方形喷洒面喷头及其性能研究
|
摘要
喷灌中急待解决的问题很多，诸如风力影响、喷灌均匀度、雾化程度、喷灌强度、喷头构造等的问题，喷灌工程实践表明：降低喷灌工程投资等问题是节水灌溉工程中的首要问题。喷灌的均匀度不高的问题由来已久，国内外的喷灌技术研究人员为解决该问题一般从“干扰、控制从喷嘴喷出的水舌”(利用挡水板和导流板来实现)与“合理的安排喷头的组合形式”(等腰三角形布置、等边三角形布置、正方形布置、长方形布置)上来。通过这两种方法最终可使喷灌的均匀度达80％以上有不错的效果。但是用这两种方式仅仅能来解决喷灌的均匀度不均的问题，而无法降低喷灌系统一次性投资和使用维护费用。而且在园林绿化、草坪绿化时易产生漏喷及产生喷不到的死角，特别是在城市绿化方面容易喷洒到道路上，影响交通及周围的设施，且观赏性也较差。针对以上问题，研究一种能实现各种形状喷洒域，既适用农业生产又满足观赏园艺和城市绿化的新型喷头就非常必要。这是一项专利技术这种新型喷头是利用在已生产出的喷头成品上加上一个“压力调节器”，即可喷出需要的形状。该专利名称为“喷洒面为多种形状的摇臂式喷头”，专利证号为：992080878见附件3。如果在实际喷灌中采用这种喷头来控制方形喷洒域，那么其不仅有很高的观赏性且喷头的组合形式将更为简单，喷灌系统的喷头总数及管网设置可大大的减少，节省工程投资，促进节水灌溉事业发展。
本论文研究内容如下：
1．对国内和国外的一些中压喷头成品进行分析、研究、测试取得实际的各项参数(喷射仰角、喷嘴直径，工作压力、射程、喷灌均匀度、喷灌强度、雾化程度)以便和安装“压力调节器”后的喷头进行比较
2．设计加工各种形式的“压力调节器”，来实现各种不同形状的喷洒域。
3．测试安装“压力调节器”后的喷头的水力性能参数，即工作压力、流量、射程、水滴的打击强度、喷洒水分布特性等。依据所测得的喷头水力性能参数和射程数据，我们可较清楚的了解“压力调节器”的结构形式、工作压力、喷嘴直径、喷射仰角、风力、旋转速度和喷头射程之间的定量关系。
4．对“新型喷头”进行检测，以获得喷灌中的喷灌均匀度、喷灌强度、雾化程度等技术指标，要求其能满足有关的国家标准。
预期的结果和创新之处：
喷出非圆形的喷洒域是该课题的创新之处，它有很好的观赏价值，能适用各种形状农田、园林和果园的喷灌需要，既不浪费水资源，又不会产生喷灌死角、提高了喷灌均匀度，减少喷灌工程的一次性建设投资。并且该非圆形喷洒面是通过在原喷头成品上加“压力调节器”来实现，和1986年美国的方法相比更为简洁、经济、耐用，有一定的实用价值。通过和原有定型喷头产品的对比试验，证明该喷头在射程、流量和雾化程度上与原技术相近，且在喷灌均匀度上有明显的提高。
There are many urgent unsolved problems in spray irrigation, such as the influence of wind, uniformity of spray irrigation, degree of atomization, intensity of spray irrigation, structure of sprinkler, etc. Especially, how to decrease the engineering investment is the most primary issue. Researchers have always endeavored to improve the uniformity of spray irrigation , which has been a long-existed problems. They often solve the problems with two methods. The first one is disturbing and controlling the spurting water with a movable baffle-plate. The second is the proper arrangement of the sprinklers, (such as isoceles triangle distribution, equilateral triangle distribution, square distribution, and rectangle distribution). By the long period of study, the uniformity can be increased to 80% or more, the result can meet the general requirement for the spray irrigation. But those two methods could only solve the problems of uneven uniformity, and have little contribution to save the total investment. Furthermo
re, when applying those kinds of sprinkler to the city park and city afforestation, the y show poor effects for there are always blind angles untouched. And they also cumber traffic while the water spurting onto the road. One more shortcoming is its poor quality in entertainment. To settle those issues, this article designs a new style impact drive sprinkler which has noncircular wetted areas. It not only can be used for agricultural purpose but also can meet the demand for gardening and city afforestation. The new style sprinkler can be contrived by adding a "pressure adjuster" to the existed finished sprinkler, then we can get the result of noncircular wetted areas. The government has patented the new style sprinkler to its inventor. The name of the letter patent is "Impact Drive Sprinkler with Different Shapes of Wetted Areas" and the patent right number is 992080878 as shows in the accessory 3. Taking the square wetted areas as an example, If we put this kind of sprinkler into practice, we not only can g
et higher quality of amusement but also simplify the arrangement of the sprinklers. The total amount of the sprinklers and pipe networks can be decreased remarkably. Then the engineering investment can be reduced a lot, all this can boost the development of water irrigation industry.
The following are detail contents of this article:
1. analyzing the finished sprinkler products in our country and overseas, testing all sorts of sprinkler parameters(elevation of sprinkler, diameter of the nozzle, working pressure, the range of water, uniformity of spray irrigation, intensity of spray irriga tion, the degree of atomization)so as to compare with the new style sprinkler install with pressure adjuster.
2.designing and processing all types of adjusters used to realize different shapes of wetted areas.
3.testing all the hydraulic parameters of the sprinkler installed with adjuster such as working pressure, water flux, the range of the sprinkler, intensity of water drop impact, characteristic of water distribution, etc. According to the testing data, we can learn the quantitative relations among the structure of the adjuster, working pressure, diameter of the nozzle, elevation of sprinkler, wind power, velocity of rotation and the range of water.
