电磁场的三维可视化技术研究及实现
|
摘要
科学计算可视化是将错综复杂的海量数据转化为有组织结构的空间几何形状、颜色、纹理、动画等视觉信号并展示出来。该技术可以充分应用到对复杂物理环境和系统动态过程的模拟展示中,例如在计算流体力学、医学成像、地质勘探、气象等多个领域。本文以虚拟现实环境下的电磁场三维可视化作为研究目标,研究的主要内容包括电磁场数据可视化、复杂电磁现象可视化以及电磁空间环境可视化。
借助计算机图形学技术,对电磁环境、电磁现象进行视觉再现,可以为相关研究人员、指挥决策人员提供直观快捷的数据依据。电磁场可视化是一个综合性技术,需要充分考虑电磁场模拟数据类型的多样性、磁场物理环境复杂性等特点。Marching Cubes方法和Hedgehog方法分别是目前实现电磁标量场和矢量场可视化有效方法,本论文在实现该可视化算法基础上,结合实际应用,将电磁场可视化数据集及其相应的操作(映射、绘制等)以“对象”的形式加以抽象,构造了基于面向对象的电磁场数据可视化流水线模型。另一方面,在针对大范围地域电磁场环境交互式可视化问题上,采用八叉树结构对地形以及电磁数据进行空间分块和存储,并结合LOD调度技术,实现实时渲染。
进一步,在针对雷达扫描过程的模拟方面,结合余辉的产生、更新以及消失的动态特性,采用粒子系统,建立雷达扫描的余辉模型。该模拟的实现可以为飞行器低空飞行提供可视化的数据分析依据,还可以为飞行仿真建立一个可视化的虚拟环境。
最后,对电磁场所处的空间环境进行可视化,可以有效地分析地形等因素对电磁场变化的影响。本论文系统通过对电磁场所处的三维空间环境进行可视化,增加了系统的沉浸感,在虚拟现实的环境下,全面表现空间的电磁场分布等情况,能更好地帮助相关人员把握电磁场的本质规律等。
Visualization in Scientific Computing can convert large amounts of data into structured space geometry, color, texture, animation and other visual signals for displaying. This technology can be fully applied to demonstrate certain complexly physical environment and simulate system dynamic process, such as computational fluid dynamics, medical imaging, geological exploration, weather, and other fields. This paper researches the 3D visualization of electromagnetic field based on virtual reality environment and the main contents include electromagnetic data visualization, complex electromagnetic phenomena visualization, as well as electromagnetic space environment visualization.
By using computer graphics technology, the visual reproduction for some complex electromagnetic environment and electromagnetic phenomena can provide better data basis and help for some people's researching, decision-making and commanding. Electromagnetic field visualization is an integrated technology, for which we need to consider the type diversity of the electromagnetic data, the complexity of the magnetic field and other physical characteristics of the environment. We realize the scalar and vector visualization of electromagnetic field by using the Marching Cubes and Hedgehog modeling methods and establish, an electromagnetic data visualization pipeline mode based on object-oriented methods, through encapsulating the visualization data sets and corresponding operations (mapping, rendering, and others) as the target concept. On the other hand, in response to the interactive visualization for large scope of electromagnetic environment, we block and storage the electromagnetic data through octree structure. At the same time, making use of level of detail technology, we realize real-time rendering.
Further more, based on the basic dynamic generation, updating and disappear characteristics of afterglow, the idea of particle systems was proposed to represent afterglow model in radar scanning process simulation. The realization of this simulation can provide visual data analysis basis for low-flying aircraft and establish virtual environment for flight simulation visualization.
Through the visualization of the environment, we can analyze the changes in the electromagnetic which caused by some factors like the terrain effectively. In the 3D visualization system for the electromagnetic field, we consider and realize the space environment visualization in which electromagnetic field existing, including terrain, landform environment and so on. The effect of space environment visualization can consumedly enhance the immersion characteristic of system and fully demonstrate the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the virtual reality environment, which can provide better help for people grasping the nature of electromagnetic fields.
