悬臂浇筑钢筋混凝土拱桥施工控制技术研究
|
摘要
目前,悬臂浇筑法作为一种新型的施工工艺应用于拱桥修建过程中,该方法克服了不利地形的缺陷,使得拱桥也能像斜拉桥和连续刚构桥那样分阶段浇筑施工,具有投资相对较少、施工方便、结构整体性好、后期养护少、维修简单的优势。为我国西部地区拱桥的发展打开了广阔的前景。由于悬臂浇筑法在国内应用较少,工艺尚未成熟,因此建立一套合理的施工控制体系来保证拱桥悬臂施工过程的安全性、成桥线形和内力能够符合设计要求就显得尤为重要。
本文在收集和研究已有国内外资料和成果的基础上,围绕该课题的存在,进行如下的研究工作：
1.在收集和整理国内外已有悬臂浇筑钢筋混凝土桥的基础上,总结了桥梁悬臂浇筑法施工的特点；在分析研究斜拉桥和连续刚构桥等悬臂浇筑施工控制的基础上,建立一套适合钢筋混凝土拱桥悬臂浇筑施工控制的方法。
2.总结索力优化的方法,并采用合理有效的方法对新密地大桥索力进行优化。并根据实测拱圈上下缘应力,在施工过程中进行实时调索,确保拱圈线形和受力在控制范围内。
3.挂篮作为桥梁悬臂浇筑施工过程中主要承重设备,挂篮刚度及行走过程安全性是桥梁修建过程中较为关心的问题,也是影响拱圈线形的重要因素之一,本文通过建立Ansys模型,对挂篮刚度、行走时抗倾覆性进行计算分析,给出建议；并在敏感性参数中引入挂篮变形对拱圈线形和内力的影响,为此后类似方案施工的桥梁提供借鉴依据。
4.结合现场施工控制监测结果,对影响悬臂现浇钢筋混凝土拱桥施工控制的主要敏感因素进行研究分析,得出结论,对今后采用此方法修建的桥梁提供参考依据。
Currently, as a new construction technology that the cantilever casting method was used for the reinforced concrete arch bridge construction, which overcomes the shortcomings of the unfavorable terrain. So that making the arch bridge can be constructed by phased placement similar to the cable-stayed bridge and continuous rigid frame bridge. The advantages of this method are quite obvious, such as lower investment, simple construction, big stiffness of structure, less post maintenance and repaired simplely.And it opens up abroad prospect for the development of the arch bridge in western region of China. Because of the technic of cantilever method in reinforced concrete arch bridge were used less in domestic, the technology is not mature yet. Therefore, a reasonable control system of construction should be established to ensure the process of the arch cantilever construction safety, the bridge alignment and internal forces can meet with the design requirements when the bridge has been completed is particularly important.
Some research work surrounding the issue of the technic based on collecting and studying correlative information at home and abroad, has been done in the following:
Firstly, based on collecting and studying correlative information of existing cantilever casting reinforced concrete bridge at home and abroad, the characteristic of construction method in cantileved bridge was summarized. And based on the analysis in the construction control of the cable-stayed bridge and continuous rigid frame cantilever construction, a reasonable construction control method of reinforced cantilever casting concrete arch bridge was built.
Secondly, based on summarizing the method of cable force optimization, the reasonable and effective methods was used to optimize cable force of XinMidi bridge. According to the stress which were measured on the upper and lower arch ring, the cable force was adjusted while the bridge was in constructing.
Thirdly, form travelers is the main load-bearing equipment in the process of cantilever casting method. And its stiffness and walk safety are the main problem that should be concerned in the process of bridge construction, but also the important factors that can influence the bridge alignment. Ansys model was established for calculation and analysis the stiffness of form traveles, walking against overturning resistance, then some useful suggestions were advised. By bringing the influence on parameter sensitivity of form travelers into the arch ring linear and internal force, references for the bridges which were constructed by similar methods in the future can be provided.
Fourthly, combining with the results which were monitored at the site of construction, through the sensitive analysis of the main influence factors that in the process of control construction of reinforced concrete arch bridge, reference for the similar bridges which were constructed by the same construction method in the future can be summarized and provided.
