摘要
绵羊的多胎性状是养羊业获得更多经济效益的重要途径。近年来在澳大利亚Booroola羊发现其存在多胎基因(FecB),并对其遗传特点、遗传效应等进行了广泛研究。随后的几年内,以其为候选基因在不同国家的绵羊品种中进行了更为广泛的发掘,我国在湖羊和小尾寒羊两个品种中都检测到了该基因,但是多胎基因在维持多胎妊娠方面的生物学作用、生理生化特点及对激素分泌水平在品种间、品种内的关系和影响一直没有明确的报道。为提高绵羊繁殖力,降低多胚移植和多胎绵羊胚胎早期死亡率,很有必要以绵羊子宫内环境为重点从组织学、生理学及生殖激素水平进行检测,从而找到多胎绵羊在生殖中的某些规律,以便为控制绵羊的多产性状奠定理论依据。
本研究应用放射免疫测定、核酸分析、基因标记等技术,主要对湖羊多胎性状进行深入研究,同时以中国美利奴新疆军垦型细毛羊为对照进行研究,从理论上充实绵羊繁殖妊娠生理机制,对提高绵羊产羔率、减少胚胎死亡和提高养羊业经济效益有重要意义。主要内容如下:
1 绵羊妊娠早期的激素分泌水平
以研究江苏湖羊多胎机制为目的,应用放射免疫测定、核酸分析、基因标记等分析技术,并以中国美利奴新疆军垦型单胎母羊为对照,通过分析比较母羊的发情周期和妊娠早期外周血中促卵泡素(FSH)、瘦素(Leptin)、前列腺素F_(2α)(PGF_(2α))、孕酮(P_4)和17β-雌二醇(E_2)水平、胎盘子叶DNA和RNA及葡萄糖含量来分析比较多胎湖羊与单胎中国美利奴新疆军垦型母羊的差别,结果表明:两者之间17β-雌二醇(E_2)峰值与发情持续期相关差异不显著(P>0.05)。而外周血中孕酮(P_4)、雌二醇(E_2)和前列腺素(PG)浓度的平均谷值和促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)的峰值差异水平分别达到极显著(P<0.01)和显著水平(P<0.05);瘦素水平均值差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。因此,推测瘦素水平含量的不同直接影响绵羊是否怀孕以及单或双胎,或是因绵羊怀孕因单胎或双胎不同而使瘦素水平含量升高。
2 绵羊妊娠早期子宫内环境研究
采用解剖学方法和生化方法研究绵羊妊娠早期的胎儿重量、体长和母体的卵巢重量、子叶数量和DNA含量的差异,结果表明:胎儿重量差异显著(p<0.05),胎儿长度差异不显著(p>0.05),卵巢重量左右差异不显著(p>0.05),子宫子叶大与-+-+大和小与
The trait of prolificacy of sheep was an important approach increasing more economic benefit. In recent years, a major gene (FecB) controlling sheep prolificacy in Booroola in Australia was fond, and its genetic traits, genetic effects and other characters were widely studied. During several years after this find, FecB gene was widely studied as a candidate gene in many countries in different sheep breeds. The FecB gene was found in Hu and little Han in our country, which were two famous prolific sheep breeds in the world. To date, about the biological effects, bio-chemical characters and effects on hormone secretion of FecB gene in different breeds or different animals in the same population had no clear reports. To increase litter size and decrease mortality rate of early embryos, the study on uterus inner conditions from histology, physiology and reproduction hormone level must have been processed. It may be some rules were found about prolific sheep breeds and to provide a method for molecular marker assistant breeding.
Many technologies, such as RIA, nucleic analysis, gene marker assistance and so on were used to in this experiment study prolific trait of Hu, and using China Merino Xinjiang reclaimation sheep as control, to enrich the theory of sheep reproduction mechanism, this study had important significance for increasing litter size and decreasing embryos mortality and increasing economic benefits for sheep breeding. The main contents presented as follows:
1. Study of the level of hormone in early pregnancy of sheep
To study the prolific mechanism of Hu Sheep in Jiangsu province, many techniques such as RIA, nucleotide analysis, gene marker analysis and so on were used in this experiment to study prolific trait of Hu Sheep, and using China Merino Xinjiang reclaimation sheep as control. Many effect factors on sheep reproduction were studied between Hu and control group, such as oestrus cycles, level of FSH, Leptin, PGF_(2α), progesterone and estradiol in blood of outer blood vessel and content of DNA and RNA or
引文
[1] 陈大元主编.受精生物学.受精机制与生殖工程.科学出版社.2000
[2] 杨利国主编.家畜繁殖研究进展.畜牧与兽医,1994,(5):236-2382
[3] 范必勤等 牛卵母细胞超低温冷冻保存及玻璃化冷冻后体外培养成熟 江苏农业出版社 1985,1(2):25-32
[4] 郭志勤等编著.家畜胚胎工程.中国科技出版社.1998.