借助计算机图形学技术,对电磁环境、电磁现象进行视觉再现,可以为相关研究人员、指挥决策人员提供直观快捷的数据依据。电磁场可视化是一个综合性技术,需要充分考虑电磁场模拟数据类型的多样性、磁场物理环境复杂性等特点。Marching Cubes方法和Hedgehog方法分别是目前实现电磁标量场和矢量场可视化有效方法,本论文在实现该可视化算法基础上,结合实际应用,将电磁场可视化数据集及其相应的操作(映射、绘制等)以“对象”的形式加以抽象,构造了基于面向对象的电磁场数据可视化流水线模型。另一方面,在针对大范围地域电磁场环境交互式可视化问题上,采用八叉树结构对地形以及电磁数据进行空间分块和存储,并结合LOD调度技术,实现实时渲染。
进一步,在针对雷达扫描过程的模拟方面,结合余辉的产生、更新以及消失的动态特性,采用粒子系统,建立雷达扫描的余辉模型。该模拟的实现可以为飞行器低空飞行提供可视化的数据分析依据,还可以为飞行仿真建立一个可视化的虚拟环境。
最后,对电磁场所处的空间环境进行可视化,可以有效地分析地形等因素对电磁场变化的影响。本论文系统通过对电磁场所处的三维空间环境进行可视化,增加了系统的沉浸感,在虚拟现实的环境下,全面表现空间的电磁场分布等情况,能更好地帮助相关人员把握电磁场的本质规律等。
Visualization in Scientific Computing can convert large amounts of data into structured space geometry, color, texture, animation and other visual signals for displaying. This technology can be fully applied to demonstrate certain complexly physical environment and simulate system dynamic process, such as computational fluid dynamics, medical imaging, geological exploration, weather, and other fields. This paper researches the 3D visualization of electromagnetic field based on virtual reality environment and the main contents include electromagnetic data visualization, complex electromagnetic phenomena visualization, as well as electromagnetic space environment visualization.
By using computer graphics technology, the visual reproduction for some complex electromagnetic environment and electromagnetic phenomena can provide better data basis and help for some people's researching, decision-making and commanding. Electromagnetic field visualization is an integrated technology, for which we need to consider the type diversity of the electromagnetic data, the complexity of the magnetic field and other physical characteristics of the environment. We realize the scalar and vector visualization of electromagnetic field by using the Marching Cubes and Hedgehog modeling methods and establish, an electromagnetic data visualization pipeline mode based on object-oriented methods, through encapsulating the visualization data sets and corresponding operations (mapping, rendering, and others) as the target concept. On the other hand, in response to the interactive visualization for large scope of electromagnetic environment, we block and storage the electromagnetic data through octree structure. At the same time, making use of level of detail technology, we realize real-time rendering.
Further more, based on the basic dynamic generation, updating and disappear characteristics of afterglow, the idea of particle systems was proposed to represent afterglow model in radar scanning process simulation. The realization of this simulation can provide visual data analysis basis for low-flying aircraft and establish virtual environment for flight simulation visualization.
Through the visualization of the environment, we can analyze the changes in the electromagnetic which caused by some factors like the terrain effectively. In the 3D visualization system for the electromagnetic field, we consider and realize the space environment visualization in which electromagnetic field existing, including terrain, landform environment and so on. The effect of space environment visualization can consumedly enhance the immersion characteristic of system and fully demonstrate the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the virtual reality environment, which can provide better help for people grasping the nature of electromagnetic fields.