4.subjecting the new style sprinkler to the field experiment in order to get the technical data of uniformity of spray irrigation, intensity of spay irrigation, degree of pulverization and ensure the consistency with the ISO standard.
Anticipating results and innovation of the article:
Fulfilling the noncircular wetted areas is creative feature of this article. It has lots of merits: adapting to all shapes of plowland, gardening park and orchard, saving water and energy, having no blind angle, improving uniformity of spray irrigation, reducing the initial investment of the spray irrigation engi neering. And the new style sprinkler can be easily designed just by installing an adjuster on the existed finished sprinkler. Comparing with American design in 1
本论文研究内容如下：
1．对国内和国外的一些中压喷头成品进行分析、研究、测试取得实际的各项参数(喷射仰角、喷嘴直径，工作压力、射程、喷灌均匀度、喷灌强度、雾化程度)以便和安装“压力调节器”后的喷头进行比较
2．设计加工各种形式的“压力调节器”，来实现各种不同形状的喷洒域。
3．测试安装“压力调节器”后的喷头的水力性能参数，即工作压力、流量、射程、水滴的打击强度、喷洒水分布特性等。依据所测得的喷头水力性能参数和射程数据，我们可较清楚的了解“压力调节器”的结构形式、工作压力、喷嘴直径、喷射仰角、风力、旋转速度和喷头射程之间的定量关系。
4．对“新型喷头”进行检测，以获得喷灌中的喷灌均匀度、喷灌强度、雾化程度等技术指标，要求其能满足有关的国家标准。
预期的结果和创新之处：
喷出非圆形的喷洒域是该课题的创新之处，它有很好的观赏价值，能适用各种形状农田、园林和果园的喷灌需要，既不浪费水资源，又不会产生喷灌死角、提高了喷灌均匀度，减少喷灌工程的一次性建设投资。并且该非圆形喷洒面是通过在原喷头成品上加“压力调节器”来实现，和1986年美国的方法相比更为简洁、经济、耐用，有一定的实用价值。通过和原有定型喷头产品的对比试验，证明该喷头在射程、流量和雾化程度上与原技术相近，且在喷灌均匀度上有明显的提高。
There are many urgent unsolved problems in spray irrigation, such as the influence of wind, uniformity of spray irrigation, degree of atomization, intensity of spray irrigation, structure of sprinkler, etc. Especially, how to decrease the engineering investment is the most primary issue. Researchers have always endeavored to improve the uniformity of spray irrigation , which has been a long-existed problems. They often solve the problems with two methods. The first one is disturbing and controlling the spurting water with a movable baffle-plate. The second is the proper arrangement of the sprinklers, (such as isoceles triangle distribution, equilateral triangle distribution, square distribution, and rectangle distribution). By the long period of study, the uniformity can be increased to 80% or more, the result can meet the general requirement for the spray irrigation. But those two methods could only solve the problems of uneven uniformity, and have little contribution to save the total investment. Furthermo
re, when applying those kinds of sprinkler to the city park and city afforestation, the y show poor effects for there are always blind angles untouched. And they also cumber traffic while the water spurting onto the road. One more shortcoming is its poor quality in entertainment. To settle those issues, this article designs a new style impact drive sprinkler which has noncircular wetted areas. It not only can be used for agricultural purpose but also can meet the demand for gardening and city afforestation. The new style sprinkler can be contrived by adding a "pressure adjuster" to the existed finished sprinkler, then we can get the result of noncircular wetted areas. The government has patented the new style sprinkler to its inventor. The name of the letter patent is "Impact Drive Sprinkler with Different Shapes of Wetted Areas" and the patent right number is 992080878 as shows in the accessory 3. Taking the square wetted areas as an example, If we put this kind of sprinkler into practice, we not only can g
et higher quality of amusement but also simplify the arrangement of the sprinklers. The total amount of the sprinklers and pipe networks can be decreased remarkably. Then the engineering investment can be reduced a lot, all this can boost the development of water irrigation industry.
The following are detail contents of this article:
1. analyzing the finished sprinkler products in our country and overseas, testing all sorts of sprinkler parameters(elevation of sprinkler, diameter of the nozzle, working pressure, the range of water, uniformity of spray irrigation, intensity of spray irriga tion, the degree of atomization)so as to compare with the new style sprinkler install with pressure adjuster.
2.designing and processing all types of adjusters used to realize different shapes of wetted areas.
3.testing all the hydraulic parameters of the sprinkler installed with adjuster such as working pressure, water flux, the range of the sprinkler, intensity of water drop impact, characteristic of water distribution, etc. According to the testing data, we can learn the quantitative relations among the structure of the adjuster, working pressure, diameter of the nozzle, elevation of sprinkler, wind power, velocity of rotation and the range of water.
4.subjecting the new style sprinkler to the field experiment in order to get the technical data of uniformity of spray irrigation, intensity of spay irrigation, degree of pulverization and ensure the consistency with the ISO standard.
Anticipating results and innovation of the article:
Fulfilling the noncircular wetted areas is creative feature of this article. It has lots of merits: adapting to all shapes of plowland, gardening park and orchard, saving water and energy, having no blind angle, improving uniformity of spray irrigation, reducing the initial investment of the spray irrigation engi neering. And the new style sprinkler can be easily designed just by installing an adjuster on the existed finished sprinkler. Comparing with American design in 1
引文
[1] Ricci a., Water Is Precious: Rational Irrigation Systems[J]. Pig News And Information,1999,20:50-53.
