《文心雕龙》的篇章语用学思想
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摘要
在de Beaugrande&Dressler(1981)研究框架的基础上,结合已有研究成果,并尽量保持《文心雕龙》文本的原有思路,本文构拟了综合的研究框架。该框架包括篇章的组合性成分:合语境性(第三章)、意向性和可接受性(第四章)、认知性(包括隐喻性)(第五章)以及互文性(第六章);以及这些成分与篇章的调节性原则之间的互动关系。按照程序法,每章既相对独立又互有联系,各章既专注于讨论《文心雕龙》篇章语用学思想某一具体方面,又十分关注它与篇章语用学框架中其他要素的关系,力图以研究合力凸显该著作“体大思精”的“体系性”。
     《文心雕龙》的语境思想涵盖语境组合观和语境综观。前者除了言伴语境和言外语境,还应该包括言内语境。言内语境,属于语言语境,在以往研究中备受忽视,体现为语层论,其中,“直接语境”和“间接语境”的概念较之弗斯和王初明等国内外研究者更为明晰、全面。语境综观不限于语境本身,展现出非纯粹语境的一面,亦不局限于静态语境,重视言语活动中的动态语境。非纯粹语境论可归因于刘勰的征圣、宗经思想,而动态语境既指语境是语用过程中的动态变量,又指语境构成因素的情境变异及其语用效果;既指语用主体对言语交际诸因素综合体的认知状态又指言语交际中主客体的交融过程。
     《文心雕龙》的“义生文外”思想以“隐秀”观为核心。“隐秀”具有一体两面的理论特质,是刘勰鲜明的篇章语用观的核心概念之一,是以篇章的可接受性为准绳的。de Beaugrande&Dressler(1981)在调节性原则中提出适切性(appropriateness)标准,其着眼点是当前情境与篇章的关联性,并据此判断参与者的加工难易度和深度,但这条标准比较笼统。刘勰提出作为适切性具体手段的隐秀观是对西方相关理论的有力补充。依据篇章的意向性、可接受性等标准,“义生文外”、“言外之意”和“会话含义(implicature)”等概念具有不同的理论内涵,不可无条件地等同使用。
     随着篇章语言学的认知转向,篇章语用学研究离不开认知视角。《文心雕龙》的语言认知思想体现在“组句”和“成篇”两个方面。前者指的是“春秋笔法”的认知机制(也包括刘勰的某些隐喻思想),后者则集中体现于他的比兴观。“春秋笔法”的文化心理顺序象似性是对PTS理论的有力反拨和有效补充,而语义框架思想所负载的浓郁文化观是刘勰篇章文化语用观的有力见证。《文心雕龙》的隐喻类型突破了学界当前对隐喻的分类,其工作机制既凸显了隐喻的认知、情感双重功能,也揭示了隐喻创造新意义、提供看待事物的新视角的认知作用。
     《文心雕龙》的互文性思想体现在《事类》篇对显著互文性的阐述和《体性》篇、《定势》篇对组构互文性的分析,其隐喻互文性、互文性隐喻、篇章隐喻以及篇章衔接等概念密不可分,共同指向篇章性。同刘勰的语境观一脉相承,他的文化互文性思想体现在篇章对社会主体的社会定位上,并依据语篇和历史的关系,将其划分为微观历史互文性和宏观历史互文性。《文心雕龙》的互文性范畴具有高度的向心性,与可接受性、认知隐喻性、连贯性、情境性和意向性以及适切性等篇章性标准密切相关。
     透过研究框架,可以发现刘勰的篇章语用学思想内涵丰富,它既研究语言又凸显文化语境及二者的双向互动关系;既研究动态的言语活动过程,又研究篇章内在的语言认知机制;既涉及西方篇章语用学的主要范畴,如语境、意向性和可接受性、互文性等,又将它们与隐喻性及其它认知要素、语言的意义要素等的关联性纳入讨论的范围。正是这些概念之间彼此关联并形成循环,才构成了《文心雕龙》独特的篇章语用学思想体系。
The framework of the present thesis is synthetical in that it embraces deBeaugrande&Dressler (1981), the prior fruit in this domain and the original thread ofthought of Liu Xie. Specifically, the framework involves the context and situationality(Chapter3), intentionality and acceptability (Chapter4), cognition and metaphors(Chapter5) and intertextuality (Chapter6), and their interaction with the regulativeprinciple. The procedural approach, in particular, regards each chapter relativelyindependent and interconnected. The joint efforts made by them exhibit thesystematicness of the textual-pragmatics of Textual Essence and Dragon Carving(Wen Xin Diao Long).