引文
[1]李志曦.强电磁干扰环境下的监测与控制系统研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2002
[2]钟猛.电磁环境监测可视化系统的研究与开发:[硕士学位论文].成都:四川大学,2005
[3]杨晓辉.有限元后处理可视化技术的研究及应用:[硕士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学,1999
[4]吴俊.有限元后处理的算法研究及系统开发:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中理工大学,1999
[5]韩明华,袁乃昌,衣晓飞.基于MATLAB的电磁场数据可视化平台设计.计算机工程与科学,2000,22(2):18-21
[6]童劲松,蔡青.电磁场的科学计算可视化.西北工业大学学报,1996,14(4):633-637
[7]童劲松,蔡青.电磁场的体可视化.计算机研究与发展,1997,34(9):675-680
[8]V.Cingoski,M.Ichinose,K.Kaneda,et al.Analytical Calculation of Magnetic Flux Lines in 3-D Space.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1994,30(5):2912-2915
[9]V.Cingoski,T.Kuribayashi,K.Kaneda,et al.Improved Interactive Visualization of Magnetic Flux Lines in 3-D Space Using Edge Finite Elements.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1996,32(3):1477-1480
[10]M.Oohigashi,V.Cingoski,K.Kanda,et al.A New Method for 3-D Vector Field Visualization Utilizing Streamlines and Volume Rendering Techniques.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1998,34(5):3435-3438
[11]Eiji,Vlatko,S.Noguchi,et al.Interactive Visualization System for Education and Design in Electromagnetics.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2000,36(4):995-999
[12]A.C.Pavao,E.V.S.Pouzada,M.A.Mathias.Electromagnetic field visualization through VTK software.Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference,2001.IMOC 2001.Proceedings of the 2001 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International,Volume 1,6-10 Aug.2001:21-24
[13]M.Bartsch,M.Clemens,T.Hippler,et al.Advanced electromagnetic field visualization using the virtual reality modeling language standard.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS,2001,37(5):3604-3607
[14]辛建华.空间电磁场三维可视化技术研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2005
[15]滕云飞.战场环境电磁场数据可视化系统研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2006
[16]B.H.McCormic,T.A.DeFanti,M.D.Brown.Visualization in Scientific Computing.Computer Graphics,1987,21(6)
[17]唐泽胜等.三维数据场可视化.北京:清华大学出版社,1999:6-13
[18]D.Speray.Volume Probes:Interactive Data Exploration on Arbitrary Grids.Computer Graphics,1990,24(5):5-12
[19]R.B.Haber,B.Lucas,N.Collins.A Data Model for Scientific Visualization with Provisions for Regular and Irregular Grids.IEEE Proceedings of Visualization'91,298-305
[20]沈海戈,柯有安.医学体数据三维可视化方法的分类与评价.中国图像图形学报,2000,5(7):545-550
[21]W.E.Lorensen,H.E.Cline.Marching cubes:A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm.SIGGRAPH' 87,1987,21(4):163-169
[22]M.Levoy.Display of surfaces from Volume Data.IEEE Computer Graphics& Applications.1998,8(3):29-37
[23]F.H.Post,J.Van Wijk.Visual Representation of Vector Fields:Recent Developments and Research Directions.Scientific Visualization,Academic Press,1994,368-390
[24]R.Crawfis.Vector field visualization.IEEE Transaction on Computer and Applications,1994:51-56
[25]R.Crawfis.New Techniques for the Scientific Visualization of Three-Dimensional Multivariate and Vector Fields,Doctoral Thesis,University of California,Davis,1995
[26]周璐.复杂向量场数据可视化技术研究与实现:[博士学位论文].长沙:国防科技大学,2000
[27]张文.矢量场可视化算法研究与系统设计:[博士学位论文].长沙:国防科技大学,2001
[28]U.Assarson,T.M(o|¨)ller.Optimized view frustum culling algorithms for bounding boxes.Journal of Graphics Tools,2000,5(1):9-22
[29]O.Levi,R.Zohar,H.Barad,et al.A compact method for backfaee culling.Computers and Graphices,1995,25(5):483-487
[30]M.SlaterM,Y.Chrysanthou.View volume culling using a probabilistic cashing scheme.Proceedings of Framework for Immersive Virtual Environments FIVE,December 1996,71-77