本文在收集和研究已有国内外资料和成果的基础上,围绕该课题的存在,进行如下的研究工作：
1.在收集和整理国内外已有悬臂浇筑钢筋混凝土桥的基础上,总结了桥梁悬臂浇筑法施工的特点；在分析研究斜拉桥和连续刚构桥等悬臂浇筑施工控制的基础上,建立一套适合钢筋混凝土拱桥悬臂浇筑施工控制的方法。
2.总结索力优化的方法,并采用合理有效的方法对新密地大桥索力进行优化。并根据实测拱圈上下缘应力,在施工过程中进行实时调索,确保拱圈线形和受力在控制范围内。
3.挂篮作为桥梁悬臂浇筑施工过程中主要承重设备,挂篮刚度及行走过程安全性是桥梁修建过程中较为关心的问题,也是影响拱圈线形的重要因素之一,本文通过建立Ansys模型,对挂篮刚度、行走时抗倾覆性进行计算分析,给出建议；并在敏感性参数中引入挂篮变形对拱圈线形和内力的影响,为此后类似方案施工的桥梁提供借鉴依据。
4.结合现场施工控制监测结果,对影响悬臂现浇钢筋混凝土拱桥施工控制的主要敏感因素进行研究分析,得出结论,对今后采用此方法修建的桥梁提供参考依据。
Currently, as a new construction technology that the cantilever casting method was used for the reinforced concrete arch bridge construction, which overcomes the shortcomings of the unfavorable terrain. So that making the arch bridge can be constructed by phased placement similar to the cable-stayed bridge and continuous rigid frame bridge. The advantages of this method are quite obvious, such as lower investment, simple construction, big stiffness of structure, less post maintenance and repaired simplely.And it opens up abroad prospect for the development of the arch bridge in western region of China. Because of the technic of cantilever method in reinforced concrete arch bridge were used less in domestic, the technology is not mature yet. Therefore, a reasonable control system of construction should be established to ensure the process of the arch cantilever construction safety, the bridge alignment and internal forces can meet with the design requirements when the bridge has been completed is particularly important.
Some research work surrounding the issue of the technic based on collecting and studying correlative information at home and abroad, has been done in the following:
Firstly, based on collecting and studying correlative information of existing cantilever casting reinforced concrete bridge at home and abroad, the characteristic of construction method in cantileved bridge was summarized. And based on the analysis in the construction control of the cable-stayed bridge and continuous rigid frame cantilever construction, a reasonable construction control method of reinforced cantilever casting concrete arch bridge was built.
Secondly, based on summarizing the method of cable force optimization, the reasonable and effective methods was used to optimize cable force of XinMidi bridge. According to the stress which were measured on the upper and lower arch ring, the cable force was adjusted while the bridge was in constructing.
Thirdly, form travelers is the main load-bearing equipment in the process of cantilever casting method. And its stiffness and walk safety are the main problem that should be concerned in the process of bridge construction, but also the important factors that can influence the bridge alignment. Ansys model was established for calculation and analysis the stiffness of form traveles, walking against overturning resistance, then some useful suggestions were advised. By bringing the influence on parameter sensitivity of form travelers into the arch ring linear and internal force, references for the bridges which were constructed by similar methods in the future can be provided.
Fourthly, combining with the results which were monitored at the site of construction, through the sensitive analysis of the main influence factors that in the process of control construction of reinforced concrete arch bridge, reference for the similar bridges which were constructed by the same construction method in the future can be summarized and provided.
引文
[1]顾安邦主编.桥梁工程(下册)[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2000.
[2]楼庄鸿.楼庄鸿桥梁论文集[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[3]张建民.大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥承载能力与施工控制研究[D].2001年.华南理工大学硕士学位论文.
[4]于洪刚,朱保兵,周水兴.东阳中山大桥有支架施工法[J].中南公路工程.2006,31(4)：93-95.
[5]徐立功.刚架拱桥塔架缆索吊装法[J].科学之友：B版.2008,(7),64-65,67.
[6]王成.钢管混凝土柔性系杆拱桥转体法施工技术[J].铁道标准设计.2006,(4),38-41.
[7]张健峰,钟启突.桥梁水平转体法施工的成就及发展[J].铁道标准设计.1992,(6),19-28,41.
[8]赵全治,郭春林,戴方栋.桁式拱肋钢主梁无推力拱桥施工技术研究[J].天津建设科技.2008,(6),39-41.