[2] 李世英．对我国节水灌溉技术发展的几点思考[J]．灌排机械，第18卷第1期(2000年1月)．
[3] 吴玉芹，史群．我国发展节水灌溉的重要意义[J]．节水灌溉，1998(4)．
[4] 郭秀瑞，郑联合，于回安，邹红梅．大力发展节水灌溉促进农业经济可持续发展[J]．节水灌溉，1998(3)．
[5] 水利部南京水文水资源研究院．21世纪中国水供求[M]．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1999年6月．
[6] Kirda C., Kanber. R.,Water, no longer a plentiful resource, should be used sparingly in irrigated agriculture[M]. Crop Yield Response to Deficit Irrigation, 1999:1～20.
[7] 许志方．如何正确理解节水灌溉的涵义[J]．中国农村水利水电，2001年第10期．
[8] Kirda c., Kanber.r.,Water, no longer a plentiful resource, should be used sparingly in irrigated agriculture[M]. Crop Yield Response to Deficit irrigation, 1999: 120.
[9] 林中卉．喷灌工程的规划设计[J]．中国农村水利水电，1997年第10期．
[10] 贾生海．南方丘陵山区高尔夫球场喷灌系统的布设方法．节水灌溉，1995 03
[11] 张延灿．喷泉工程发展及其设计问题(上)．给水排水，1998 07．
[12] Darrell W. DeBoer. Rotating Sprinkler-plate Sprinkler. Journal of.Irrigation and Drainage, 2002,128(3),137-146.
[13] Li, J.; Li, Y.; Kawano, H.; Yobler, R.E. Effects of douhe-rectangular-slot design on impact sprinkler nozzle performance. Transactions of the ASAE, 1995, 38(5), 14351441.
[14] 张玉欣，史群．节水灌溉知识讲座(喷灌)．节水灌溉，1999年2月．
[15] 刘海涛．喷滴灌技术在花卉生产中的应用．节水灌溉，1998 03．
[16] 陈为峰，张志国．草坪喷灌系统规划设计与施工应注意的问题．节水灌溉 1999，(02)．
[17] 李传奇，平辉济．南大明湖百米旋转喷泉．给水排水，1999 07．
[18] D.W.DeBoer. TECHNICAL NOTES: SPRINKLER APPLICATION PATTERN SHAPE AND SURFACE RUNOFF.Transactions of the ASAE, 2001, 44(5), 12171220.
[19] D.W.DeBoer, M.J. Monnens. ESTIMATION OF DROP SIZE AND KINETIC. Transactions of the ASAE, 2001, 44(6), 1571-1580.
[20] 李英能．我国节水农业发展的模式研究[J]．节水灌溉，1998年第2期．
[21] J.M.Faci, R. Salvador, E. Playon, and H. Sourell. Comparison of Fixed and Rotating Spray Plate Sprinklers. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2001, 127(4), 224233.
[22] M.F Khalil, S.Z. Kassab. Applications of Drag-Reducing Polymers in Sprinkler Irrigation Systems: Sprinkler Head Performance. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2002,128(3), 147152.
[23] 吴景社，李金山，郑庚石，柴金诚．喷灌金属管道球形铸铝快速接头的研制 农业工程学报 2001 04
[24] 许一飞．软管卷盘式自动喷灌机特性分析．中国农业大学学报，1996 06．
[25] Ricci a, Irrigation With Sprinklers And Rain Guns: The Best Solution[J]. Mondo Machina, 1999,8(10):54-60.
[26] 王综武．略谈我国的卷管式绞盘喷灌机的开发和应用．节水灌溉，1998 01．
[27] Royuela t.a., Montalvo l.t. and Vicente t.p.j., Head Loss Produced By The Connection of Laterals With Manifold Pipelines In Trickle Irrigation[A]. Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water Scarcity[C],1999:57-68.
[28] Khrabrov m.y., Low Head Drip Spray Irrigation System[J]. Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water
Scarcity[C], 1999:157-161.
[29] 吴践明．浅谈园林绿化喷灌设计．给水排水，2000 08．
[30] O'Brien, D.M.J Rogers, D.H.J. Lamm, P.R.J Clark, G.A. Economic comparison of subsurface drip and center pivot sprinkler irrigation systems. Applied Engineering in Engineering in Agriculture,1998,14(4),391-398.
[31] 对新疆发展喷灌的认识 张志新 节水灌溉 2000 06
[32] Mohammad, Fawzi Said. Potential subsurface irrigation system for water conservation in an arid climatic environment. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, 1998,7(1),2336.
[33] 旋转式微喷头系列产品开发生产 节水灌溉 2002 02
[34] 李严己，宋军，徐淑琴．大型喷灌机在黑龙江农垦区的应用及发展方向．节水灌溉，1995 01
[35] 郭慧滨，史群．国内外节水灌溉发展简介[J]．节水灌溉，1998(5)．
[36] 刘洪禄，汪宝会，杨竹心，曹岳田．间喷-管结合灌水技术体系的研究，农业工程学报，1998 04．
[37] 李世英．略谈我国喷灌机具的现状和发展方向．喷灌技术，1996，(1)．
[38] 陈振宇，高志强，苗果园，袁水珍．ZY-2型喷头水力性能及喷头组合试验．山西农业科学，1999 02．
[39] 伍兰，中喷ZY系列摇臂式喷头．南方农机，1999 06．
[40] 周文娟，周宏英．改革常规喷头提高三大效益．湖北植保，1995 03．
[41] 张社奇，刘淑明，韩维生，钱克红．改变喷头喷洒轨迹的力学途径．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2001 04．
[42] 干浙民，杨生华．旋转式喷头射程的试验研究及计算公式．农业机械学报，1998年12月．
[43] 孟秦倩，王健，蔡江碧．非圆形喷洒域喷头的可实现性研究．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，Vol．31，No．2．
[44] 李英能．浅论我国喷灌设备技术创新．排灌机械，2001 02．
[45] 卢国荣，李英能．加入WTO后我国喷灌设备发展的前景与对策．节水灌溉，2002 04．
[46] Sheted.t.and Pandeyk., Computer Aided Design Of Micro-Irrigation Laterals For Row Crop[J].Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water Scarcity, 1999:119129.