[5] 王锋,黄明睿.哺乳动物胚胎体外生产技术(上).黄牛杂志,1998,24(4):56-57
[6] 花田章.山羊的体外受精.家畜繁殖学杂志(日),1985,31(5):21-26
[7] 刘守仁,等.1995.中国美利奴羊的品种繁育[M].新疆科技卫生出版社
[8] 石国庆,程瑞禾,阎玉琴,汤晓禄,刘荣仁 瘦素(Leptin)在绵羊妊娠早期的激素水平研究《草食家畜》 2004年第1期
[9] 石国庆 程瑞禾 阎玉琴 管锋 汤晓禄 刘荣仁 中国美利奴与湖羊妊娠早期血清中生殖激素浓度变化的研究《草食家畜》 2005年第2期
[10] 石国庆 程瑞禾 阎玉琴 管锋 汤晓禄 刘荣仁 湖羊与中国美利奴军垦细毛羊子宫组织形态学研究
[11] 石国庆 程瑞禾 阎玉琴 管锋 汤晓禄 刘荣仁 湖羊和新疆细毛羊遗传物质分析研究
[12] 石国庆,程瑞禾 阎玉琴 管锋 微卫星标记在湖羊中多态性检测 内部资料
[13] 杨坛明主编 生殖生物 科学出版社 2005年
[14] 程瑞禾 湖羊多胎机制研究总结 内部资料
[15] 郑友民,家畜胚胎移植与胚胎分割技术研究进展,生物技术与动物育种,中国农业大学,动物科技学院九六级博士Seminar论文集Ⅰ,1997,11,14-19
[16] 于希江,胚胎性别鉴定技术及其在动物育种中的应用现状与前景,生物技术与动物育种,中国农业大学,动物科技学院九六级博士Seminar论文集Ⅰ,1997,11
[17] 孙少华,哺乳动物体外受精研究进展及其在家畜育种中的应用和前景预测,生物技术与动物育种,中国农业大学动物科技学院,九六级博士Seminar论文集Ⅰ,1997,11,27-32
[18] 刘国庆.2002年甘肃农业大学博士论文
[19] 徐照学.牛卵泡卵母细胞体外受精及体外受精胚冷冻保存的研究.西北农业大学,1995届攻读博士学位研究生学位论文.1995
[20] 曲世平,程洁,董砚虎.瘦素生理作用研究现状.国外医学内分泌学分册,2001,4(21)
[21] 杨庆章,刘国艺等.牛卵母细胞体外培养与最佳授精时间的研究.中国生物工程学会成立大会论 文摘要.1993
[22] 王锋.牛卵巢内卵母细胞采集、体外成熟与体外受精的研究.西北农业大学博士研究生毕业论文.1994
[23] 朱士恩 哺乳动物胚胎玻璃化冷冻技术研究 中国农业大学博士后研究工作报告 1997
[24] 刘灵等,哺乳动物显微受精研究进展,西北农业大学报,1997,25(1),88-94
[25] 刘建忠,李宁,丁翔等.转基因动物研究进展.农业生物技术学报,1998,6(3):269-276
[26] 李莲,李跃民.转基因动物研究进展.草食家畜,1999,(4):1-55
[27] 杨凌,杨殿有.转基因动物研究进展.畜牧与兽医,1998,30(4):181-183
[28] 王彦玲,冯书堂.转基因动物的应用研究的现状及进展.国外畜牧科技,1999,26(4):37-40
[29] 王鲜忠,孙新明.转基因动物研究进展.动物医学进展,1999,20(4):24-26
[30] 刘薇,卢光绣。转基因动物技术的研究进展。遗传,2001第三期
[31] 张永忠。转基因动物的应用与展望。山东师大学报,2001第三期
[32] 黄梅春,邓有辉。瘦素与妊娠 右江民族医学院学报 2003,3:409-410
[33] 谭晓红,杨晓,黄培堂。转基因动物研究进展,生物工程学报,2001,第二期
[34] 张家骅 反刍动物妊娠识别及早期胚胎死亡 中国兽医杂志 1994,20(2):47
[35] 张纪云,王宝刚 瘦素及其研究现状,临沂医专学报 2001;23(4):291-294
[36] 储明星.Booroola羊FecB基因图谱研究进展[J],中国草食动物,2001,3(2):43-46
[37] 储明星.Booroola羊FecB基因的遗传标记研究进展[J],国外畜牧科技,2001,28(2):37-40
[38] 姜运良,吴常信.Booroola Merino绵羊多胎基因FecB的研究进展[J],中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(4):51-53
[39] 赵俊丽,吴登俊.绵羊QTL定位的研究进展[J],四川畜牧兽医,2001,28(10):29-30
[40] 谭世俭,卢克焕.牛体外受精胚胎卵裂阶段对其体外发育能力影响的研究.中国兽医学报.1994,14(4):346—349。
[41] 卢晟胜。牛磺酸和颗粒细胞对牛胚胎体外发育的影响。广西农业生物科学。1999,18(2):120—123。
[42] 李凤娥,熊远著.绵羊FeeB基因分离克隆的研究进展[J],国外畜牧科技,2001,28(6):42-44
[43] 黄建民,黄天华,张维政等。诱导牛精子体外获能的培养基及方法。中国兽医学报。1999,19(2):197—200。
[44] 石德顺,卢克焕。肝素及血小板激活因子对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。广西科学,1996,3(3):36-40
