visible and infrared light) and millimeter wave band. In the course of design element, we usually lack the actual gist to choose some parameters, for example, how to decide the iterative times. When we choose iterative times as one appropriate value, the result begins to converge. This conclusion is very important to the design of element and it can largely improve the efficiency of the design of element.
We choose an advanced computer language-FORTRAN 90 which is popular in science calculation and the exploitation environment is CVF 6.6. This paper optimizes the software from software environment and compiling efficiency, analyzing the performance of programs, call on array in effect.
The choosing of sampling spots has close relationship with the design effect of optics elements. So, we improve the design software and increase the sampling spots to discuss the relationship of sampling spots and the effect of imaging and enhance the precision of calculation.
The conclusions in this paper have a conducting value to the further research on COE in the future.
引文
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[40] Moharam D A, Gaylord T K. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of planar-grating diffraction. J.Opt., Soc. Am. 1981,71:811-818
[41] Nakata Y, koshiba M. Boundary-element analysis of plane-wave diffraction from groove-type dieliectric and metallic grating. J.Opt. Soc. Am. A.,1990,7:1494-1502
[42] Raguin D H Morri G M. Antireflection Structured Surfaces for the Infrared Spectral Region. Appl Opt., 1993, 32(7): 154-167
[43] Mait J N, Prather D W, Mirotmik M S. Design of Binary Subwavelength Diffractive Theory. J.Opt.Soc.Am.A, 1999, 16(5): 157-167
[44] 冯包根. 二元光学元件及其应用. 应用光学, 1994, 15(1): 11-19
[45] 周前祥, 连国顺. 空间交会对接技术及其发展趋势. 中国航天, 1998,1:25-28
[46] 郑治仁. 新概念武器之高功率微波武器. 兵器知识, 2004, 5:44-45
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[48] J. Cordingley. Application of a Binary Diffractive Optic for Beam Shaping in Semiconductor Processing by Lasers. Appl. Opt., 1993, 32(14): 2538-2542
[49] Stevenson R M, Norman M J, Bett T H, et al. Binary-phase Zone Plate Arrays for the Generation of Uniform Focal Profiles. Optics Letters., 1994,19(6): 363-365
[50] Dixit S N, Thomas I M, Woods B W, et al. Random Phase Plates for Beam Smoothing on the Nova Laser. Appl. Opt., 1993,32(14): 2542-2554
[51] Michael Duparre, Luedge B, Kowarschik R M, et al. Investigation of Computer-generated Diffractive Beam-shapers for the Task of Gauss-to-Ring Laser-beam Transformation. SPIE. ,1996,2689:112-119
[52] Sofer V A, Kazanskiy N L, Kharitonov S I. Synthesis of a Binary DOE Focusing into an Arbitrary Curve Using the Electromagnetic Approximation. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 1998,29(3): 237-247
[53] Motamedi M E. Micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems. Opt. Eng. , 1994, 33(11): 3505-3517
[54] 杜诗研. 光学空间模式变换器的算法研究与软件设计. [硕士学位论文]. 成都: 电子科技大学,2005
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[62] 杨国桢. 衍射光学元件的设计方法. 物理, 1994, 23(4):10-15
[63] Fienup J R. Phase retrieval algorithms: A comparison. Applied Optics,1982,21(15): 2758-2769
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[65] 向毅斌, 陈敦军. Visual Fortran 程序运行速度的优化方法. 微型机与应用, 2000, 8:9-10
[2] 郑光昭. 光信息科学与技术应用. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2002.284-316
[3] Гончарский А В,Данилов В А, т.д. Квантовая электронка, 1986, 13(3):660
[4] Гончарский А В, Данилов В А, т.д. ДАН, 1985, 273(3): 591-595
[5] Голуб М А, Живописцев Е С, Карпеев С В идр. ДАН, 1980, 253:1104.
[6] Данилов В А, Попов В В, Прохоров А М идр. Письма в ЖТФ, 1982, 13(8): 810.
[7] СЕМЕНОВ А С. КВАНТОВАЯ ЗЛЕКРОНИКА. 1986, 13, (12): 85-88
[8] 晴天译, 苏联第一界计算机光学工作会议. 国外激光, 1987, (4): 14-19
[9] Velskamp W B, McHugh T J. Binary optics. Scientific American, 1992, 266(5): 92-97
[10] Leger J, Holz M, Swanson G, et al. Coherent laser beam addition: An application of binary optics technology. Lincoln lab J 1998, (2): 225-246
[11] Bogdashov A A, Chirkov A V, Denisov G G, et al. Mirror synthesis for gyrotron quasi-optical mode converters. International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves,1995, 16(4): 735-744
[12] 微小光学发展战略专集. 西安光子学报. 1994,23(z2)
[13] Yansong Chen, Dehua Li, Yunlong Sheng. Beam-Shaping Element with Reduced Sensitivity to Input Variations. Appl. Opt., 1997,36(3): 568-571
[14] Joseph N Mait, Dennis W Prather, Mark S Mirotznik. Binary Subwavelenth diffractive-lens design. Optics Letters, 1998,23(17): 1343-1345
[15] Veldkamp W B and McHugh T J. Coherent Summation of Laser Beams Using Binary Phase Gratings. Optics Letters, 1986,11(5): 303-305
[16] Kathman D and Pitalo S K. Binary Optics in Lens Design SPIE, 1990,1354:297-309
[17] Veldkamp W B, Swanson G J, Shaver D C. High Efficiency Binary Lenses. Opt. Commun., 1985,53(6):353-357
[18] Wang Yongtian, Zhang Sijiong, Macdonald John. Ray Tracing and Wave Aberration Calculation for Diffractive Optical Elements. Opt. Eng., 1996,35(7): 2021-2025
[19] Yoel Arieli, Shmuel Ozeri, Naftali Eisenberg. Design of a Diffractive Optical Element for Wide Spectral Bandwidth. Opt. Letters., 1998,23(11):823-834
[20] Michel G, Thumm M, Wagner D. Design of a Quasi-optical Mode Converter for a Coaxial 165 GHz TE 31, 17 Gyrotron. Conf. Degest 22 nd conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves 1997, 25
[21] Chirkov A V, Denisov G G, Aleksandrov N L. 3D wavebeam field reconstruction from intensity measurements in a few cross sections. Optics Communications, 1995, 115: 499-452
[22] 熊光欣. 二元光学的发展和应用前景. 光学仪器, 1996, 18(3): 38-42.