[31]S.Coorg,S.Teller.Real-time occlussion culling for methods with large occluders.Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics,1997,83-90
[32]N.Greene,M.Kass,G.Miller.Hierarchical z-buffer visibility.SIGGRAPH'93,231-240
[33]S.J.Teller,C.H.Sequin.Visibility preprocessing for interactive walkthroughs.SIGGRAPH'91,61-69
[34]T.Malzbender,D.Gelb,H.Wolters.Polynomial texture maps.SIGGRAPH'01,2001,519-528
[35]M.Oliveira,G.Bishop,D.McAllister.SIGGRAPH'00,2000,359-368
[36]PWC Maciel,P.Shirley.Visual navigation of large environments using textured clusters.Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics,1995,95-102
[37]J.Shade,D.Lischinski,DH Salesin,et al.Hierarchical image caching for accelerated walkthroughs of complex environments.SIGGRAPH'96,75-82
[38]D.G.Aliaga,A.A.Lastra.Architectural walkthroughs using portal textures.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'97,355-362
[39]J.Shade,S.Gortler.Li-Wei He,et al.Layered depth images.SIGGRAPH'98,231-242
[40]D.Meagher.Geometric modeling using octree encoding.Computer Graphics and Image Processing,1982,19(2):129-147
[41]S.F.Frisken,R.N.Perry.Simple and efficient traversal methods for quadtrees and octrees.Journal of Graphics Tools,2002,7(3):1-11
[42]P.Bhattacharya.Efficient neighbor finding algorithms in quadtree and octree.MT thesis,Indian Institute of Technology,Kampur,2001
[43]J.V(o|¨)r(o|¨)s.A strategy for repetitive neighbor finding in octree representations.Image and vision computing,2000,18(14):1085-1091
[44]H.Samet.Octree approximation and compression methods.The 1st International Symposium on 3D Data Processing Visualization and Transmission.Padova:IEEE,2002.19-21
[45]宋涛,欧宗瑛,王瑜,等.八叉树编码体数据的快速体绘制算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(9):1990-1996
[46]潘志庚,马小虎,石教英.多细节层次模型自动生成技术综述.中国图像图形学报,1998,3(9):754-759
[47]W.J.Schroeder,J.A.Zarge,W.E.Lorensen.Decimation of triangle meshes.SIGGRAPH'92:65-70
[48]周昆,潘志庚,石教英.多细节层次模型间的平滑过渡.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,12(6):463-467
[49]A.D.Kalvin,R.H.Taylor.Superfaces:polygonal mesh simplification with bounded error.IEEE Computer Graphics and Application 1996,15(3):64-77
[50]H.Hoppe.View-dependent refinement of progressive meshes.SIGGRAPH' 97:189-198
[51]B.Hamann.A data reduction scheme for triangulated surfaces.Computer Aided Geometric Design.1994,11(2):197-214
[52]Tomas Akenine-M(o|¨)ller,Eric Haines.实时计算机图形学(,普建涛).北京:北京大学出版社,2004:220-226
[53]W.T.Reeves.Particle systems—a technique for modeling a class of fuzzy objects.Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376
[54]R.Szeliski,D.Tormesen.Surface modeling with oriented particle systems.Computer Graphics,1992,26(4):185-194
[55]W.T.Reeves.Approximate and Probabilistie Algorithms for Shading and Rendering Structured Particle Systems.SIGGRAPH'85,313-322
[56]C.W.Reynolds.Flocks,Herds and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model.Computer Graphics,21(4),1987:25-34
[57]万华根,金小刚,彭群生.基于物理模型的实时喷泉水流运动模拟.计算机学报,1998,21(9):774-779
[58]张芹,吴慧中,谢隽毅,等.基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2001,13(1):78-82
[59]王润杰,田景,倪政国.基于粒子系统的实时雨雪模拟.系统仿真学报,2003,15(4):495-501
[60]马俊,朱衡君,龚建华.基于矢量控制法和LOD的音乐喷泉模拟.系统仿真学报,2005,17(7):1674-1678
[61]韩瑞新,张宏军,刘继青,等.一种雷达综合显示仿真设计与实现.计算机应用,2005,25(12):336-338
[62]陈靖宇,王春波,倪天权.基于OpenGL的具有余辉效果的雷达显示器仿真.微计算机信息,2006,22(10):164-166
[63]D.O'Brien,S.Fisher,Ming C.Lin.Automatic Simplification of Particle System Dynamics[EB/OL].http://www.cs.unc.edu/～gemo/SLOD,2004
[64]丁强,陈青林,左福强.基于LOB的火焰粒子生成技术.计算机应用,2005,25(12):257-259
[65]张芹,张健,闵建平.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究.计算机工程,2003,29(18):46-48