     The contextual thoughts comprises combinational pattern and global outlook. Theformer incoporates linguistic context besides adjoint context and socio-culturalcontext. The linguistic context, previously neglected, is so-called language ranks, ofwhich, the conceptions "direct context" and "indirect context" are more manifest andsweeping, compared with those of J. R. Firth and Wang Chuming. The latter isfeatured by comprehensiveness, that is,"context+impure context" and "static context+dynamic context". The conception of "impure context" is due to his unswervingpersistence in pursuing the Saint and abiding by the Scriptures while the dynamiccontext refers not only to the variables in the course of language use but to thesituational deviance of the contextual components and its pragmatic effect; not only tohow the language user cognizes the synthesis of factors involved in languagecommunication but to the winning combination of subject and object during languageuse.
     The core to "meaning beyond text (yi sheng yan wai)" in Textual Essence andDragon Carving is the notion of "the latent and the outstanding (yinxiu)", two sidesof meaning, from the angle of textual acceptability, is typical of Liuxie'stextual-pragmatics thoughts. Appropriateness as one of standards within the regulativerule proposed by de Beaugrande&Dressler (1981) indicates the relevance betweencontext and textuality, thus judging the processing ease and depth of communication participants. It is, however, indistinct, and calls for the convincing makeup by "thelatent and the outstanding" which specifies the vehicles of appropriateness.Furthermore, it is unwarrantable to unconditionally interchange "meaning beyond text(yi sheng wen wai)" with "meaning beyond words (yan wai zhi yi)" and"conversational implicature (implicature)" for their dissimilar connotations in light ofintentionality or/and acceptability.
     With "the cognitive turn" of text linguistics, cognitive approach is essential totextual-pragmatics. Liu Xie's cognitive-linguistic thoughts are primarily on thesentence level and text level. The former is incarnated by chunqiubifa (a style highlyslanted but subtle and guarded meanwhile) and the latter by metaphors ("bi" and"xing"). The principle of cultural-psychological sequence (PCS) effectivelycomplements PTS and the heavily culture-loaded semantic-framework notion of LiuXie is again typical of his cultural outlook of text-pragmatics. Furthermore, thecategories of metaphor in Textual Essence and Dragon Carving surmount thosepopular today and metaphor, to him, plays double roles in cognition and emotion. It iscreative in both meanings and angles for perceiving the new.
     Intertextuality in Textual Essence and Dragon Carving encompasses manifestintertextuality (in Shilei) and constuitive intertextuality (in Tixing and Dingshi), ofwhich, metaphorical intertextuality, intertextual metaphor, textual metaphor andtextual cohesion are interwoven, coreferring to textuality. Along with his outlook ofcontext, Liu Xie's cultural intertextuality is embodied in social subject's socialorientation via text and demarcates macro-historical intertextuality andmicro-historical intertextuality on the basis of text and history. Intertextuality inTextual Essence and Dragon Carving is closly tied to acceptability, metaphoricalness,coherence, situationality, intentionality and appropriateness.
     Liu Xie's textual-pragmatics, from the vested framework, appears fertile incontents. It follows closely the interaction between language, culture and ideology, theprocess of language use and its internal cognitive mechanism. What's noteworthy, itaims not only to the main categories within the western framework of textualpragmatics, but to their relevance to metaphors, cognition and language meaning, etc. It is such global relevance that constitutes the circulating network of Liu Xie's systemof textual-pragmatics.
引文
②参考王晓军,《以语言为本位的文心雕龙研究》,临沂大学学报2012(1)。综述时为方便,有时将《文心雕龙》简称为“文心”。
    ①对于《文心雕龙》的作用,怎么夸张都不过分(宇文所安,2003:313)。
    ②参考王晓军,《范代克的话语科学观研究》,外语学刊,2009(1)。
    ①参考王晓军《英美话语研究的理论传统回顾》,《外语艺术教育研究》(2011a)。
    ①篇章语言学的任何分析都一定会涉及句法学和语义学,但其核心内容是语用学(Brown&Yule,1983:27)
    ①参考王晓军,《<文心雕龙>的非纯粹语境观与动态语境观》,《江西师范大学学报》2012b(2)。
    ②参考王晓军,“交互外语教学思想的嬗变与反思”,《外语电化教学》2011c(4)。
    ①参考王晓军,《关于会话含义的新思考—兼与姜望琪先生商榷》,《外国语言文学》,2011(4)。
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