[9]简永航.新光大桥边拱肋提升技术[J].中外公路.2007,27(3),122-123.
[10]李跃,罗甲生,张健峰.广州新光大桥建设概况[J].中外公路.2007,27(1),86-91.
[11]雷俊卿.桥梁悬臂施工与设计[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999：216-219.
[12]李晓斌.大跨度钢筋混凝土拱桥悬臂浇注施工控制与模型试验研究[D].西南交通大学博士学论文.2008.4.
[13]罗波.大跨度拱桥的施工优化分析[D].长沙理工大学硕士学位论文.2009.4.
[14]David Goodyear. The new Mike O'Callaghan Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at Hoover Dam
[15]David Goodyear. Design of the New Mike O'Callaghan Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at Hoover Dam.
[16]Marsel Friedl. The construction of large-span concrete arch bridges with cantilevering method using temporary cable-stays. Proceedings of the International Conference on bridge, Croatia,2006: 775-783.
[17]A.C. Liebenberg; V. Trumpelmann; R.D. Kratz; The planning, design and analysis of the Bloukrans Bridge Civil Engineer in South Africa= Siviele Ingenieur in Suid-Afrika,1984.
[18]J.Radic, Z.Savor, S.Piculin,G.Puz. Large Concrete Arch Bridges in Croatia. Proceedings of the Third International Arch Bridge Conference,Paris,2001.
[19]J.Radic. Croatian Achievements in Bridge Engineering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bridge,Dubrovnik,Croatia,2006.
[20]M.friedl,D.Trlaja, Z.Ljutic. The Construction of Large-Span Concrete Arch Bridges With Cantilevering Method Using Temporary Cable-Stays. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bridge,Dubrovnik,Croatia,2006.
[21]Z.Zderic. Recent Achievements of Croatian Bridge Construction. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bridge,Dubrovnik,Croatia, 2006.
[22]P.Sesar, A.Krecak. Bridges in Croatia-Design and Aesthetics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bridge,Dubrovnik,Croatia,2006.
[23]胡秋贵.悬臂浇筑钢筋混凝土拱桥模型试验研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2007.3.
[24]顾安邦,张永水.桥梁施工监测与控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[25]高翔.矮塔斜拉桥的结构行为分析及施工控制[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2007.2.
[26]范瑛,梅利芳.日本富士川混凝土拱桥的设计与施工[J].世界桥梁,2002(2)：14-17.
[27]程伟.大跨度预应力混凝土连续梁桥施工控制研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[28]陈云才.预应力混凝土桥梁结构的施工控制技术研究[D].同济大学硕士学位论文.2002.4.
[29]徐元,唐准准.浅谈大跨径箱型拱桥的施工监控[J].中国高新技术企业.2009.4.
[30]ACICommitteeZOg."Prediction of Creep.Shrinkage and Temperatur Effeets in Conerete Struetures Designing for Effeets of Creep Shrinkage.TemPeraturein Conerete Struetures"ACI SP27 3,Detroit,Mleh.l992:51 - 93.
[31]罗育明.钢管混凝土拱桥施工控制研究.中南林业科技大学硕士论文[D].2011.4.
[32]向中富.桥梁施上控制技术[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001.
[33]胡隽.斜拉桥几何非线性施上控制倒拆法正算法[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.1997.6.
[34]郝超.大跨度钢斜拉桥施工阶段非线性结构行为研究[D].西南交通大学博士学论文.2001.4.
[35]SUN Ling. Study on the control of reinforced concrete arch bridge constructed cantilever cast[J]. Railway Engineering, 2004.11:26-27.
[36]邓玉花.大跨径桥梁工程施工过程中的不确定因素控制[J].山西建筑.2009.
[37]李赞荣.矮塔斜拉桥施工监控技术研究[D].长安大学硕士论文.2008.5.
[38]刘来君.大跨径桥梁施工控制不确定因素分析[D].长安大学硕士论文,2002：21.
[39]刘万忠.悬臂拼装钢筋混凝土拱桥的施工控制[D].长沙：湖南大学,2001：21-35.
[40]路海俊.异型钢桁桥施工控制研究[D].天津大学硕士论文.2007.8.