[23] Doskolovich L L , Perlo P, Petrova O I, et al. Direct 2D Calculation of Quantized DOEs on the Basis of a continuous series approach. J. Mod. Opt., 1997,44(4): 685-695
[24] 杨国桢, 顾本源, 董碧珍. 衍射光学元件的设计方法. 光学学报, 1994, 23(z2)
[25] 高惠德, 李琦, 董蕴华,等. 高斯光束转换程厚环形光束的二元光学元件的研究. 光电子激光. 9(3), 199
[26] 李琦, 高惠德, 董蕴华,等. 整形二元光学元件衍射效率的研究. 激光技术, 2000, 24(1):30-33
[27] 谭峭峰, 严瑛白, 金国藩,等. 实现 ICF 束匀滑的二元光学器件设计与制作. 强激光与粒子束, 1999, 11(4) : 445-449
[28] 董梅峰. 计算机光学元件的算法及实验研究. [硕士学位论文]. 成都: 电子科技大学, 2004
[29] Gerchberg R W, Saxton W O, A practical algorithm for the determination of phase from image and diffraction plan pictures. Optik, 1972, 35:237-246
[30] 许超, 张静娟, 陈俊本. 用于圆对称光束波前变换的位相型光学系统. 物理学报, 1993, 42(8):1245-1246
[31] Fienup J R. Iterative method applied to image reconstruction and to computer generated holograms. Opt. Eng, 1980, 19:297-306
[32] Deng Xuegong, Li Yongping, Qiu Yue, et al. phase-mixture algorithm applied to design of pure phase elements. Chinese J Lasers, 1995, B4 (5): 447-454
[33] Christophe Kopp. Efficient beamshaper homogenizer design combining diffractive optical elements microlens array and random phase plate. Pure Appl Opt., 1999, 1:398-403
[34] Press W H, Teukolsky S A, Vetterling W T, et al. Numerical recipes in C: The Art of scientific computing (2 Edition). Beijing: Electronics Industry press, 1995. 356-360 (Chinese version)
[35] Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt P, Vecchi M P. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science, 1983, 220(4598): 671-680
[36] Holland J H. Genetic algorithm. Scientific American, 1992, 4: 44-50
[37] Petit R Electromagnetic theory of grating. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1980, 36-71
[38] Qu D, Burge E, Yuan X. Diffractive properties of surface-relief microstructures. SPIE,1991,1506:152-159
[39] Vasara A H, Noponnen E, Turunen J P, et al. Rigorous diffraction theory of binary optical interconnects. SPIE, 1991,1507:224-238
[40] Moharam D A, Gaylord T K. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of planar-grating diffraction. J.Opt., Soc. Am. 1981,71:811-818
[41] Nakata Y, koshiba M. Boundary-element analysis of plane-wave diffraction from groove-type dieliectric and metallic grating. J.Opt. Soc. Am. A.,1990,7:1494-1502
[42] Raguin D H Morri G M. Antireflection Structured Surfaces for the Infrared Spectral Region. Appl Opt., 1993, 32(7): 154-167
[43] Mait J N, Prather D W, Mirotmik M S. Design of Binary Subwavelength Diffractive Theory. J.Opt.Soc.Am.A, 1999, 16(5): 157-167
[44] 冯包根. 二元光学元件及其应用. 应用光学, 1994, 15(1): 11-19
[45] 周前祥, 连国顺. 空间交会对接技术及其发展趋势. 中国航天, 1998,1:25-28
[46] 郑治仁. 新概念武器之高功率微波武器. 兵器知识, 2004, 5:44-45
[47] 郑治仁. 新概念武器之激光武器.兵器知识, 2004, 6:30-31
[48] J. Cordingley. Application of a Binary Diffractive Optic for Beam Shaping in Semiconductor Processing by Lasers. Appl. Opt., 1993, 32(14): 2538-2542
[49] Stevenson R M, Norman M J, Bett T H, et al. Binary-phase Zone Plate Arrays for the Generation of Uniform Focal Profiles. Optics Letters., 1994,19(6): 363-365
[50] Dixit S N, Thomas I M, Woods B W, et al. Random Phase Plates for Beam Smoothing on the Nova Laser. Appl. Opt., 1993,32(14): 2542-2554
[51] Michael Duparre, Luedge B, Kowarschik R M, et al. Investigation of Computer-generated Diffractive Beam-shapers for the Task of Gauss-to-Ring Laser-beam Transformation. SPIE. ,1996,2689:112-119
[52] Sofer V A, Kazanskiy N L, Kharitonov S I. Synthesis of a Binary DOE Focusing into an Arbitrary Curve Using the Electromagnetic Approximation. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 1998,29(3): 237-247
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