文本阅读中信息精确化推理的初步研究
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摘要
文本阅读的推理研究是阅读心理学领域的一个非常重要的内容，其研究成果不仅能够揭示人类阅读的认知过程，而且对其他领域的作用也越来越明显。目前对文本阅读的推理研究，从功能上讲，主要是研究连结推理和精加工推理。但是，研究者都忽视了日常生活中常见的另外一种推理类型，即信息精确化推理。这种推理不同于连结推理，它的发生不是为了维持文本理解的连贯性，但却又能够使文本理解更加顺畅；这种推理虽然与精加工有点类似，能够使文本中原本模糊的信息经过推理后使信息更加精确化、清晰化，但是从推理的方向上，又不同于属于前向推理的精加工推理，信息精确化推理由于要以文本中前面提到过的信息为参照，所以属于后向推理。由于文本阅读中信息精确化推理这种类型以前都没有人研究过，本研究就准备从探究这种推理在文本理解中是否是必然发生的；如果发生了，那么是即时发生的还是延时发生的；不仅研究在工作记忆范围内的推理情况，更要突破前人的研究局限，探究在长时记忆中，信息精确化推理发生的时程。为了研究这些设想，本研究采用动窗技术，分三部分来讨论。实验1探究文本阅读中信息精确化推理是否必然发生。实验2探究在工作记忆范围内，信息精确化推理是即时发生的还是当局部信息不连贯时在重新回溯才发生的。实验3探究信息精确化推理在长时记忆中是否也会即时发生。本研究的结果表明，信息精确化推理在文本阅读中是必然发生的，而且不管进行需要精确化推理的句子与包含推理所需信息的句子是处于同一工作记忆范围内，还是处于长时记忆中，推理都是即时发生的。
The research on inference in discourse comprehension is one of the most important aspect in reading psychology. Its result can not only reveal the process of human reading, but also promote the research of other fields. At present, the research of function of inference is mainly consisted of connective inference and elaborative inference. But the researcher is easy to neglect another one, that is information accurate inference. This kind of inference is different from connective inference, it is not to retain the connective of the discourse comprehension, but to make the comprehension much more smoothly. Though this inference is similar to elaborative inference that can make the information more accuracy, the direction of accurate inference is backward. Because no one had studied this inference, our research is focused on the inevitability of this inference in reading process, and whether it happened on-line or off-line. We not only research the inference in working memory, but also the long-term memory, we
conducted three experiments, five sub-experiments. Experiment 1 tested that if the accurate inference can happen necessary in discourse comprehension. In experiment 2, we explore the information inference happen on-line, or trace back to happen in working memory. In experiment 3, farther explore the inference happen on-line or not in long-term memory. In all, the results show that the information inference in discourse comprehension is inevitable, and it can happen on-line not only in working memory, but also in long-term memory.
The research on inference in discourse comprehension is one of the most important aspect in reading psychology. Its result can not only reveal the process of human reading, but also promote the research of other fields. At present, the research of function of inference is mainly consisted of connective inference and elaborative inference. But the researcher is easy to neglect another one, that is information accurate inference. This kind of inference is different from connective inference, it is not to retain the connective of the discourse comprehension, but to make the comprehension much more smoothly. Though this inference is similar to elaborative inference that can make the information more accuracy, the direction of accurate inference is backward. Because no one had studied this inference, our research is focused on the inevitability of this inference in reading process, and whether it happened on-line or off-line. We not only research the inference in working memory, but also the long-term memory, we
conducted three experiments, five sub-experiments. Experiment 1 tested that if the accurate inference can happen necessary in discourse comprehension. In experiment 2, we explore the information inference happen on-line, or trace back to happen in working memory. In experiment 3, farther explore the inference happen on-line or not in long-term memory. In all, the results show that the information inference in discourse comprehension is inevitable, and it can happen on-line not only in working memory, but also in long-term memory.