[47] Hubener r., Future Prospects Of Agricultural Irrigation Technologies[J]. Zeitschrift Fur Bewasserungswirttschaft, 1999,34(2): 193-200.
[48] Frielinghaus.m., The Development Of Sprinkler Irrigation Technique With Clean Water In Germany[M]. Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water Scarcity, 199:169-183.
[49] Li, Jiusheng; Kawan, Hiroshi. Sprinkler performance as affected by nozzle inner contraction angle.Irrigation Science, 1998,18(2),63-66.
[50] 陈亚丽．园林喷灌的特点及发展趋势．河南林业科技，1999年02期．
[51] 刘海军，康跃虎．喷灌动能对土壤入渗和地表径流影响的研究进展．灌溉排水，2002 03．
[52] Guiliu Lorenzini. Air temperature effect on spray evaporation. Irrigation and Drainage, 2002, 51(4),301-309.
[53] 喷灌动能对土壤入渗和地表径流影响的研究进展 刘海军，康跃虎 灌溉排水 2002 03．
[54] Bremond, Bernard; Molle, Bruno. Characterization of rainfall under center pivot: influence of measuring procedure. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1995,121(5), 347363.
[55] Sudheer k.p. and Panda r.l., Digital Image Processing For Determining Drop Sizes From Irrigation Spray Nozzles[J]. Agricultural Water Management[C], 2000,45(2): 159-167.
[56] Li, Jiusheng; Kawano, Hiroshi. Simulating watepdrop movement from noncircular sprinkler nozzles. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1995,121(2), 152-158.
[57]祁力钧，傅泽田，高振江．转子喷头的雾滴轨迹及雾滴飘移性能．中国农业大学学报，2002 02
[58]王金平，王玉真．转子喷头的雾滴轨迹及设计中边界处支管和喷头位置的确定．节水灌溉，2002 03．
[59]喻黎明，吴普特，牛文全．喷头组合间距、工作压力和布置形式对喷灌均匀系数的影响．水土保持研究，2002 02．
[60]Baudequin d., Mesny m., Molle b. and Silberstein, I.ISO Standards Contribttion To The Improvement Of Irrigation Performance In On-Farm Irrigation Systems[A]. Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water Scarcity[C], 1999:63-77.
[61]Tarjudo, J.M.; Montero, J.; Carrion, P.A.; Honrubia, F.T.; Calvo, M.A. Irrigation uniformity with medium size sprinklers. Part Ⅱ: influence of wind and other factors on water distribution. Transactions of the ASAE, 1999, 42(3), 677-689.
[62]Bruno Molle and Yues Le Got. Model of Water Application under Pivot Sprinkler Ⅱ Calibration and Results. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2000, 126(6), 348-354.
[63]黄修桥，廖永诚，刘新民．有风条件下喷灌系统组合均匀度的计算理论与方法研究，灌溉排水，1995 01．
[64]聂文，曹晓林．用微机绘制微喷头喷水量分布曲线．农机质量与监督，1995 04．
[65]中国灌排手册．北京：中国水利水电出版社．
[66]王泽．摇臂式喷头摇臂强度的分析与计算．排灌机械，1994 02．
[67]水利电力部．喷灌工程技术规范(GBJ85-85)，北京：中国水利水电出版社，2002．
[68]水利电力部．旋转式喷头规范(JB／T7867-1997)，北京：中国水利水电出版社，2002．
[69]Aievedo h.j., Bernardo s, Ramos m.m., Sediyama g.c. and Cecon p.r. , Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agricolae Ambiental[J]. Influence Of Weather Elements On Energy Losses In High Pressure Sprinkler Irrigation System[C], 1999, 3(3) 336-341.
[70]吴罗罗，李秉礼，何雄奎，J．Kienzle．雾滴飘移试验与几种喷头抗飘失能力的比较农业机械学报，1996 s1．
[71]陈泽．精细雾系列喷头研制成功．农业机械化与电气化，1997 04．
[72]汪志农．灌溉排水工程学．北京：中国农业出版社，2000．
[73]Hills,D.j;Barragan, J. Application uniformity for fixed and rotating spray plate sprinklers. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 1998,14(1),33-36.
[74]王文元，杨路华．微喷头布置形式对喷洒均匀度的影响．灌溉排水，1994 02．
[75]朱旦生，刘佳莉．用傅里叶变换表示喷灌组合均匀度．水利学报，1998 10．
[76]Hendrik L., Tolman. Alleviating the Garden Sprinkler Effect in Wind wave models. Ocean Modeling,2002,4(3):269-289.
[77]Michael J., Louie and John S. Selker. Sprinkler Head Maintenance Effects on Water Application Uniformity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2000,126(3), 142148.