[41]马文田.混凝土斜拉桥的施工控制与索力调整[D].华南理工大学博土学位论文,1997.
[42]颜东煌.对斜拉桥施工控制计算中几个问题的认识.1992年全国桥梁结构学术大会论文集,1992.
[43]秦顺全.桥梁施工控制——无应力状态法理论与实践[M].北京：人民交通出版社.2007.2.
[44]张晶瑾.斜拉桥施工控制与仿真计算[D].合肥工业大学硕士论文.2008.5.
[45]李国豪.桥梁结构稳定[M].1992.10.北京：中国铁道出版社.
[46]杨忠明,高波,吴艳丽.拱梁组合体系桥一类稳定问题探讨[J].2004.
[47]中华人民共和国交通部标准.公路桥梁抗风设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社.2004.12.
[48]Jin Cheng,Jian-Jing Jiang,Ru-Cheng Xiao,Hai-Fan Xiang.Ultimate load carrying capacity of the Iu Pu steel arch bridge under static wind loads[J].Computers and Structures,81 (2003),61-73.
[49]中华人民共和国交通部标准.公路桥涵设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社.2004.10.
[50]李洪波.分段现浇桥梁的悬臂施工.交通科技与经济.2007年第5期(总第43期).
[51]ANSYS APDL Programmer's GuidelSAS IP,Inc,1998
[52]肖汝诚,项海帆.斜拉桥索力优化的影响矩阵法[J].同济大学学报,1998,26(3)：235-239.
[53]Michel.Erection of cable-stayed bridges the control of the desired Geometry.Bridge into the 21st Century 321-349.
[54]刘士林等.斜拉桥.北京：人民交通出版社,2002,67-70.
[55]D.W.Chen, F.T.K.Au, L.G.Tham. Determination of initial cable forces in prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges for given design deck profiles using the force equilibrium method. Computers&Structures,2000,74(1):1-9.
[56]P.H.Wang, T.C.Tseng, C.G.Yang. Initial shape of cable-stayed bridges. Compurters&Structures, 1993,46(6):1095-1106.
[57]杜国华,姜林.斜拉桥的合理索力及其施工张拉力[J].桥梁建设,1989,(3)：11-17.
[58]范立础,杜国华等.斜拉桥索力优化及非线性理想倒退分析[J].重庆交通学院学报,1992,11(1)：1-13.
[59]陆楸,徐有光.斜拉桥最优索力的探讨[J].中国公路学报,1990,3(1)：38-40.
[60]徐永明,石洞.大跨斜拉桥造价最优结构设计[J].同济大学学报,1996,24(3)：263-267.
[61]王凯,郑宏扬,李敏.漳州战备大桥主桥斜拉索设计.桥梁建设,2002(1)：8-10.
[62]刘旭光.南阳湖桥(斜拉桥)主塔施工监控及其索力优化的研究[D].东北大学硕士论文.2008.4.
[63]肖汝诚,项海帆.斜拉桥索力优化及其工程应用[J].计算力学学报,1998,15(1)：118-126.
[64]D.Janjic, M.Pircher, H.Pircher. Optimization of cable tensioning in Cable-stayed Bridge. Compurters&Structures,1997,64(14):741-758.
[65]宁平华等.广州鹤洞大桥斜拉桥合理索力设计.见：第十二届全国桥梁学术会议论文集.上海：同济大学,1996,316-320.
[66]刘胤虎,于向东.悬臂施工桥梁合拢配重施加的原理和方法[J].山西建筑.2008.
[67]Ernst HJ.Der E — modul von seilen unter berueeksiehtigung des durehhanges[J].De Bauingenieur,1965,40(2):52 - 55.
[68]匡烨.混凝上收缩和徐变影响因素分析[J].山西建筑.2008年第01期.
[69]陈建友.浅析混凝土收缩徐变的影响因素[J].青海科技.2011年第4期.
[2]楼庄鸿.楼庄鸿桥梁论文集[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[3]张建民.大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥承载能力与施工控制研究[D].2001年.华南理工大学硕士学位论文.
[4]于洪刚,朱保兵,周水兴.东阳中山大桥有支架施工法[J].中南公路工程.2006,31(4)：93-95.
[5]徐立功.刚架拱桥塔架缆索吊装法[J].科学之友：B版.2008,(7),64-65,67.
