地裂缝作用下桥梁与房屋基础灾变机理模型试验研究
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摘要
地裂缝作为一种特殊的城市地质灾害,广泛的分布在汾渭盆地上,特别是上世纪八十年代改革开放以来,随着人类活动的加剧,对地下水的过量开采,地裂缝的活动也变得活跃起来,地裂缝所经之处的建筑物无一幸免地遭到破坏。由于地裂缝活动对建筑物破坏的不可避免性和长期累积性,地裂缝对建筑物的破坏已经引起了学术界和工程界广大专家学者的高度关注,并取得了丰富的研究成果。本文以汾渭盆地为研究背景,以国家自然科学基金重点项目(40534021)汾渭盆地地裂缝成因机理与大陆动力学、国家自然科学基金面上项目(40772183)地裂缝活动环境下的地层——地铁隧道相互作用研究和国土资源大调查项目(1212010641403)汾渭地区地裂缝地面沉降综合研究为依托,采用现场调查、大型物理模拟试验及数值分析相结合的方法,对地裂缝造成各种建筑物的破坏模式、破坏过程等进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了预警方法和防治措施。本文主要研究工作和成果如下：
(1)通过现场调查的方法,总结归纳了地裂缝活动环境下各种建筑物的破坏特征,包括道路、桥梁、地下管道和房屋等。
(2)通过大型物理模型试验,揭示了不同结构形式的桥梁与地裂缝在不同位置相交时,随地裂缝活动时的应力应变规律及变形破坏机制,为地裂缝地区修建桥梁提供了参考。
(3)通过数值模拟分析,揭示了正断层、逆断层及平移断层等不同形式断层形成的地裂缝对桥梁的应力变化规律及破坏模式。指出由于地裂缝形成的原因不同,对桥梁的作用不同,因而造成了不同的破坏模式,设计时应区别对待,这样才能采取更加合理的防治措施。
(4)通过大型物理模拟试验和数值分析,揭示了各种建筑物的基础形式在地裂缝活动环境下的响应。指出桩筏基础的桩虽然对土体起到了加固作用,但同时也对筏板产生了拉力,使得筏板在与桩接触的部位发生拉张破坏,对抵抗地裂缝活动的作用并不显著,反而起到了不利的影响；通过对筏板基础的应力应变曲线分析得出了筏板基础在地裂缝环境影响下的受力模式；通过对同一基础与地裂缝在不同位置相交得出地裂缝相交位置对基础破坏过程的影响；通过对不同基础形式的对比得出地裂缝影响范围内应采取整体性好的基础形式,避免采取条基等整体性差的基础。
(5)通过对基础模型破坏过程和破坏现象的分析,指出虽然不同基础表现出不同的塑性变形能力,但最终无一幸免全部遭到破坏,进一步验证了地裂缝对建筑物破坏的不可避免性。
(6)通过对同一基础形式不同刚度和强度的对比说明,单纯依靠增加基础的强度和刚度来抵抗地裂缝对建筑物的破坏是不经济的,效果也是不明显的。
(7)在前期调查、物理试验及数值分析的基础上指出了桥梁、房屋、道路、地下管道等各种建(构)筑物在地裂缝活动环境下破坏的力学模式。
(8)根据地裂缝对建筑物的破坏模式,提出了在地裂缝环境影响下的两种预警方法,根据预警信号做好处理措施。
(9)通过对地裂缝活动环境下各种建筑物破坏模式的研究,提出了建筑物抵抗地裂缝应从两方面做起：即从结构上采取应对措施和对地基进行处理。对地裂缝带上修建建筑物提供了参考和指导。
Since the1980s, the reform and opening up policy was making the national economy developed rapidly. However, with the development of economy is human activity intensifies, which has caused the occurrence of various geological hazards. Ground fissures, as a special kind of urban geologic hazard, wide distribution in Fenwei basin, the place of buildings none escape by luck to destruction. Due to the inevitable and long-term cumulative of the ground fissures activity, it lead to the building's destruction has caused high attention of the academic and engineering scholars. Taking Fenwei basin as research background, with the national natural science foundation in key projects (40534021) Fenwei basin formation mechanism and ground fissures continental dynamics、national natural science foundation surface projects (40772183) ground fissures activities under the environment of strata--metro tunnel interaction and land resources survey projects (1212010641403) Fenwei district ground fissures subsidence comprehensive study to rely on. Adopting combining methods of field survey、large physical simulation experiment and numerical analysis. Analyze failure mode and process of various buildings which caused by the ground fissures and propose the warning methods and control measures in this foundation. The mainly research work and results are as follows:
(1) Through field investigation method, and summarize the destruction characteristics of various buildings under the environment of the ground fissures activities. Including roads、 bridges、underground pipes and houses, and base on the historical activity characteristic of ground fissures, point out that the ground fissures of Fenwei basin are still at active period in the future.