[78]张丽娟，陈大雕，林中卉．固定式喷灌系统喷头经济压力的研究．节水灌溉，1995 03．
[79]许炳华，曹万健，郭荣良．中灌ZPY组合式长喷管金属摇臂喷头的设计特点和性能．节水灌溉，1994 02．
[80]李旭，吴春笃，王光亮，杨学军．低流量扇形雾喷头的设计．农业机械学报，2002年04期．
[81]白俊英，陈玉凡．特殊阻力与喷枪喷头结构合理设计．中国安全科学学报，1995 s1．
[82]庄蕾，方湄．喷头内部流场模拟及结构改进．流体机械，2002 07．
[83]门宝辉，梁川．喷头水力性能评价的属性识别模型及应用，节水灌溉，2002 05．
[84]喻黎明，吴普特，范兴科．模糊综合评判在评价喷头水力性能中的应用．节水灌溉，2001 03．
[85]郭世俭，Peter Hughes，Robert Battaglia．几种手动喷雾器喷头雾滴尺寸的比较．浙江农业学报，1998 03．
[86]闻佟麟，王遵义，胡启恩．中雨强度小雨滴喷头的设计与研制．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，1998年01期．
[87]严海军，郑耀泉．园林灌溉喷头的水力性能测试分析及应用研究．排灌机械，2001 02．
[88]龚时宏，郭志新，仵峰．恒压喷灌系统田间允许调压范围的研究．农业工程学报，1998 03．
[89]易克传．节水灌溉技术．农村实用工程技术，1999，(5)．
[90]沈雪民．节水灌溉技术．农村实用工程技术，2000，(7)．
[91]罗金耀，王富庆，邱元锋．坡地允许喷灌强度研究．水动力学研究与进展，A辑 2002 06
[92]林中卉．喷灌压力管网系统水力特性的模拟模型研究．节水灌溉，1995 02．
[93]白丹．自压喷灌干管管网的优化计算．农业机械学报，1995 02．
[94]樊桂林，梁芝兰．摇臂式喷头摇臂应力分布的试验研究．排灌机械，1995 02．
[95]林中卉．喷灌加压泵选型问题探讨．节水灌溉，1996 03．
[96]李久生．喷灌均匀系数对作物产量影响的模拟研究．农业工程学报，1996 04．
[97]程吉林，金兆森，沈洁，刘正祥，陈平喷．灌系统优化设计混合模型及其求解方法．水利学报，1997 07．
[98]刘洪民，方少明，王天筠．聚氨酯喷头的研制．郑州轻工业学院学报，1997 04．
[99]罗金耀，程国银，陈大雕．喷微灌节水灌溉综合评价指标体系与指标估价方法．节水灌溉，1997 01．
[100]何以申．喷头洒水漫谈．消防技术与产品信息．1998 03．
[101]李久生．喷灌均匀系数对土壤水分空间分布及作物产量影响的研究现状．农业工程学报，1998 02．
[102]童水森，潘就兴．喷灌系统田间管网的优化设计及其投资比较．节水灌溉，1999 03．
[103]杨树雄，邹战强．喷灌田间管网数值计算．节水灌溉，1999 03．
[104]王强，李泗远，闫吉民，王克风．大田喷灌工程管理模式探讨．中国农村水利水电，1999 03．
[105]刘海军，龚时宏．喷灌条件下小气候变化规律的研究．灌溉排水，2000 03．
[106]高传昌，冯跃志．井灌区喷灌管路系统的效率分析．灌溉排水，2000 03．
[107]司徒淞，张薇，贾大林．低压管喷及其节水高产机理研究．灌溉排水，2000 03．
[108]李德信，刘吉全，祝信贺，赵成礼．微喷灌在山区茶园的应用效果研究．灌溉排水，2001 01．
[109]车建明，刘卓，刘洪禄．井灌区喷灌与管灌的技术经济效益分析．北京水利，2001 02．
[110]杜尧东，王建，刘作新，蔡崇光，杨久廷，甘作勋．春小麦田喷灌的水量分布及小气候效应．应用生态学报，2001 03．
[111]王春堂，戴景军，郭聚江等．流量喷灌技术．节水灌溉，2001 04．
[112]郑莹．胜利桥东绿地喷灌设计．山西建筑，2002年03期．
[113]李久生，饶敏杰．喷灌洒水与施肥均匀性对冬小麦产量的影响．水利学报，2002 01．
[114]张晓辉，郭清南，李法德，李修渠，赵东．3MG30型果园弥雾机的研制与试验．农业机械学报，2002年03期．
[115]盛国成．节具水浇灌技术．农业科技与信息，2002年09期．
[116]李久生，饶敏杰，张建君．土壤及喷灌水量不均匀性对干旱区春小麦产量影响的试验研究．农业工程学报，2002 03．
[117]汪永斌，施已平，胡家芬．特殊的多功能喷头设计研究．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，2002 03．
[118]余根坚，李久生，龚时宏，高本虎，杨继富，胡亚琼．喷微灌技术发展的影响因素分析．节水灌溉．2002 05．
[119]李久生，饶敏杰，张建君．干旱地区喷洒水利用系数的田间试验研究．农业工程学报，2002 06．
[120]张敏，刘任先．一种用于山区喷灌的减压阀及其阀芯曲线设计．排灌机械，2001年03期．
[121]唐庆海，曹荣娟，肖念新，刘荣昌，刘玉敏，王秀健．小型四轮拖拉机行走式节水灌溉机组的设计研究．河北职业技术师范学院学报，1998年01期．
[122]奕永庆．节水灌溉技术(V)．今日科技，1998年10期．
[123]王力坚．喷灌设计中支管入口压力的确定．地下水，1997年04期．
[124]张丽春，张雷．WP30—6固定式系列微喷头的研制．内蒙古林学院学报，1996年03期．
[125]金焕贵，李少华，朱庆新．马淑慧．应加速扇形雾喷头的开发与应用．天津农林科技，1995年01期．
[126]蔡守华．喷灌系统稳定运行状态的数学模拟．节水灌溉，1994年02期．
[127]王新国．如何改进喷雾器的雾化性能．新疆农机化，1994年04期．
[128]陈学敏．喷灌系统规划设计与管理．北京：水利水电出版社，1992．11．
[2] 李世英．对我国节水灌溉技术发展的几点思考[J]．灌排机械，第18卷第1期(2000年1月)．
[3] 吴玉芹，史群．我国发展节水灌溉的重要意义[J]．节水灌溉，1998(4)．
[4] 郭秀瑞，郑联合，于回安，邹红梅．大力发展节水灌溉促进农业经济可持续发展[J]．节水灌溉，1998(3)．
[5] 水利部南京水文水资源研究院．21世纪中国水供求[M]．北京：中国水利水电出版社，1999年6月．
[6] Kirda C., Kanber. R.,Water, no longer a plentiful resource, should be used sparingly in irrigated agriculture[M]. Crop Yield Response to Deficit Irrigation, 1999:1～20.