[2]钟猛.电磁环境监测可视化系统的研究与开发:[硕士学位论文].成都:四川大学,2005
[3]杨晓辉.有限元后处理可视化技术的研究及应用:[硕士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学,1999
[4]吴俊.有限元后处理的算法研究及系统开发:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中理工大学,1999
[5]韩明华,袁乃昌,衣晓飞.基于MATLAB的电磁场数据可视化平台设计.计算机工程与科学,2000,22(2):18-21
[6]童劲松,蔡青.电磁场的科学计算可视化.西北工业大学学报,1996,14(4):633-637
[7]童劲松,蔡青.电磁场的体可视化.计算机研究与发展,1997,34(9):675-680
[8]V.Cingoski,M.Ichinose,K.Kaneda,et al.Analytical Calculation of Magnetic Flux Lines in 3-D Space.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1994,30(5):2912-2915
[9]V.Cingoski,T.Kuribayashi,K.Kaneda,et al.Improved Interactive Visualization of Magnetic Flux Lines in 3-D Space Using Edge Finite Elements.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1996,32(3):1477-1480
[10]M.Oohigashi,V.Cingoski,K.Kanda,et al.A New Method for 3-D Vector Field Visualization Utilizing Streamlines and Volume Rendering Techniques.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1998,34(5):3435-3438
[11]Eiji,Vlatko,S.Noguchi,et al.Interactive Visualization System for Education and Design in Electromagnetics.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2000,36(4):995-999
[12]A.C.Pavao,E.V.S.Pouzada,M.A.Mathias.Electromagnetic field visualization through VTK software.Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference,2001.IMOC 2001.Proceedings of the 2001 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International,Volume 1,6-10 Aug.2001:21-24
[13]M.Bartsch,M.Clemens,T.Hippler,et al.Advanced electromagnetic field visualization using the virtual reality modeling language standard.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS,2001,37(5):3604-3607
[14]辛建华.空间电磁场三维可视化技术研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2005
[15]滕云飞.战场环境电磁场数据可视化系统研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2006
[16]B.H.McCormic,T.A.DeFanti,M.D.Brown.Visualization in Scientific Computing.Computer Graphics,1987,21(6)
[17]唐泽胜等.三维数据场可视化.北京:清华大学出版社,1999:6-13
[18]D.Speray.Volume Probes:Interactive Data Exploration on Arbitrary Grids.Computer Graphics,1990,24(5):5-12
[19]R.B.Haber,B.Lucas,N.Collins.A Data Model for Scientific Visualization with Provisions for Regular and Irregular Grids.IEEE Proceedings of Visualization'91,298-305
[20]沈海戈,柯有安.医学体数据三维可视化方法的分类与评价.中国图像图形学报,2000,5(7):545-550
[21]W.E.Lorensen,H.E.Cline.Marching cubes:A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm.SIGGRAPH' 87,1987,21(4):163-169
[22]M.Levoy.Display of surfaces from Volume Data.IEEE Computer Graphics& Applications.1998,8(3):29-37
[23]F.H.Post,J.Van Wijk.Visual Representation of Vector Fields:Recent Developments and Research Directions.Scientific Visualization,Academic Press,1994,368-390
[24]R.Crawfis.Vector field visualization.IEEE Transaction on Computer and Applications,1994:51-56
[25]R.Crawfis.New Techniques for the Scientific Visualization of Three-Dimensional Multivariate and Vector Fields,Doctoral Thesis,University of California,Davis,1995
[26]周璐.复杂向量场数据可视化技术研究与实现:[博士学位论文].长沙:国防科技大学,2000
[27]张文.矢量场可视化算法研究与系统设计:[博士学位论文].长沙:国防科技大学,2001
[28]U.Assarson,T.M(o|¨)ller.Optimized view frustum culling algorithms for bounding boxes.Journal of Graphics Tools,2000,5(1):9-22
[29]O.Levi,R.Zohar,H.Barad,et al.A compact method for backfaee culling.Computers and Graphices,1995,25(5):483-487
[30]M.SlaterM,Y.Chrysanthou.View volume culling using a probabilistic cashing scheme.Proceedings of Framework for Immersive Virtual Environments FIVE,December 1996,71-77