[6]王成.钢管混凝土柔性系杆拱桥转体法施工技术[J].铁道标准设计.2006,(4),38-41.
[7]张健峰,钟启突.桥梁水平转体法施工的成就及发展[J].铁道标准设计.1992,(6),19-28,41.
[8]赵全治,郭春林,戴方栋.桁式拱肋钢主梁无推力拱桥施工技术研究[J].天津建设科技.2008,(6),39-41.
[9]简永航.新光大桥边拱肋提升技术[J].中外公路.2007,27(3),122-123.
[10]李跃,罗甲生,张健峰.广州新光大桥建设概况[J].中外公路.2007,27(1),86-91.
[11]雷俊卿.桥梁悬臂施工与设计[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999：216-219.
[12]李晓斌.大跨度钢筋混凝土拱桥悬臂浇注施工控制与模型试验研究[D].西南交通大学博士学论文.2008.4.
[13]罗波.大跨度拱桥的施工优化分析[D].长沙理工大学硕士学位论文.2009.4.
[14]David Goodyear. The new Mike O'Callaghan Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at Hoover Dam
[15]David Goodyear. Design of the New Mike O'Callaghan Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at Hoover Dam.
[16]Marsel Friedl. The construction of large-span concrete arch bridges with cantilevering method using temporary cable-stays. Proceedings of the International Conference on bridge, Croatia,2006: 775-783.
[17]A.C. Liebenberg; V. Trumpelmann; R.D. Kratz; The planning, design and analysis of the Bloukrans Bridge Civil Engineer in South Africa= Siviele Ingenieur in Suid-Afrika,1984.
[18]J.Radic, Z.Savor, S.Piculin,G.Puz. Large Concrete Arch Bridges in Croatia. Proceedings of the Third International Arch Bridge Conference,Paris,2001.
[19]J.Radic. Croatian Achievements in Bridge Engineering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bridge,Dubrovnik,Croatia,2006.
[20]M.friedl,D.Trlaja, Z.Ljutic. The Construction of Large-Span Concrete Arch Bridges With Cantilevering Method Using Temporary Cable-Stays. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bridge,Dubrovnik,Croatia,2006.
[21]Z.Zderic. Recent Achievements of Croatian Bridge Construction. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bridge,Dubrovnik,Croatia, 2006.
[22]P.Sesar, A.Krecak. Bridges in Croatia-Design and Aesthetics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bridge,Dubrovnik,Croatia,2006.
[23]胡秋贵.悬臂浇筑钢筋混凝土拱桥模型试验研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2007.3.
[24]顾安邦,张永水.桥梁施工监测与控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[25]高翔.矮塔斜拉桥的结构行为分析及施工控制[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2007.2.
[26]范瑛,梅利芳.日本富士川混凝土拱桥的设计与施工[J].世界桥梁,2002(2)：14-17.
[27]程伟.大跨度预应力混凝土连续梁桥施工控制研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[28]陈云才.预应力混凝土桥梁结构的施工控制技术研究[D].同济大学硕士学位论文.2002.4.
[29]徐元,唐准准.浅谈大跨径箱型拱桥的施工监控[J].中国高新技术企业.2009.4.
[30]ACICommitteeZOg."Prediction of Creep.Shrinkage and Temperatur Effeets in Conerete Struetures Designing for Effeets of Creep Shrinkage.TemPeraturein Conerete Struetures"ACI SP27 3,Detroit,Mleh.l992:51 - 93.
[31]罗育明.钢管混凝土拱桥施工控制研究.中南林业科技大学硕士论文[D].2011.4.
[32]向中富.桥梁施上控制技术[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001.
[33]胡隽.斜拉桥几何非线性施上控制倒拆法正算法[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.1997.6.
[34]郝超.大跨度钢斜拉桥施工阶段非线性结构行为研究[D].西南交通大学博士学论文.2001.4.
[35]SUN Ling. Study on the control of reinforced concrete arch bridge constructed cantilever cast[J]. Railway Engineering, 2004.11:26-27.
[36]邓玉花.大跨径桥梁工程施工过程中的不确定因素控制[J].山西建筑.2009.
[37]李赞荣.矮塔斜拉桥施工监控技术研究[D].长安大学硕士论文.2008.5.