[7] 许志方．如何正确理解节水灌溉的涵义[J]．中国农村水利水电，2001年第10期．
[8] Kirda c., Kanber.r.,Water, no longer a plentiful resource, should be used sparingly in irrigated agriculture[M]. Crop Yield Response to Deficit irrigation, 1999: 120.
[9] 林中卉．喷灌工程的规划设计[J]．中国农村水利水电，1997年第10期．
[10] 贾生海．南方丘陵山区高尔夫球场喷灌系统的布设方法．节水灌溉，1995 03
[11] 张延灿．喷泉工程发展及其设计问题(上)．给水排水，1998 07．
[12] Darrell W. DeBoer. Rotating Sprinkler-plate Sprinkler. Journal of.Irrigation and Drainage, 2002,128(3),137-146.
[13] Li, J.; Li, Y.; Kawano, H.; Yobler, R.E. Effects of douhe-rectangular-slot design on impact sprinkler nozzle performance. Transactions of the ASAE, 1995, 38(5), 14351441.
[14] 张玉欣，史群．节水灌溉知识讲座(喷灌)．节水灌溉，1999年2月．
[15] 刘海涛．喷滴灌技术在花卉生产中的应用．节水灌溉，1998 03．
[16] 陈为峰，张志国．草坪喷灌系统规划设计与施工应注意的问题．节水灌溉 1999，(02)．
[17] 李传奇，平辉济．南大明湖百米旋转喷泉．给水排水，1999 07．
[18] D.W.DeBoer. TECHNICAL NOTES: SPRINKLER APPLICATION PATTERN SHAPE AND SURFACE RUNOFF.Transactions of the ASAE, 2001, 44(5), 12171220.
[19] D.W.DeBoer, M.J. Monnens. ESTIMATION OF DROP SIZE AND KINETIC. Transactions of the ASAE, 2001, 44(6), 1571-1580.
[20] 李英能．我国节水农业发展的模式研究[J]．节水灌溉，1998年第2期．
[21] J.M.Faci, R. Salvador, E. Playon, and H. Sourell. Comparison of Fixed and Rotating Spray Plate Sprinklers. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2001, 127(4), 224233.
[22] M.F Khalil, S.Z. Kassab. Applications of Drag-Reducing Polymers in Sprinkler Irrigation Systems: Sprinkler Head Performance. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2002,128(3), 147152.
[23] 吴景社，李金山，郑庚石，柴金诚．喷灌金属管道球形铸铝快速接头的研制 农业工程学报 2001 04
[24] 许一飞．软管卷盘式自动喷灌机特性分析．中国农业大学学报，1996 06．
[25] Ricci a, Irrigation With Sprinklers And Rain Guns: The Best Solution[J]. Mondo Machina, 1999,8(10):54-60.
[26] 王综武．略谈我国的卷管式绞盘喷灌机的开发和应用．节水灌溉，1998 01．
[27] Royuela t.a., Montalvo l.t. and Vicente t.p.j., Head Loss Produced By The Connection of Laterals With Manifold Pipelines In Trickle Irrigation[A]. Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water Scarcity[C],1999:57-68.
[28] Khrabrov m.y., Low Head Drip Spray Irrigation System[J]. Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water
Scarcity[C], 1999:157-161.
[29] 吴践明．浅谈园林绿化喷灌设计．给水排水，2000 08．
[30] O'Brien, D.M.J Rogers, D.H.J. Lamm, P.R.J Clark, G.A. Economic comparison of subsurface drip and center pivot sprinkler irrigation systems. Applied Engineering in Engineering in Agriculture,1998,14(4),391-398.
[31] 对新疆发展喷灌的认识 张志新 节水灌溉 2000 06
[32] Mohammad, Fawzi Said. Potential subsurface irrigation system for water conservation in an arid climatic environment. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, 1998,7(1),2336.
[33] 旋转式微喷头系列产品开发生产 节水灌溉 2002 02
[34] 李严己，宋军，徐淑琴．大型喷灌机在黑龙江农垦区的应用及发展方向．节水灌溉，1995 01
[35] 郭慧滨，史群．国内外节水灌溉发展简介[J]．节水灌溉，1998(5)．
[36] 刘洪禄，汪宝会，杨竹心，曹岳田．间喷-管结合灌水技术体系的研究，农业工程学报，1998 04．
[37] 李世英．略谈我国喷灌机具的现状和发展方向．喷灌技术，1996，(1)．
[38] 陈振宇，高志强，苗果园，袁水珍．ZY-2型喷头水力性能及喷头组合试验．山西农业科学，1999 02．
[39] 伍兰，中喷ZY系列摇臂式喷头．南方农机，1999 06．
[40] 周文娟，周宏英．改革常规喷头提高三大效益．湖北植保，1995 03．
[41] 张社奇，刘淑明，韩维生，钱克红．改变喷头喷洒轨迹的力学途径．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2001 04．
[42] 干浙民，杨生华．旋转式喷头射程的试验研究及计算公式．农业机械学报，1998年12月．
[43] 孟秦倩，王健，蔡江碧．非圆形喷洒域喷头的可实现性研究．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，Vol．31，No．2．
[44] 李英能．浅论我国喷灌设备技术创新．排灌机械，2001 02．
[45] 卢国荣，李英能．加入WTO后我国喷灌设备发展的前景与对策．节水灌溉，2002 04．
[46] Sheted.t.and Pandeyk., Computer Aided Design Of Micro-Irrigation Laterals For Row Crop[J].Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water Scarcity, 1999:119129.