[45] 张明新,川俊德,沼边孝。牛体外受精的精子处理方法对受精率和胚胎发育的影响。中国兽医学报。2000,20(3):306-308
[44] 柏家林,关红梅。牛卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精技术的研究进展。国外畜牧科技,1998, 25(4):27~31
[47] 王海滨,夏国良,李美玲等。哺乳动物卵母细胞培养体系的研究进展。农业生物技术学报,2000,8(3):297—310
[48] 文国艺,卢克焕。两种方法对牛体外受精及体外发育的影响。中国兽医学报,1996,16(5):510-513
[49] 钱云,师蔚群,丁家桐。哺乳动物体外受精的研究进展。动物科学与动物医学。2000,17(1):26-28;(2):27-29。
[50] 和占星,文际坤,赵开典。日本牛胚胎工程技术的现状与趋势。黄牛杂志,1999,25(3):72~73
[51] 曹佐武,潘善培,刘学高,影响玻璃化法冷冻保存胚胎的一些因素,暨南大学学报.1998,1(19):48-50
[52] 雷初朝.动物染色体脆性部位的研究进展.畜牧兽医杂志,1998,17(1):10-123
[53] 傅芬.子宫肌瘤治疗进展.实用癌症杂志,2004,19(6):669-672
[54] 詹才芳.细胞凋亡在子宫内膜异位症中研究进展.河南医学研究,2005,3(14):88-91
[55] 殷宗俊.遗传和子宫内环境与猪多产性研究进展.安徽农业大学学报,1998,25(4):390-394
[56] 蒋金湖 早期胚胎死亡的重要原因——子宫环境与胚胎发育的不同步 畜牧与兽医 1995,第二期 27卷
[57] 岳秀英.米非司酮在妇科的应用进展.职业与健康.2004,11(20):148-150
[58] 夏红飞,郝艳红,彭景椒.妊娠大鼠子宫和胎盘IL-1Iβ表达及IFN-γ对其表达的影响.动物学报,2004,50(1):48-54.
[59] 范瑞文,赫晓燕,董常生.生长因子I31(TGF 131)和孕酮对着床期子宫内膜的调节作用.动物医学进展,2003,5(22):10-12.
[60] 范瑞文,董常生,赫晓燕.外源性孕酮对妊娠小鼠着床早期子宫内膜转化生长因子β1表达的影响.中国兽医学报,2004,1(24):91-93
[61] 殷宗俊.遗传和子宫内环境与猪多产性研究进展.安徽农业大学学报,1998,25(4):390-394
[62] 滑静,陈耀星,杨佐君.植物性神经及孕激素与妊娠期子宫.免疫调节关系的研究进展,2002,2(17):64-67
[63] 翟向和,宫新城,李清艳.苦楝皮妊娠毒性作用及对妊娠早期小鼠子宫NK、IFN-和TNF-含量的影响,畜牧兽医学报.2005,36(7):747-750
[64] 周振中,赵德善,王刚.母牛妊娠早期卵巢黄体和子宫变化的观察.黑龙江动物繁殖,2002,3(10):27-28.
[65] 卫小茜.新生儿窒息与围生期相关因素探讨.实用医技杂志.2005,6(12):1527
[66] 刘美玲,幻彭景根,孙泉红.妊娠大鼠子宫和胎盘中TGF-βs的表达及INF_γ对其表达的影响.生物 化学与生物物理进.2005;32(5):413-420
[67] 李莲军,滕可导,陆唆波.山羊子宫内肽能神经分布及妊娠时的变化.中国兽医报.2001,1(21):79-81.
[68] 张纪云,王宝刚,瘦素及其研究现状.临沂医专学报,2001;23(4):291-294
[69] 张泉福,徐苏标,程瑞禾.湖羊垂体~卵巢轴内分泌与性发育相关研究.浙江农业学报,1995,(5):412-415
[70] 王元兴,程瑞禾.湖羊繁殖力单项选育效果.当代畜牧,2000,4
[71] 程瑞禾,阎玉琴,韩兆玉.湖羊的同期发情.92动物科学与动物医学,2001,2(18).
[72] 唐金凤,郁忠勤,陈名道.妊娠期雌二醇和催乳素与瘦素的关系.上海第二医科大学学报,2001,1(21)
[73] 张娜.发现瘦素.湖南高等专科学校,2000,(2)第一期
[74] 程瑞禾.胡羊多胎性及其利用.中国草食动物,2000.(1)
[75] 林庄儿.经腹子宫全切术预防性应用抗生素360例.武警医学,2005,3(3):221-222
[76] 戴咏梅.中医药治疗慢性盆腔炎34例.陕西中医,2003,24(11):975-976
[77] 马保华等,安哥拉山羊胚胎徒手分割和移植试验,西北农业大学学报,1996,24(2),40-43
[78] 王光亚等,安哥拉山羊胚胎手术回收和移植,西北农业大学学报,1996,24(3),41-46
[79] 余文莉等,绒山羊超数排卵和胚胎冷冻技术的初步研究,中国养羊,1997,第4期,22-24
[80] 李裕强等,山羊超数排卵和同期发情研究,西北农业大学学报,1997,25(3),77-81
[81].张涌等,山羊小腔卵泡卵母细胞的体外成熟和体外受精,西北农业大学学报,1996,24(2),12-17
[82] 张涌等,哺乳动物卵泡卵母细胞的体外受精,河北农业大学学报,1996,19(3),99-106
[83] 鲁绍雄,莲林生.转基因动物技术与动物育种.云南畜牧兽医,2002第二期.
