天然气储运关键技术研究及技术经济分析
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摘要
在发展低碳经济的时代背景下，天然气备受推崇，正逐渐成为未来世界一次能源的主力军。考虑到大量用气的中心城市和工业企业距气源较远，需要将气源点的天然气安全、稳定和连续地输送给用户。鉴于天然气储运中的遇到的诸多问题阻碍新型储运技术发展的现状，本文重点研究新型储运关键问题，并在此基础上建立常用与新型五种储运方式的技术经济分析模型，该模型对于推动天然气储运技术的发展具有重要的意义。
本文首先研究了天然气常用储运技术，包括天然气管道（PNG）储运、压缩天然气（CNG）储运和液化天然气（LNG）储运等储运技术，介绍了其各自的应用背景及其工艺流程，并运用技术经济分析静态折旧法，从起始站建设费用、运输成本以及终点站折旧及运行费用等方面，折算成单位体积的天然气运输成本进行了技术经济分析。
以石油焦为原料，KOH为活化剂，重点研究了用于吸附储运（ANG）的高表面活性炭的制备工艺中预活化单元、活化单元以及产品精制单元，并采用KOH分步加热预活化法来实现活化比的降低，优化了工艺参数，所生产的比表面积为2565m~2/g，在这种状态下孔容为1.354cc/g，孔径为2.112nm，满足应用要求。在考虑储存容器的要求的基础上，通过存储容器的工作参数，材质的选用及尺寸计算、储存容器的内部结构设计等步骤，设计的储存容器设定为容积为45m~3，储罐长10000mm，直径为2400mm。
探讨了天然气水合物储运（NGH）技术中合物生成的工艺条件，通过正交实验法得到的水合物形成工艺参数如下：初始温度为3℃，初始压力为5MPa，液相体积为500mL，搅拌速度为120r/min、15g十二烷基硫酸钠和5g烷基多苷配成混合添加剂，其中TBAB的摩尔分数为0.293%，该工艺储气量最大可达190m~3/m~3。
针对天然气气源点和用气点往往相隔一定距离的实际情况，考虑三种常用天然气储运和两种天然气新型储运方式的起始站、运输距离和终点站的具体费用，应用静态分析方法，计算单位体积的天然气运输成本，建立了五种天然气储运技术经济模型。该模型能快捷的比较出不同初始压力（0-5MPa）、不同运输路程（0-1500Km）和五种储运方式的单位体积天然气的储运成本，具有重要的工程现实意义。
本文针对五种储运方式，提出了多种节能措施：（1）LNG冷能利用工艺开发；（2）高压天然气压力能利用；（3）利用水合物分离天然气中CO_2的工艺研究。
在上述研究结果的基础上，按照单位天然气所花费费用为基准，分别按照起始站点建设成本、运输成本以及终点站建设成本计算各自的费用，将单位体积的天然气运输成本建立了储运技术的经济分析模型，通过Jav和C++语言程序设计，编写了天然气储运技术经济模型软件。该软件可根据起始压力、运输距离得出在起始压力小于5MPa，距离小于1500km内的最优储运方式，该系统可在window系统下进行操作。该模型是一个综合性的比较成本分析软件，特别对偏远地区天然气的储运问题的解决具有重要的借鉴作用。
Natural gas is highly respected and gradually becoming drive force of world primaryenergy for the development of a low-carbon economy in future. With gas supply individualsinclude urban centres and industry enterprise is far from gas source, storage and transportationtechnology is used for safety, stable and continuous transmission to the user. However, due tothe new storage and transportation technology in the existence of a lot of technical problemsand challenges, key issues of new storage and transportation are study in this paper, and thenthe model of technical and economic analysis on five storage and transportation types areestablished. The model is very meaningful for the promotion of the development of naturalgas storage and transportation technology.
Natural gas storage and transportation technology can be divided into populartechnology and new technology. Popular storage and transportation technology includingpipe(PNG), compression(CNG), liquefied natural gas(LNG) were study, and applicationbackground and technology flow was summarized, and then technical economy analysisbased on static method including the starting point of the construction costs, transportationcosts, as well as the terminus of depreciation and running costs was made.