(2) Through large physical model test, it reveals that the different structure forms of bridge and ground fissures in different locations intersect anywhere the crack activities of stress-strain regularity of deformation and failure mechanism, which provide the reference of building bridges scientific in fissures areas.
(3) Through numerical simulation, it reveals that the normal faults, thrust faults and fault translation faults different forms of ground fissures formed to bridge the stress variation rules and failure modes, which points out the reasons of the formation of crack is different from the bridge has different effect, thus caused different failure modes. Therefore, when the design should first make clear the type of ground fissures, such ability to take a more reasonable measures of prevention.
(4) Through large physical simulation experiment and numerical analysis, this paper discusses the various building foundation forms in the ground fissures activities under the environment of response, which points out the pile raft foundation of pile soil played the reinforcement although role, but still be upward plate tilt, this experiment occurred to resist ground fissures activities role is not significant; through the tube raft foundation of stress-strain curve analysis obtained tube raft foundation in ground fissures in the environmental impact of stress pattern; based on the same basis and ground fissures in different locations that ground fissures intersection intersect place for basic failure process influence; according to the different foundation forms contrast that ground fissures influenced range should adopt integrity good foundation forms, avoid to take the integrity of poor foundation base, etc.
(5) Through to the basic model failure process and destroy the phenomenon, the paper suggests that although the different basic showed different plastic deformation ability, but eventually none escape by luck all destroyed, further verified ground fissures of buildings damage inevitable sex.
(6) Through the same base form different stiffness and strength of illuminates, relying exclusively on increase based the intensity and rigidity to resist ground fissures in the building's demolition without economic, the effect is not obvious.
(7) In the investigation, based on the analysis of the houses, roads, Bridges, underground pipelines, etc. physics experiment and numerical pointed out various kinds of structures and buildings objects in the ground fissures activity environment destruction of mechanics model.
(8) Based on building the failure mode of the cracks in the ground fissures, it puts forward the environmental impact of two kinds of warning methods. Therefore, according to the early warning signals we can do processing measures.
(9) Through the ground fissures activities under the environment of various buildings failure mode, it puts forward the research building resistance ground fissures from two aspects:namely starts from the structure and measures of foundation for processing. It provides a good reference and guidance of constructing building in fissures areas.
(1)通过现场调查的方法,总结归纳了地裂缝活动环境下各种建筑物的破坏特征,包括道路、桥梁、地下管道和房屋等。
(2)通过大型物理模型试验,揭示了不同结构形式的桥梁与地裂缝在不同位置相交时,随地裂缝活动时的应力应变规律及变形破坏机制,为地裂缝地区修建桥梁提供了参考。
(3)通过数值模拟分析,揭示了正断层、逆断层及平移断层等不同形式断层形成的地裂缝对桥梁的应力变化规律及破坏模式。指出由于地裂缝形成的原因不同,对桥梁的作用不同,因而造成了不同的破坏模式,设计时应区别对待,这样才能采取更加合理的防治措施。
(4)通过大型物理模拟试验和数值分析,揭示了各种建筑物的基础形式在地裂缝活动环境下的响应。指出桩筏基础的桩虽然对土体起到了加固作用,但同时也对筏板产生了拉力,使得筏板在与桩接触的部位发生拉张破坏,对抵抗地裂缝活动的作用并不显著,反而起到了不利的影响；通过对筏板基础的应力应变曲线分析得出了筏板基础在地裂缝环境影响下的受力模式；通过对同一基础与地裂缝在不同位置相交得出地裂缝相交位置对基础破坏过程的影响；通过对不同基础形式的对比得出地裂缝影响范围内应采取整体性好的基础形式,避免采取条基等整体性差的基础。
(5)通过对基础模型破坏过程和破坏现象的分析,指出虽然不同基础表现出不同的塑性变形能力,但最终无一幸免全部遭到破坏,进一步验证了地裂缝对建筑物破坏的不可避免性。
(6)通过对同一基础形式不同刚度和强度的对比说明,单纯依靠增加基础的强度和刚度来抵抗地裂缝对建筑物的破坏是不经济的,效果也是不明显的。
(7)在前期调查、物理试验及数值分析的基础上指出了桥梁、房屋、道路、地下管道等各种建(构)筑物在地裂缝活动环境下破坏的力学模式。
(8)根据地裂缝对建筑物的破坏模式,提出了在地裂缝环境影响下的两种预警方法,根据预警信号做好处理措施。
(9)通过对地裂缝活动环境下各种建筑物破坏模式的研究,提出了建筑物抵抗地裂缝应从两方面做起：即从结构上采取应对措施和对地基进行处理。对地裂缝带上修建建筑物提供了参考和指导。