[84] 蒙少宁.从试管牛到“克隆牛”.光明日报,1998年2月23日。
[85] 孙童,滕春波,徐立滨.细胞周期蛋白D3在兔妊娠早期子宫和胚胎中的表达与调节.动物学报.2003,49(5):606-614
[86] 伊忠厚,于骋.妊娠奶牛子宫扭转病诊治.黑龙江动物繁殖,2003,4(11):34-35
[87] 刁红录,徐立滨,杨增明.妊娠期间子宫内免疫细胞的分布及其功能.生理科学展,2003,3(34):285-287.
[88] 翁亚光,王应雄,刘学庆.妊娠小鼠子宫内膜LIF基因表达的研究.遗传,2000,22(2):73-74.
[89] 滕可导,李莲军,陈耀星.山羊子宫内胆碱能神经分布及妊娠时的变化.中国兽医报,2001,2(21):156-158.
[90] 申晓环.110例子宫肌瘤病人输血前后红细胞参数比较.临床输血与检验,2002,2(2):37
[91] 王越.妊娠大于41周时脐动脉及子宫动脉血流动力学的研究.中国医学影像技术,2002,18(10): 1053-1054
[92] 崔颖,孙大为.白细胞介素与子宫内膜异位症.中国妇产科临床杂志,2005,16(1):74-75
[93] 李海,郭会玲.复方左炔诺孕酮治疗功能性子宫出血18例.医药导报,2002,7(21):406-407
[94] 吴金海.复合溶菌酶剂治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的试验效果.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2004,12:43
[95] 凤林.腹腔镜子宫切除术的评价.实用全科医学,2004,2(5):436-427
[95] 马文芝,郝志明.应激抑制妊娠母兔子宫平滑肌收缩时间的初探.动物医学进展.2003,24(4)::112—113.
[96] 王爱华,靳亚平,沈文正等.CD5 8对山羊子宫内膜YST细胞活化及其分泌TGF-βs的作用.西北农林科技大学学报.2002,6(30):59-60.
[97] 钟秀会,史万玉,宫新城等.黄芩白术与PXF对LPS诱导流产小鼠的保胎作用及子宫内IL-10含量的变化研究.畜牧兽医学报,2005,36(5),517-520
[98] 仲荣.母牛早期妊娠诊断法比较.新疆畜牧业奶业专刊.2004.2:21-22
[99] 魏伍川,许尚忠,辛宏量.中国小尾寒羊FSHR基因部分序列的克隆与分析中国农业科技导报,2001,6(3):38-41
[100] 翁静,许晴,梁元晶.妊娠小鼠子宫GMG细胞中活性蛋白与胚泡植入关系的研究.首都医科大学学报.2000,3(21):193-194
[101] 吴光明.牛胚胎体外生产技术的简化研究,畜牧兽医学报.1996.27(1):1-6
[102] 张锁链.羔山羊卵巢卵母细胞体外成熟培养条件的研究,畜牧兽医学报,1996,27(2),114-117
[103] 朱达,陈名道等.妊娠期雌二醇和催乳素与瘦素的关系.上海第二医科大学学报,2001年第-期
[104] 孙青原,秦鹏春,刘国艺,杨庆章.牛体外受精的程序及超微结构研究.动物学报.1996.42(3):303~308
[105] 高建明,朱裕鼎,刘云海等。牛体外受精胚胎无血清培养的研究。中国农业科学。1998,31(3):79—85
[106] 和占星,市野清博,石井俊昭等。牛体外受精低品质胚胎冷冻保存效果。畜牧与兽医。2000,32(3):23-24。
[107] 曾申明,朱士恩,张忠诚等。生物频谱对牛胚胎体外生产效率的影响。中国兽医学报。2000,20(3):188-191
[108] 吴光明,廖和模,严中全。牛胚胎体外生产技术的简化研究。畜牧兽医学报。1996,27(1):1-6
[109] 陈善军,梁冠生,张嘉保,等。Percoll法处理牛精子对体外受精胚胎发育的影响。中国兽医学报。1998,18(4):394-397
[110] 张忠诚,朱士恩,曾申明等。“863”牛、羊乳腺生物反应器研究进展简报。2000,武汉。第十届动物繁殖学会研究论文
[111] 朱士恩,桑润滋,田树军。牛体内、外受精胚胎玻璃化冷冻保存技术的研究初报。生物技术通讯。2000,11(2):90-94
[112] 石德顺,卢克焕..第二信使因子对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响.中国兽医学报,1996,16(1):80-85
[113] 李荣凤,薛晓先,刘哲,旭日干.牛卵母细胞皮层颗粒荧光染色法质成熟鉴定.畜牧兽医学报,2000 31(3),203-210
[114] 秦鹏春,石惠芝,郭立民.试管牛胚胎的试验室生产过程.中国奶牛.1997,2:17-19
[115] 徐照学,辛晓玲,王二耀等。山羊卵泡卵母细胞体外受精及受精卵的体外发育。中国兽医学报。1998,18(5):506-509
[116] 刘冀珑,徐直,陈大元.牛输卵管上皮细胞的培养.动物学报.1999,45(4):472-473
[117] 季维智等 小鼠卵慢速和快速降温及玻璃化冻存的比较研究 动物学研究 1996,17(1):68-74
[118] 代荫梅.子宫内膜异位症凋亡相关基因的调控.中国妇产科临床杂志,2003,5月(4):227-229
[119] 黄荷凤.子宫内膜异位症性不孕症与MMP-2及性激素的关系.中国现代医学杂志,2002,7,(12):14
[120] 王晓红.子宫内膜异位症与腹腔内环境.山东医药,1999,39(8)
[121] 钱卫平.体外受精.胚胎移植超排周期中子宫内膜超声监测对妊娠的预测价值.中国临床医学影像杂志,1999,10(3):188-190
[123] 连正兴,盛志廉等.孕酮分泌遗传规律的频域分析.遗传学报,1998,25(1):8~152.