Petroleum coke as raw materials, KOH as an activating agent, focusing on thepre-activation unit activation unit and upgrading unit in the preparation process of the surfaceof activated carbon for the adsorption storage and transportation (ANG) in this paper. TheKOH the step heating preactivated method to achieve the reduction of the activation ratio, tooptimize the process parameters, the production ratio of surface area to2565m~2/g, porevolume in this state as1.354cc/g, a pore size of2.112nm, which meet applicationrequirements. Investigated the basis of the requirements of the storage container, through theworking parameters, the selection of materials and dimensions of the storage vessel, the stepof storing the internal structure of the container design, the design of the storage container isset to a volume of45m3tank length10000mm, diameter2400mm for ANG storage andtransformation.
The process conditions of natural gas hydrate(NGH) was study. Through the orthogonalexperiments of hydrate formation, process parameters are as follows: initial temperature is3℃, initial pressure is5Mpa, stirring speed is120r/min, mixed additives included15gsodium dodecyl sulfate and5g alkyl, of which the quality of the TBAB concentration was0.293%, the largest gas storage technology can be up to190m~3/m~3.
As for the fact of a certain distance between gas extraction point and consumer, considering the concrete expense on start site, transportation distance and the terminal,storage and transportation techno-economic model was established based on storage andtransportation costs per unit of volume. The model can quickly compare different storage andtransportation costs based on initial pressure(0-5Mpa), the different transportdistance(0-1500Km) and the cost of terimal, have an important engineering practicalsignificance.
Variety of energy-saving measures have been study, include：(1) LNG cold energyutilization technology,(2) taking advantage of the high-pressure gas pressure,(3) hydrateseparation process of CO_2in natural gas.
Techno-economic analysis model of the storage technology was established, which isbased on storage and transportation costs per unit of volume and accroding to the sum ofexpense on start site, transportation and the terminal. The modeling software of natural gasstorage and transportation techno-economic was devolped by Jav and C++programminglanguage. Which can obtain the optimum scheme based on the initial pressure(≤5Mpa), thetransport distance (≤1500km), and can operate freely under the window system. The model isa comprehensive comparative cost analysis software and is a good reference, especially forthe solution to the problem of storage and transportation of natural gas in remote areas.
本文首先研究了天然气常用储运技术，包括天然气管道（PNG）储运、压缩天然气（CNG）储运和液化天然气（LNG）储运等储运技术，介绍了其各自的应用背景及其工艺流程，并运用技术经济分析静态折旧法，从起始站建设费用、运输成本以及终点站折旧及运行费用等方面，折算成单位体积的天然气运输成本进行了技术经济分析。
以石油焦为原料，KOH为活化剂，重点研究了用于吸附储运（ANG）的高表面活性炭的制备工艺中预活化单元、活化单元以及产品精制单元，并采用KOH分步加热预活化法来实现活化比的降低，优化了工艺参数，所生产的比表面积为2565m~2/g，在这种状态下孔容为1.354cc/g，孔径为2.112nm，满足应用要求。在考虑储存容器的要求的基础上，通过存储容器的工作参数，材质的选用及尺寸计算、储存容器的内部结构设计等步骤，设计的储存容器设定为容积为45m~3，储罐长10000mm，直径为2400mm。
探讨了天然气水合物储运（NGH）技术中合物生成的工艺条件，通过正交实验法得到的水合物形成工艺参数如下：初始温度为3℃，初始压力为5MPa，液相体积为500mL，搅拌速度为120r/min、15g十二烷基硫酸钠和5g烷基多苷配成混合添加剂，其中TBAB的摩尔分数为0.293%，该工艺储气量最大可达190m~3/m~3。
针对天然气气源点和用气点往往相隔一定距离的实际情况，考虑三种常用天然气储运和两种天然气新型储运方式的起始站、运输距离和终点站的具体费用，应用静态分析方法，计算单位体积的天然气运输成本，建立了五种天然气储运技术经济模型。该模型能快捷的比较出不同初始压力（0-5MPa）、不同运输路程（0-1500Km）和五种储运方式的单位体积天然气的储运成本，具有重要的工程现实意义。
本文针对五种储运方式，提出了多种节能措施：（1）LNG冷能利用工艺开发；（2）高压天然气压力能利用；（3）利用水合物分离天然气中CO_2的工艺研究。
在上述研究结果的基础上，按照单位天然气所花费费用为基准，分别按照起始站点建设成本、运输成本以及终点站建设成本计算各自的费用，将单位体积的天然气运输成本建立了储运技术的经济分析模型，通过Jav和C++语言程序设计，编写了天然气储运技术经济模型软件。该软件可根据起始压力、运输距离得出在起始压力小于5MPa，距离小于1500km内的最优储运方式，该系统可在window系统下进行操作。该模型是一个综合性的比较成本分析软件，特别对偏远地区天然气的储运问题的解决具有重要的借鉴作用。