[47] Hubener r., Future Prospects Of Agricultural Irrigation Technologies[J]. Zeitschrift Fur Bewasserungswirttschaft, 1999,34(2): 193-200.
[48] Frielinghaus.m., The Development Of Sprinkler Irrigation Technique With Clean Water In Germany[M]. Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water Scarcity, 199:169-183.
[49] Li, Jiusheng; Kawan, Hiroshi. Sprinkler performance as affected by nozzle inner contraction angle.Irrigation Science, 1998,18(2),63-66.
[50] 陈亚丽．园林喷灌的特点及发展趋势．河南林业科技，1999年02期．
[51] 刘海军，康跃虎．喷灌动能对土壤入渗和地表径流影响的研究进展．灌溉排水，2002 03．
[52] Guiliu Lorenzini. Air temperature effect on spray evaporation. Irrigation and Drainage, 2002, 51(4),301-309.
[53] 喷灌动能对土壤入渗和地表径流影响的研究进展 刘海军，康跃虎 灌溉排水 2002 03．
[54] Bremond, Bernard; Molle, Bruno. Characterization of rainfall under center pivot: influence of measuring procedure. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1995,121(5), 347363.
[55] Sudheer k.p. and Panda r.l., Digital Image Processing For Determining Drop Sizes From Irrigation Spray Nozzles[J]. Agricultural Water Management[C], 2000,45(2): 159-167.
[56] Li, Jiusheng; Kawano, Hiroshi. Simulating watepdrop movement from noncircular sprinkler nozzles. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1995,121(2), 152-158.
[57]祁力钧，傅泽田，高振江．转子喷头的雾滴轨迹及雾滴飘移性能．中国农业大学学报，2002 02
[58]王金平，王玉真．转子喷头的雾滴轨迹及设计中边界处支管和喷头位置的确定．节水灌溉，2002 03．
[59]喻黎明，吴普特，牛文全．喷头组合间距、工作压力和布置形式对喷灌均匀系数的影响．水土保持研究，2002 02．
[60]Baudequin d., Mesny m., Molle b. and Silberstein, I.ISO Standards Contribttion To The Improvement Of Irrigation Performance In On-Farm Irrigation Systems[A]. Irrigation Under Conditions Of Water Scarcity[C], 1999:63-77.
[61]Tarjudo, J.M.; Montero, J.; Carrion, P.A.; Honrubia, F.T.; Calvo, M.A. Irrigation uniformity with medium size sprinklers. Part Ⅱ: influence of wind and other factors on water distribution. Transactions of the ASAE, 1999, 42(3), 677-689.
[62]Bruno Molle and Yues Le Got. Model of Water Application under Pivot Sprinkler Ⅱ Calibration and Results. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2000, 126(6), 348-354.
[63]黄修桥，廖永诚，刘新民．有风条件下喷灌系统组合均匀度的计算理论与方法研究，灌溉排水，1995 01．
[64]聂文，曹晓林．用微机绘制微喷头喷水量分布曲线．农机质量与监督，1995 04．
[65]中国灌排手册．北京：中国水利水电出版社．
[66]王泽．摇臂式喷头摇臂强度的分析与计算．排灌机械，1994 02．
[67]水利电力部．喷灌工程技术规范(GBJ85-85)，北京：中国水利水电出版社，2002．
[68]水利电力部．旋转式喷头规范(JB／T7867-1997)，北京：中国水利水电出版社，2002．
[69]Aievedo h.j., Bernardo s, Ramos m.m., Sediyama g.c. and Cecon p.r. , Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agricolae Ambiental[J]. Influence Of Weather Elements On Energy Losses In High Pressure Sprinkler Irrigation System[C], 1999, 3(3) 336-341.
[70]吴罗罗，李秉礼，何雄奎，J．Kienzle．雾滴飘移试验与几种喷头抗飘失能力的比较农业机械学报，1996 s1．
[71]陈泽．精细雾系列喷头研制成功．农业机械化与电气化，1997 04．
[72]汪志农．灌溉排水工程学．北京：中国农业出版社，2000．
[73]Hills,D.j;Barragan, J. Application uniformity for fixed and rotating spray plate sprinklers. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 1998,14(1),33-36.
[74]王文元，杨路华．微喷头布置形式对喷洒均匀度的影响．灌溉排水，1994 02．
[75]朱旦生，刘佳莉．用傅里叶变换表示喷灌组合均匀度．水利学报，1998 10．
[76]Hendrik L., Tolman. Alleviating the Garden Sprinkler Effect in Wind wave models. Ocean Modeling,2002,4(3):269-289.
[77]Michael J., Louie and John S. Selker. Sprinkler Head Maintenance Effects on Water Application Uniformity. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2000,126(3), 142148.