[124] 季维智 小鼠卵慢速和快速降温及玻璃化冻存比较研究 动物学研究 1996,17(1):68-74
[125] 吴常信.分子数量遗传与动物育种.遗传,1997(增刊),1-33
[126] 张香兰.功能性子宫出血综合治疗.医药导报,2004,4(25):71-74
[127] 赵凯等.哈白猪产后子宫内微生物区系的研究.微生物学杂志,2005,1(25):48-53
[128] 赵凯等.哈白猪复旧期子宫内微生物变化的研究.中国兽医杂志,2005,2(41):6-9
[129] 沈文正,王爱华,李引乾.CD58及雌酮对妊娠早期山羊EML分泌IL-2及IL-4的影响.西北农林科技大学学报.2002,6(30):52-54
[130] 张顺利,魏纪东,张文学.热休克蛋白70在妊娠早期小鼠子宫中的表达及雌激素的诱导作用.动物学报.2003,49(3):346-352
[131] 滕春波,徐立滨,李世杰.环氧合酶—1和环氧合酶-2在兔早期妊娠子宫内膜及早期胚胎中的表达.中国兽医学报.2003,5(23):499-501
[132] 谈寅飞,孙晓阳,唐爽.富含脯氨酸小蛋白—2在小鼠子宫中的表达及调节.生物化学与生物物理进展.2004,31(1):73-76
[133] Bazer FW. Reprod Fertand Development, 1991, 3(1): 51-603
[134] Simmer RCM. Bio. of Reprod, 1991, 44(1): 1991-20003
[135] ChristensenK, etal. Chromosome markersin domesticpigs. C-bandpoly morphisms Hereditas, 1987, 88: 269-2723
[136] Haleyc, A shmorthDJ, LeeGJ, etal. BritishstudiesofthegeneticsofprolificacyintheMeishanpigs. In: Mole nalM. LegaultCeds. Chinespigsymposium. Touiouse, France: InstitutNationaldelaRechercheAgronomi gue(INRA), 1990, 83-1003
[137] MclarenDG. AnimalBiotech, 1992, 3(1): 37-5440
[138] LanderESandBotstein, DGeneties, 1989, 121: 185-1994
[139] RothschildMF. JacobsonC, et al. TheproceedingsofWCGALP, 1994, 21: 225-2284
[140] OHiraiT, etal. ThegeneforthesubunitofporcineFSH: absenceofconsensusoestrogen-respon-siveelement andpresenceofretroposons. JoumalofMolecularEndocrinogy, 1990, 5: 147-1585
[141] NystromPE, etal. Halothanegeneeffectsonreproductionandorganweightsinpigs. ActaAgricSectA. Ani malSci, 1993, 43: 201-2065
[142] YangLiguo. CurrentprogressofstudyonpigreproductioninChina. Proceedingsofmternationalconferenc eonpigproduction, 1988, 539-5441
[143] VaimanM, etal. In "The molecular biology of the majorhis to compatibility complex of domestic animal species". Iows state univer sitypress. Iowa, 1988, 23-281
[144] MallardBA, et al. Joumalofreproductiveimmunology, 1987, 12: 201-214
[145] LJJohnston. Sownutritionandreproduction. PigNewandlnformation, 1997, 18(2): 61-642
[146] WangRuixang. RecentprogressinpigreproductionandbiotechnologyinChina. Proceedingsofin-tematio nalconferenceonpigproduction, 1998, 40-502
[147] Perry, Ts. Endocrinologyoftheblastoystanditsroleintheestablishmentofprehnancy. JReprodF ertilSupp, 1976,(25): 85-1042
[148] Carl AP, ed. 1994. Transgenic Animal Technology: A Laboratory Handbook. San Diego: Academic Press.