Natural gas is highly respected and gradually becoming drive force of world primaryenergy for the development of a low-carbon economy in future. With gas supply individualsinclude urban centres and industry enterprise is far from gas source, storage and transportationtechnology is used for safety, stable and continuous transmission to the user. However, due tothe new storage and transportation technology in the existence of a lot of technical problemsand challenges, key issues of new storage and transportation are study in this paper, and thenthe model of technical and economic analysis on five storage and transportation types areestablished. The model is very meaningful for the promotion of the development of naturalgas storage and transportation technology.
Natural gas storage and transportation technology can be divided into populartechnology and new technology. Popular storage and transportation technology includingpipe(PNG), compression(CNG), liquefied natural gas(LNG) were study, and applicationbackground and technology flow was summarized, and then technical economy analysisbased on static method including the starting point of the construction costs, transportationcosts, as well as the terminus of depreciation and running costs was made.
Petroleum coke as raw materials, KOH as an activating agent, focusing on thepre-activation unit activation unit and upgrading unit in the preparation process of the surfaceof activated carbon for the adsorption storage and transportation (ANG) in this paper. TheKOH the step heating preactivated method to achieve the reduction of the activation ratio, tooptimize the process parameters, the production ratio of surface area to2565m~2/g, porevolume in this state as1.354cc/g, a pore size of2.112nm, which meet applicationrequirements. Investigated the basis of the requirements of the storage container, through theworking parameters, the selection of materials and dimensions of the storage vessel, the stepof storing the internal structure of the container design, the design of the storage container isset to a volume of45m3tank length10000mm, diameter2400mm for ANG storage andtransformation.
The process conditions of natural gas hydrate(NGH) was study. Through the orthogonalexperiments of hydrate formation, process parameters are as follows: initial temperature is3℃, initial pressure is5Mpa, stirring speed is120r/min, mixed additives included15gsodium dodecyl sulfate and5g alkyl, of which the quality of the TBAB concentration was0.293%, the largest gas storage technology can be up to190m~3/m~3.
As for the fact of a certain distance between gas extraction point and consumer, considering the concrete expense on start site, transportation distance and the terminal,storage and transportation techno-economic model was established based on storage andtransportation costs per unit of volume. The model can quickly compare different storage andtransportation costs based on initial pressure(0-5Mpa), the different transportdistance(0-1500Km) and the cost of terimal, have an important engineering practicalsignificance.
Variety of energy-saving measures have been study, include：(1) LNG cold energyutilization technology,(2) taking advantage of the high-pressure gas pressure,(3) hydrateseparation process of CO_2in natural gas.
Techno-economic analysis model of the storage technology was established, which isbased on storage and transportation costs per unit of volume and accroding to the sum ofexpense on start site, transportation and the terminal. The modeling software of natural gasstorage and transportation techno-economic was devolped by Jav and C++programminglanguage. Which can obtain the optimum scheme based on the initial pressure(≤5Mpa), thetransport distance (≤1500km), and can operate freely under the window system. The model isa comprehensive comparative cost analysis software and is a good reference, especially forthe solution to the problem of storage and transportation of natural gas in remote areas.
引文
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