引文
Albrecht J E, O' Brien E J. (1993). Updating a mental model: Maintaining both local and global coherence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 19:1061-1070
Albercht, J.E., & Myers, J.L. (1995). Role of context in accessing distant information during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21: 1459-1468
Albrecht J E, Myers J L. (1998). Accessing distant text information during reading: Effects of contextual cues. Discourse Process, 26:87-107
Altmann, G.T.M (2001). The language machine: Psycholinguistic in review, British Journal of Psychology, 92: 129-170
Arthur C. Graesser, Murray Singer, & Tom Trabasso. (1994). Constructing Inferences During Narrative Text Comprehension. Psychological Review, 101(3): 371-395
Broek, P. v.d., Lorch, R., Linderholm, T., & Gustafson, M. (2001) The effects of readers' goals on inference generation and memory for texts. Memory and Cognition, 29: 1081-1087
Calvo M G, Castillo M n. (1996). Predictive inferences occur on-line, but with delay: Convergence of naming and reading times. Discourse Processes, 22:57-78
Charles Clifton, Jr & Susan A. Duffy, (2001). Sentence and text comprehension: Roles of linguistic structure. Annual review psychology, 52, 167-196
Cook A E, Limber J E, O' Brien E J. (2001). Situation-based Context and
the Availability of predictive inference, Journal of Memory and Language, 44,220-234
Ericsson, K.A., & Kintsch, W.(1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102: 211-245
Favrel, J & Pieere, B. (2000). On the relation between representations constructed from text comprehension and transitive inference production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, Vol.26, No.1: 187-263
Fincher-Kiefer R. (1996). Encoding differences between bridging and predictive inferences. Discourse Processes, 16:99-124
Gail McKoon & Roger Ratcliff. (1992). Inference During Reading. Psychological Review. 99(3): 440-466
Garrod, S. C., & O' Brien, E.J., Moriis, R.K., & Rayner, K(1990). Elaborative inference as an active or passive. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16: 250-257
Graesser, A.C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101: 371-395
Graesser, A.C., Millis, K. K., Zwaan, R. A. (1998). Discourse comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology, 48: 163-189
Guzman A. E, Klin C.M. (2000). Maintaining global coherence in reading: The role of sentence boundaries. Memory & Cognition. 28(5): 722-730
Hakala, C.m., & O' Brien, E.J. (1995). Strategies for resolving coherence breaks in reading. Discourse Processes, 19: 167-185
Hannigan, S.L., & Reinitz, M.T. (2001). A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27: 931-940
Hannigan, S.L. & Reinitz, M.T. (2003). Migration of objects and inferences across episodes. Memory & Cognition, 31(3), 434-444.
Jason E. Albrecht & Jerome L. Myers(1995). Role of Context in Accessing Distant Information During Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. 21(6): 1459-1468
Keefe D E, McDaniel M A.(1993). The time course and durability of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 32:446-463
Klin, C., & Myers, J. (1993). Reinstatement of causal information during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19: 554-560
Klin, C.M. (1995). Causal inference in reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychology Review, 87: 339-354
Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction integration model. Psychological Review, 95:163-182
Kintsch, W. (1993). Information accretion and reduction in text processing: Inferences. Discourse Process, 16: 193-202
Klin, C.M.,Murray. (1999). Forward inferences: From activation to long-term memory. Discourse Processes, 2: 241-260
Levine, W. H., Guzman, A.E., Klin, C.M.(2000). When anaphor resolution fails. Journal of Memory and Cognition 43: 594-617
Long, D. L. Golding, J. M. & Graesser, A. C. (1992): The generation of goal-related inferences during narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 5: 634-647
Magliano, J. P., Baggett, W. B., Johnson, B. K., & Graesser, A. C. (1993). The time course of generating causal antecedent and causal consequence inferences. Discourse Processes, 16: 35-53
McKoon, G. & Ratcliff, R. (1989). Semantic association and elaborative inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15: 326-338
McKoon, G. & Ratcliff, R.(1992). Inference during reading. Psychological
Review, 99:440-466
McKoon, G, Gerrig, R.J., Greene, S.B. (1996). Pronoun resolution without pronoun: Some consequence of memory-based text processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition. 22:919-932
McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1998). Memory-based Language Processing: Psycholinguistic research in the 1990s. Annual Review Psychology, 49: 25-42
Michael C. Anderson. (2003). Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting. Journal of Memory and Language. 49: 415-445
Murry, J.P.,Klin, C.M. &Myers, J.L. (1993).Forward inferences in narrative text. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4): 464-473
Myers, J.L., O' Brien, E.J. (1998). Accessing the discourse representation during reading. Discourse Process, 26: 131-157
O' Brien E.J., Plewes, P.S., &Albrecht, J.E. (1990). Antecedent retrieval processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 16: 241-249
O' Brien E.J., Rizzella M.L., Albrecht J.E. et al. (1998). Updating a mental model: A memory-based text processing view. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 12: 346-352
Paul van den Broek.,Robert F. Lorch, JR. et al. (2001). The effects of readers goals on inference generation and memory for texts. Memory & Cognition. 29(8): 1081-1087
Potts, G..R., Keenan, J.M., & Golding, J.m. (1988). Assessing the occurrence of elaborative inference: Lexical decision versus naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 27: 399-415
Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1994). Retrieving information from memory: spreading activation theories versus compound cue theories.