[149] DonneIl TC. 1948. General Endocrinology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
[150] TrounsonA,. Preservation of human eggs and embryos. Fertil. Steril., 46: 1-12 Diedrich
[151] Thompsom JG et al, Donor and recipient ewe factors affecting in vitro development and post-transfer survival of Cultured sheep embryos, Animal Reprodution Science, 1995, 40, 269-279
[152] James w. catt, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) and related technology, Animal Reproduction Science, 1996, 42, 239-250
[153] H A Celik, I Aydin, S Sendag. Number of Follicular Waves and Their Effect on Pregnancy Rate in the Cow. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2005, 2(40): 87-89
[154] A Répái, JF Beckers, J Sulon, Effect of the Type and Number of Prostaglandin Treatments on Corpus Luteum, the Largest Follicle and Progesterone Concentration in Dairy Cows.Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2005,5(40):436-438
[155] Ayat Omer ELKHALIL,Yuko MAEJIMA.Masato AOYAMA. Morphometric and histochemical study of involution in the rat uterus after parturition. Animal Science Journal,2005,4(76):313-315
[156] L Fang, B Nowicki, C Yallampalli. Differential expression of uterine NO in pregnant and nonpregnant rats with intrauterine bacterial infection. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology,2001,5(49):1356-1357
[157]C Allison Gray, David L Adelson, Fuller W Bazer, Discovery and characterization of an epithelial-specific galectin in the endometrium that forms crystals in the trophectoderm. Washington,2004,21 (101 ):7982
[158] M. T. Guerrero Urbano, Diana M. Tait. Can the Irradiated Uterus Sustain a Pregnancy?A Literature Review. CIinical Oncology, 2004,16: 24-28
[159] Liquan Cai, Jian Zhang, Enkui Duan. Dynamic distribution of epidermal growth factor during mouse embryo peri-implantation. Cytokine,2003,23 : 170-178
[160] M.P. Mahadevaswami, Basappa B. Kaliwal. Effect of different schedules and efficacy of progesterone on implantation in dimethoate treated albino mice. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2005,20:251-257
[161] Maria J. Illera, D.V.M., Ph.D. Effect of peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis on implantation in the mouse model. FERTILITY AND STERILITY,2000,1(74)
[162] QIAN Dong,WANG Hongmei,LIN Haiyan.Effect of UPP on the expression of VEGF and its receptors in m ouse uterus.Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003 48(1):338- 342
[163] Kirsimarja Sallinen, Esko Vera¨ja¨nkorva, Pasi Po¨lla¨nen . Expression of antigens involved in the presentation of lipid antigens and induction of clonal anergy in the female reproductive tract. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 1999,46:91-101.
[164] U. Tiemanna,, T. Viergutz, L. Jonas, K. Wollenhaupt, Fluorometric detection of platelet activating factor receptor in cultured oviductal epithelial and stromal cells and endometrial stromal cells from bovine at different stages of the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Domestic Animal Endocrinology ,2001,20: 149-164
[165]Ali A. Ashkar and B. Anne Croy. Functions of uterine natural killer cells are mediated by interferon gamma production during murine pregnancy, seminars in IMMUNOLOGY, 2001,13:235-241
[166] K. Okuda, Y. Miyamoto, D.J. Skarzynski. Regulation of endometrial prostaglandin F2_ synthesis during luteolysis and early pregnancy in cattle.Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 23 (2002) 255-264.
[167] Sarah Kimmins, Hai Choo Lim, The effects of estrogen and progesterone on prostaglandins and integfin beta 3 subunit expression in primary cultures of bovine endometrial cells. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 25(2003) 141-154
[168] VisscherPM, MackinnonM, HaleyCS. EfficiencyofMarker-assistedselection. AnimalBiotech-nology, 1997, 8: 99-106
[169] Candy C J, Wood M J, Whittingham DG 1997. Effect of cryoprotectants on the survival of follicles in frozen mouse ovaries. J Reprod Fertil 110: 11-19
[170] Hotamisligil S, Toner M, Powers RD. 1996. Changes in membrane integrity, cytoskeletal structure, and developmental potential of murine oocytes after vitrification in ethylene glycol. Biol Reprod 55: 161-168
[171] Pedro PB, Zhu SE, Makino N, Sakural T, Edashige K, Kasai M. 1997. Effects of hypotonic stress on the survival of mouse oocytes and embryos at various stages. Cryobiology 35: 150-158
[172] Rose UM, Hanssen RGJM, and Kloosterboer HJ. 1999. Development and characterization of an in vitro ovulation model using mouse ovarian follicles. Biol Reprod 61: 503-511.
[173] Roy SK, Greenwald GS. 1996. Methods of separation and in-vitro culture of pre-antral follicles from mammalian ovaries. Hum Reprod Update 2: 236-245.