[38]刘来君.大跨径桥梁施工控制不确定因素分析[D].长安大学硕士论文,2002：21.
[39]刘万忠.悬臂拼装钢筋混凝土拱桥的施工控制[D].长沙：湖南大学,2001：21-35.
[40]路海俊.异型钢桁桥施工控制研究[D].天津大学硕士论文.2007.8.
[41]马文田.混凝土斜拉桥的施工控制与索力调整[D].华南理工大学博土学位论文,1997.
[42]颜东煌.对斜拉桥施工控制计算中几个问题的认识.1992年全国桥梁结构学术大会论文集,1992.
[43]秦顺全.桥梁施工控制——无应力状态法理论与实践[M].北京：人民交通出版社.2007.2.
[44]张晶瑾.斜拉桥施工控制与仿真计算[D].合肥工业大学硕士论文.2008.5.
[45]李国豪.桥梁结构稳定[M].1992.10.北京：中国铁道出版社.
[46]杨忠明,高波,吴艳丽.拱梁组合体系桥一类稳定问题探讨[J].2004.
[47]中华人民共和国交通部标准.公路桥梁抗风设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社.2004.12.
[48]Jin Cheng,Jian-Jing Jiang,Ru-Cheng Xiao,Hai-Fan Xiang.Ultimate load carrying capacity of the Iu Pu steel arch bridge under static wind loads[J].Computers and Structures,81 (2003),61-73.
[49]中华人民共和国交通部标准.公路桥涵设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社.2004.10.
[50]李洪波.分段现浇桥梁的悬臂施工.交通科技与经济.2007年第5期(总第43期).
[51]ANSYS APDL Programmer's GuidelSAS IP,Inc,1998
[52]肖汝诚,项海帆.斜拉桥索力优化的影响矩阵法[J].同济大学学报,1998,26(3)：235-239.
[53]Michel.Erection of cable-stayed bridges the control of the desired Geometry.Bridge into the 21st Century 321-349.
[54]刘士林等.斜拉桥.北京：人民交通出版社,2002,67-70.
[55]D.W.Chen, F.T.K.Au, L.G.Tham. Determination of initial cable forces in prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges for given design deck profiles using the force equilibrium method. Computers&Structures,2000,74(1):1-9.
[56]P.H.Wang, T.C.Tseng, C.G.Yang. Initial shape of cable-stayed bridges. Compurters&Structures, 1993,46(6):1095-1106.
[57]杜国华,姜林.斜拉桥的合理索力及其施工张拉力[J].桥梁建设,1989,(3)：11-17.
[58]范立础,杜国华等.斜拉桥索力优化及非线性理想倒退分析[J].重庆交通学院学报,1992,11(1)：1-13.
[59]陆楸,徐有光.斜拉桥最优索力的探讨[J].中国公路学报,1990,3(1)：38-40.
[60]徐永明,石洞.大跨斜拉桥造价最优结构设计[J].同济大学学报,1996,24(3)：263-267.
[61]王凯,郑宏扬,李敏.漳州战备大桥主桥斜拉索设计.桥梁建设,2002(1)：8-10.
[62]刘旭光.南阳湖桥(斜拉桥)主塔施工监控及其索力优化的研究[D].东北大学硕士论文.2008.4.
[63]肖汝诚,项海帆.斜拉桥索力优化及其工程应用[J].计算力学学报,1998,15(1)：118-126.
[64]D.Janjic, M.Pircher, H.Pircher. Optimization of cable tensioning in Cable-stayed Bridge. Compurters&Structures,1997,64(14):741-758.
[65]宁平华等.广州鹤洞大桥斜拉桥合理索力设计.见：第十二届全国桥梁学术会议论文集.上海：同济大学,1996,316-320.
[66]刘胤虎,于向东.悬臂施工桥梁合拢配重施加的原理和方法[J].山西建筑.2008.
[67]Ernst HJ.Der E — modul von seilen unter berueeksiehtigung des durehhanges[J].De Bauingenieur,1965,40(2):52 - 55.
[68]匡烨.混凝上收缩和徐变影响因素分析[J].山西建筑.2008年第01期.
[69]陈建友.浅析混凝土收缩徐变的影响因素[J].青海科技.2011年第4期.