Since the1980s, the reform and opening up policy was making the national economy developed rapidly. However, with the development of economy is human activity intensifies, which has caused the occurrence of various geological hazards. Ground fissures, as a special kind of urban geologic hazard, wide distribution in Fenwei basin, the place of buildings none escape by luck to destruction. Due to the inevitable and long-term cumulative of the ground fissures activity, it lead to the building's destruction has caused high attention of the academic and engineering scholars. Taking Fenwei basin as research background, with the national natural science foundation in key projects (40534021) Fenwei basin formation mechanism and ground fissures continental dynamics、national natural science foundation surface projects (40772183) ground fissures activities under the environment of strata--metro tunnel interaction and land resources survey projects (1212010641403) Fenwei district ground fissures subsidence comprehensive study to rely on. Adopting combining methods of field survey、large physical simulation experiment and numerical analysis. Analyze failure mode and process of various buildings which caused by the ground fissures and propose the warning methods and control measures in this foundation. The mainly research work and results are as follows:
(1) Through field investigation method, and summarize the destruction characteristics of various buildings under the environment of the ground fissures activities. Including roads、 bridges、underground pipes and houses, and base on the historical activity characteristic of ground fissures, point out that the ground fissures of Fenwei basin are still at active period in the future.
(2) Through large physical model test, it reveals that the different structure forms of bridge and ground fissures in different locations intersect anywhere the crack activities of stress-strain regularity of deformation and failure mechanism, which provide the reference of building bridges scientific in fissures areas.
(3) Through numerical simulation, it reveals that the normal faults, thrust faults and fault translation faults different forms of ground fissures formed to bridge the stress variation rules and failure modes, which points out the reasons of the formation of crack is different from the bridge has different effect, thus caused different failure modes. Therefore, when the design should first make clear the type of ground fissures, such ability to take a more reasonable measures of prevention.
(4) Through large physical simulation experiment and numerical analysis, this paper discusses the various building foundation forms in the ground fissures activities under the environment of response, which points out the pile raft foundation of pile soil played the reinforcement although role, but still be upward plate tilt, this experiment occurred to resist ground fissures activities role is not significant; through the tube raft foundation of stress-strain curve analysis obtained tube raft foundation in ground fissures in the environmental impact of stress pattern; based on the same basis and ground fissures in different locations that ground fissures intersection intersect place for basic failure process influence; according to the different foundation forms contrast that ground fissures influenced range should adopt integrity good foundation forms, avoid to take the integrity of poor foundation base, etc.
(5) Through to the basic model failure process and destroy the phenomenon, the paper suggests that although the different basic showed different plastic deformation ability, but eventually none escape by luck all destroyed, further verified ground fissures of buildings damage inevitable sex.
(6) Through the same base form different stiffness and strength of illuminates, relying exclusively on increase based the intensity and rigidity to resist ground fissures in the building's demolition without economic, the effect is not obvious.
(7) In the investigation, based on the analysis of the houses, roads, Bridges, underground pipelines, etc. physics experiment and numerical pointed out various kinds of structures and buildings objects in the ground fissures activity environment destruction of mechanics model.
(8) Based on building the failure mode of the cracks in the ground fissures, it puts forward the environmental impact of two kinds of warning methods. Therefore, according to the early warning signals we can do processing measures.
(9) Through the ground fissures activities under the environment of various buildings failure mode, it puts forward the research building resistance ground fissures from two aspects:namely starts from the structure and measures of foundation for processing. It provides a good reference and guidance of constructing building in fissures areas.
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