[174] Stachecki JJ, Cohen J, Willadsen S. 1998a. Detrimental effects of sodium during mouse oocyte cryopreservation. Biol Reprod 59: 395-400
[175] Stachecki JJ, Cohen J, Willadsen SM. 1998b. Cryopreservation of unfertilized mouse oocytes: The effect of replacing sodium with choline in the freezing medium. Cryobiology 37: 346-354
[176] Stachecki JJ, Willadsen SM. 2000. Cryopreservation of mouse oocytes using a medium with low sodium content: Effect of plunge temperature. Cryobiology 40: 4-12
[177] James J. Stachecki et al. Detrimental effect of sodium during mouse oocyte cryopreservation Biology of reproduction 1998; 59, 395-400
[178] Yoshioka K., Suzuki C. and Iwamura S. Effects of activin A and follistatin on developmental kinetics of bovine embryos:cinematographic analysis in a chemically defined medium. Journal of Reprod Fertil. 2000. 118: 119-125
[179] Francois. Cryopreservation of cattle oocytes: Effect of meiotic stage, cycloheximide treatment, and vitrification procedure. Cryobiology 1999; 38, 290-300
[180] Jewgenow K. et al. Impact of peptide growth factors on the culture of small preantral follicles of domestic cats. Theriogenology. 1996, 45: 889-895
[181] C. H. Pawshe et al, Comparison of various Maturation Treatment on in vitro maturation of Goat oocytes and their early embryonic development and cell numbers. Theriogenology, 1996, 46, 971-982
[182]I. Wilmut et al, An udder way of mking Lambs. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells, Nature, vol 385 / 27 February 1997, 769, 810-813
[183] T Vanholder,JLMR Leroy,J Dewulf. Hormonal and Metabolic Profiles of High-yielding Dairy Cows Prior to Ovarian Cyst formation or First Ovulation Post Partum. Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2005,5(40):460-461
[184] Haibin Wang, Susanne Tranguch, Huirong Xie. Variation in commercial rodent diets induces disparate molecular and physiological changes in the mouse uterus. Washington,2005,28(102):9960
[185] Pentti K. Heinonen.Clinical implications of the didelphic uterus: long-term follow-up of49 cases. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology andReproductive Biology, 2000,91:183-190.
[186] Ali A. Ashkar 1, Qingxia Wei. Decidual natural killer cells: key regulators ofplacental development. Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2002,57: 151-168
[187] Vikram Devgan, Monzy Thomas, Kolathur S. Ullas. Embryo culture-based generation of enhanced green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2003, 303: 994-1001
[188] Jian Tana, Shefali Raja, Marilyn K. Evidence for coordinated interaction of cyclin D3 with p21 and cdk6 in directing the development of uterine stromal cell decidualization and polyploidy during implantation. Mechanisms of Development.2002, 111:99-113
[189] S. Lee Adamson.Yong Lu, Kathie J. Interactions between Trophoblast Cells and the Maternal and Fetal Circulation in the Mouse Placenta. Developmental Biology ,2002,250:358-373
[190] A.P.F. Flint, E.L. Sheldrick, P.A. Fisher. Ligand-independent activation of steroid receptors. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 23 (2002) 13-24
[191] B.C. Paria , S.K. Dey. Ligand-receptor signaling with endocannabinoids in preimplantation embryo development and implantation,Chemistry and Physics of Lipids108 (2000) 211-220.
[192] C.J. Davies , J.R. Hill , Major histocompatibility antigen expression on the bovine placenta: its relationship to abnormal pregnancies and retained placenta. Animal Reproduction Science 82-83 (2004) 267-280
[193] Kenneth W. Beagley a, Christine M. Gockel b.Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the female sex hormones oestradiol and progesterone. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology ,38 (2003) 13-22
[194] Peter S. Nagy. Spontaneous rupture of the uterus caused by placenta percreta at 28 weeks of twin pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology ,111 (2003) 207-209
[195] B. Anne Croy, Souad Esadeg, Sirirak Chantakru. Update on pathways regulating the activation of uterine Natural Killer cells, their interactions with decidual spiral arteries and homing of their precursors to the uterus. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 59 (2003) 175-191
[196] A. Malassine. Variabilite morphologique et fonctionnelle du placenta. Gynecol Obstet Fertil ,2001 ; 29: 489-496
[197]LucLG,Janss,etal.Segregation analyses for presence of major genes affecting growth, ack fat,and litter size in dutchmeishan crossbreds. J Anim Sci, 1997,75:2864-2865
[198] Agca Y, Liu J, Critser ES, Critser JK. 2000. Fundamental cryobiology of rat immature and mature oocytes: Hydraulic conductivity in the presence of Me2SO, Me2SO permeability, and their activation energies. J Exp 2001, 286:523-533
[199] Agca Y, Liu J, McGrath JJ, Peter AT, Critser ES, Critser JK. 1998. Membrane permeability characteristics of metaphase II mouse oocytes at various temperatures in the presence of Me2SO. Cryobiology 36:287-300
[200] Aubard Y. 1999. Ovarian tissue graft: From animal experiment to practice in the human. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 86:1-3
[201] Aubard Y, Lavignac C, Grandjean MH, Piver P, Teissier MP. 1996. Orthotopic autografts of ovarian slices in pregnant rats. Contracept Fertil Sex 24:852-855
[202] Aubard Y, Newton H, Scheffer G, Gosden R. 1998. Conservation of the follicular population in irradiated rats by the cryopreservation and orthotopic autografting of ovarian tissue. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 79:83-87.