[78]张丽娟，陈大雕，林中卉．固定式喷灌系统喷头经济压力的研究．节水灌溉，1995 03．
[79]许炳华，曹万健，郭荣良．中灌ZPY组合式长喷管金属摇臂喷头的设计特点和性能．节水灌溉，1994 02．
[80]李旭，吴春笃，王光亮，杨学军．低流量扇形雾喷头的设计．农业机械学报，2002年04期．
[81]白俊英，陈玉凡．特殊阻力与喷枪喷头结构合理设计．中国安全科学学报，1995 s1．
[82]庄蕾，方湄．喷头内部流场模拟及结构改进．流体机械，2002 07．
[83]门宝辉，梁川．喷头水力性能评价的属性识别模型及应用，节水灌溉，2002 05．
[84]喻黎明，吴普特，范兴科．模糊综合评判在评价喷头水力性能中的应用．节水灌溉，2001 03．
[85]郭世俭，Peter Hughes，Robert Battaglia．几种手动喷雾器喷头雾滴尺寸的比较．浙江农业学报，1998 03．
[86]闻佟麟，王遵义，胡启恩．中雨强度小雨滴喷头的设计与研制．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，1998年01期．
[87]严海军，郑耀泉．园林灌溉喷头的水力性能测试分析及应用研究．排灌机械，2001 02．
[88]龚时宏，郭志新，仵峰．恒压喷灌系统田间允许调压范围的研究．农业工程学报，1998 03．
[89]易克传．节水灌溉技术．农村实用工程技术，1999，(5)．
[90]沈雪民．节水灌溉技术．农村实用工程技术，2000，(7)．
[91]罗金耀，王富庆，邱元锋．坡地允许喷灌强度研究．水动力学研究与进展，A辑 2002 06
[92]林中卉．喷灌压力管网系统水力特性的模拟模型研究．节水灌溉，1995 02．
[93]白丹．自压喷灌干管管网的优化计算．农业机械学报，1995 02．
[94]樊桂林，梁芝兰．摇臂式喷头摇臂应力分布的试验研究．排灌机械，1995 02．
[95]林中卉．喷灌加压泵选型问题探讨．节水灌溉，1996 03．
[96]李久生．喷灌均匀系数对作物产量影响的模拟研究．农业工程学报，1996 04．
[97]程吉林，金兆森，沈洁，刘正祥，陈平喷．灌系统优化设计混合模型及其求解方法．水利学报，1997 07．
[98]刘洪民，方少明，王天筠．聚氨酯喷头的研制．郑州轻工业学院学报，1997 04．
[99]罗金耀，程国银，陈大雕．喷微灌节水灌溉综合评价指标体系与指标估价方法．节水灌溉，1997 01．
[100]何以申．喷头洒水漫谈．消防技术与产品信息．1998 03．
[101]李久生．喷灌均匀系数对土壤水分空间分布及作物产量影响的研究现状．农业工程学报，1998 02．
[102]童水森，潘就兴．喷灌系统田间管网的优化设计及其投资比较．节水灌溉，1999 03．
[103]杨树雄，邹战强．喷灌田间管网数值计算．节水灌溉，1999 03．
[104]王强，李泗远，闫吉民，王克风．大田喷灌工程管理模式探讨．中国农村水利水电，1999 03．
[105]刘海军，龚时宏．喷灌条件下小气候变化规律的研究．灌溉排水，2000 03．
[106]高传昌，冯跃志．井灌区喷灌管路系统的效率分析．灌溉排水，2000 03．
[107]司徒淞，张薇，贾大林．低压管喷及其节水高产机理研究．灌溉排水，2000 03．
[108]李德信，刘吉全，祝信贺，赵成礼．微喷灌在山区茶园的应用效果研究．灌溉排水，2001 01．
[109]车建明，刘卓，刘洪禄．井灌区喷灌与管灌的技术经济效益分析．北京水利，2001 02．
[110]杜尧东，王建，刘作新，蔡崇光，杨久廷，甘作勋．春小麦田喷灌的水量分布及小气候效应．应用生态学报，2001 03．
[111]王春堂，戴景军，郭聚江等．流量喷灌技术．节水灌溉，2001 04．
[112]郑莹．胜利桥东绿地喷灌设计．山西建筑，2002年03期．
[113]李久生，饶敏杰．喷灌洒水与施肥均匀性对冬小麦产量的影响．水利学报，2002 01．
[114]张晓辉，郭清南，李法德，李修渠，赵东．3MG30型果园弥雾机的研制与试验．农业机械学报，2002年03期．
[115]盛国成．节具水浇灌技术．农业科技与信息，2002年09期．
[116]李久生，饶敏杰，张建君．土壤及喷灌水量不均匀性对干旱区春小麦产量影响的试验研究．农业工程学报，2002 03．
[117]汪永斌，施已平，胡家芬．特殊的多功能喷头设计研究．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，2002 03．
[118]余根坚，李久生，龚时宏，高本虎，杨继富，胡亚琼．喷微灌技术发展的影响因素分析．节水灌溉．2002 05．
[119]李久生，饶敏杰，张建君．干旱地区喷洒水利用系数的田间试验研究．农业工程学报，2002 06．
[120]张敏，刘任先．一种用于山区喷灌的减压阀及其阀芯曲线设计．排灌机械，2001年03期．
[121]唐庆海，曹荣娟，肖念新，刘荣昌，刘玉敏，王秀健．小型四轮拖拉机行走式节水灌溉机组的设计研究．河北职业技术师范学院学报，1998年01期．
[122]奕永庆．节水灌溉技术(V)．今日科技，1998年10期．
[123]王力坚．喷灌设计中支管入口压力的确定．地下水，1997年04期．
[124]张丽春，张雷．WP30—6固定式系列微喷头的研制．内蒙古林学院学报，1996年03期．
[125]金焕贵，李少华，朱庆新．马淑慧．应加速扇形雾喷头的开发与应用．天津农林科技，1995年01期．
[126]蔡守华．喷灌系统稳定运行状态的数学模拟．节水灌溉，1994年02期．
[127]王新国．如何改进喷雾器的雾化性能．新疆农机化，1994年04期．
[128]陈学敏．喷灌系统规划设计与管理．北京：水利水电出版社，1992．11．