[31]S.Coorg,S.Teller.Real-time occlussion culling for methods with large occluders.Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics,1997,83-90
[32]N.Greene,M.Kass,G.Miller.Hierarchical z-buffer visibility.SIGGRAPH'93,231-240
[33]S.J.Teller,C.H.Sequin.Visibility preprocessing for interactive walkthroughs.SIGGRAPH'91,61-69
[34]T.Malzbender,D.Gelb,H.Wolters.Polynomial texture maps.SIGGRAPH'01,2001,519-528
[35]M.Oliveira,G.Bishop,D.McAllister.SIGGRAPH'00,2000,359-368
[36]PWC Maciel,P.Shirley.Visual navigation of large environments using textured clusters.Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics,1995,95-102
[37]J.Shade,D.Lischinski,DH Salesin,et al.Hierarchical image caching for accelerated walkthroughs of complex environments.SIGGRAPH'96,75-82
[38]D.G.Aliaga,A.A.Lastra.Architectural walkthroughs using portal textures.Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'97,355-362
[39]J.Shade,S.Gortler.Li-Wei He,et al.Layered depth images.SIGGRAPH'98,231-242
[40]D.Meagher.Geometric modeling using octree encoding.Computer Graphics and Image Processing,1982,19(2):129-147
[41]S.F.Frisken,R.N.Perry.Simple and efficient traversal methods for quadtrees and octrees.Journal of Graphics Tools,2002,7(3):1-11
[42]P.Bhattacharya.Efficient neighbor finding algorithms in quadtree and octree.MT thesis,Indian Institute of Technology,Kampur,2001
[43]J.V(o|¨)r(o|¨)s.A strategy for repetitive neighbor finding in octree representations.Image and vision computing,2000,18(14):1085-1091
[44]H.Samet.Octree approximation and compression methods.The 1st International Symposium on 3D Data Processing Visualization and Transmission.Padova:IEEE,2002.19-21
[45]宋涛,欧宗瑛,王瑜,等.八叉树编码体数据的快速体绘制算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(9):1990-1996
[46]潘志庚,马小虎,石教英.多细节层次模型自动生成技术综述.中国图像图形学报,1998,3(9):754-759
[47]W.J.Schroeder,J.A.Zarge,W.E.Lorensen.Decimation of triangle meshes.SIGGRAPH'92:65-70
[48]周昆,潘志庚,石教英.多细节层次模型间的平滑过渡.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,12(6):463-467
[49]A.D.Kalvin,R.H.Taylor.Superfaces:polygonal mesh simplification with bounded error.IEEE Computer Graphics and Application 1996,15(3):64-77
[50]H.Hoppe.View-dependent refinement of progressive meshes.SIGGRAPH' 97:189-198
[51]B.Hamann.A data reduction scheme for triangulated surfaces.Computer Aided Geometric Design.1994,11(2):197-214
[52]Tomas Akenine-M(o|¨)ller,Eric Haines.实时计算机图形学(,普建涛).北京:北京大学出版社,2004:220-226
[53]W.T.Reeves.Particle systems—a technique for modeling a class of fuzzy objects.Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376
[54]R.Szeliski,D.Tormesen.Surface modeling with oriented particle systems.Computer Graphics,1992,26(4):185-194
[55]W.T.Reeves.Approximate and Probabilistie Algorithms for Shading and Rendering Structured Particle Systems.SIGGRAPH'85,313-322
[56]C.W.Reynolds.Flocks,Herds and Schools:A Distributed Behavioral Model.Computer Graphics,21(4),1987:25-34
[57]万华根,金小刚,彭群生.基于物理模型的实时喷泉水流运动模拟.计算机学报,1998,21(9):774-779
[58]张芹,吴慧中,谢隽毅,等.基于粒子系统的火焰模型及其生成方法研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2001,13(1):78-82
[59]王润杰,田景,倪政国.基于粒子系统的实时雨雪模拟.系统仿真学报,2003,15(4):495-501
[60]马俊,朱衡君,龚建华.基于矢量控制法和LOD的音乐喷泉模拟.系统仿真学报,2005,17(7):1674-1678
[61]韩瑞新,张宏军,刘继青,等.一种雷达综合显示仿真设计与实现.计算机应用,2005,25(12):336-338
[62]陈靖宇,王春波,倪天权.基于OpenGL的具有余辉效果的雷达显示器仿真.微计算机信息,2006,22(10):164-166
[63]D.O'Brien,S.Fisher,Ming C.Lin.Automatic Simplification of Particle System Dynamics[EB/OL].http://www.cs.unc.edu/～gemo/SLOD,2004
[64]丁强,陈青林,左福强.基于LOB的火焰粒子生成技术.计算机应用,2005,25(12):257-259
[65]张芹,张健,闵建平.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究.计算机工程,2003,29(18):46-48