[203] Baird DT, Webb R, Campbell BK, Harkness LM, Gosden RG 1999. Long-term ovarian function in sheep after ovariectomy and transplantation of autografts stored at - 196℃. Endocrinology 140:462-471
[204] Cortvrindt R, Smitz J, Van Steirteghem AC. 1996. In-vitro maturation, fertilization and embryo development of immature oocytes from early preantral follicles from prepubertal mice in a simplified culture system. Hum Reprod 11:2656-2666
[205] Cox SL, Shaw J, Jenkin G 1996. Transplantation of cryopreserved fetal ovarian tissue to adult recipient in mice. J Reprod Fertil 107:315-322
[206] Critser JK, Agca Y, Gunasena KT. 1997. The cryobiology of mammalian oocytes. In: Karow [45] Eppig JJ, O'Brien MJ. 1996. Development in vitro of mouse oocytes from primordial follicles. Biol Reprod 54:197-207
[207] Eroglu A, Toner M, Leykin L, Toth TL. 1998a. Cytoskeleton and polyploidy after maturation and fertilization of cryopreserved germinal vesicle-stage mouse oocytes. J Assist Reprod Genet 15:447-454
[208]Eroglu A, Toth TL, Toner M. 1998b. Alterations of the cytoskeleton and polyploidy induced by cryopreservation of metaphase I1 mouse oocytes. Fertil Steril 69:944-957
[209]Gosden RG, Rutherford AJ, Norfolk DR. 1997. Transmission of malignant cells in ovarian grafts. (Abstract). Hum Reprod 12:403
[210]Gunasena KT, Lakey JR, Villines PM, Bush M, Raath C, Critser ES, McGann LE, Critser JK. 1998. Antral follicles develop in xenografted cryopreserved African elephant (Loxodonta africana) ovarian tissue. Anim Reprod Sci 53:265-275
[211]Gunasena KT, Lakey JR, Villines PM, Critser ES, Critser JK. 1997a. Allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue to athymic mice. Biol Reprod 57:226-231.
[212]Gunasena KT, Villines PM, Critser ES, Critser JK. 1997b. Live births after autologous transplant of cryopreserved mouse ovaries. Hum Reprod 12:101-106
[213]Karlsson JOM, Eroglu A, Toth TL, Cravalho EG, Toner M. 1996. Fertilization and development of mouse oocytes cryopreserved using a theoretically optimized protocol. Hum Reprod 11:1296-1305
[214]Leibfried-Rutledge ML, Dominko T, Critser ES, and Critser JK. 1997. Tissue maturation in vivo and in vitro: Gamete and early embryo ontogeny. In: Karow AM, Critser JK, eds. Reproductive Tissue Banking Scientific Principles. San Diego: Academic Press, p 23-111
[215] Litkouhi B, Winlow W, Gosden RG 1999. Impact of cryoprotective agent exposure on intracellular calcium in mouse oobytes at metaphase II. Cryo-Lett 20:353-362.
[216] McBride W J, Li T-K. 1998. Animal models of alcoholism: Neurobiology of high alcohol-drinking behavior. Crit Rev Neurobiol 12:339-369
[217] Meirow D, Ben Yehuda D, Prus D, Poliack A, Schenker JG, Rachmilewitz EA, Lewin A. 1998. Ovarian tissue banking in patients with Hodgkin's disease: Is it safe? Fertil Steril 69:996-998
[218] Newton H. 1998. The cryopreservation of ovarian tissue as a strategy for preserving the fertility of cancer patients. Hum Reprod Update 4:237-247
[219] Newton H, Aubard Y, Rutherford A, Sharma V, Gosden R. 1996. Low temperature storage and grafting of human ovarian tissue. Hum Reprod 11:1487-491
[220] Newton H, Fisher J, Arnold JR, Pegg DE, Faddy MJ, Gosden RG 1998. Permeation of human ovarian tissue with cryoprotective agents in preparation for cryopreservation. Hum Reprod 13:376-380
[221] Newton H, Pegg DE, Barrass R, Gosden RG 1999. Osmotically inactive volume, hydraulic conductivity, and permeability to dimethyl sulphoxide of human mature oocytes. J Reprod Fertil 117:27-33
[222] Nugent D, Meirow D, Brook PF, Aubard Y, Gosden RG 1997. Transplantation in reproductive medicine: Previous experience, present knowledge and future prospects. Hum Reprod Update 3:267-280
[223] Oktay K, Newton H, Aubard Y, Salha O, Gosden RG 1998a. Cryopreservation of immature human oocytes and ovarian tissue: An emerging technology? Fertil Steril 69:1-7
[224] Oktay K, Newton H, Mullan J, Gosden RG 1998b. Development of human primordial follicles to antral stages in SCID/hpg mice stimulated with follicle stimulating hormone. Hum Reprod 13:1133-1138
[225] Parks JE. 1997. Hypothermia and mammalian gametes In: Karow AM, Critser JK, eds. Reproductive Tissue Banking: Scientific Principles. San Diego: Academic Press, p 229-261
[226] Parrott DVM. 1960. The fertility of mice with orthotopic ovarian grafts derived from frozen tissue. J Reprod Fertil 1:230-241