Psychological Review, 101: 177-184
Rebecca fincher-kiefer. (2001). Perceptual Components of Situation Models. Memory & Cognition. 29(2): 336-343
Rizzella, M. L., & O' Brien, E.J. (1996). Accessing global causes during reading. Jounal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22: 1208-1218
Singer, M., & Halldorson, M., Lear, J. C., & Andrusiak, P. (1992). Validation of causal bridging inferences. Journal of Memory and Language,31: 507-524
Singer, M., Graesser, A.C., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Minimal or global inference during reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 33: 421-441
Sub, S. Y., & Trabasso, T, (1993). Inferences during reading: converging evidence form discourse analysis, talk-aloud protocols, and recognition priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 32: 279-300
Trabasso, T., & Shu. S. Y. (1993).Understading text: Achieving explanatory coherence through on-line inferences and mental operations in working memory. Discourse Processes, 16(12): 3-34
Waldmann, M. R. (2000). Competition among causes but not effects in predictive and diagnostic learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26: 53-76
Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The constructin of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science, 6: 292-297
Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., & Graesser, a. c. (1995). Dimensions of situation-model construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21: 386-397
陈永明，杨丽霞．当代心理语言学研究的若干重要问题．《心理科学》．1999，22：385-388．
迟毓凯，莫雷．课文表征研究新进展：从命题表征到情境模型．《心理学动态》．2001，9(1)：26—30
崔耀，陈永明．阅读理解中的预期推理．《心理学报》．1996，28(3)：238-244
崔耀，陈永明．语义联系类型和强度对预期推理生成的制约作用．《心理学报》．1998，30(1)：14—20
冯廷勇，李红．类比推理发展理论述评．《西南师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版)，2002，28(4)：44—47
郭培方．句法习得理论的发展．《心理科学》．1999，22(1)：54-56
郭淑斌，莫雷．关键词对精加工推理的影响作用初探．《心理科学》2001，24(4)．409—411
郭淑斌，莫雷．精加工推理中的文章结构清晰度效应．《应用心理学》．2002，8(1)：8—13
郭淑斌．(1999)．阅读了解中精加工推理的水平、产生阶段及其影响因素初探．华南师范大学硕士学位论文
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Albercht, J.E., & Myers, J.L. (1995). Role of context in accessing distant information during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21: 1459-1468
Albrecht J E, Myers J L. (1998). Accessing distant text information during reading: Effects of contextual cues. Discourse Process, 26:87-107
Altmann, G.T.M (2001). The language machine: Psycholinguistic in review, British Journal of Psychology, 92: 129-170
Arthur C. Graesser, Murray Singer, & Tom Trabasso. (1994). Constructing Inferences During Narrative Text Comprehension. Psychological Review, 101(3): 371-395
Broek, P. v.d., Lorch, R., Linderholm, T., & Gustafson, M. (2001) The effects of readers' goals on inference generation and memory for texts. Memory and Cognition, 29: 1081-1087
Calvo M G, Castillo M n. (1996). Predictive inferences occur on-line, but with delay: Convergence of naming and reading times. Discourse Processes, 22:57-78
Charles Clifton, Jr & Susan A. Duffy, (2001). Sentence and text comprehension: Roles of linguistic structure. Annual review psychology, 52, 167-196
Cook A E, Limber J E, O' Brien E J. (2001). Situation-based Context and
the Availability of predictive inference, Journal of Memory and Language, 44,220-234
Ericsson, K.A., & Kintsch, W.(1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102: 211-245
Favrel, J & Pieere, B. (2000). On the relation between representations constructed from text comprehension and transitive inference production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, Vol.26, No.1: 187-263
Fincher-Kiefer R. (1996). Encoding differences between bridging and predictive inferences. Discourse Processes, 16:99-124
Gail McKoon & Roger Ratcliff. (1992). Inference During Reading. Psychological Review. 99(3): 440-466
Garrod, S. C., & O' Brien, E.J., Moriis, R.K., & Rayner, K(1990). Elaborative inference as an active or passive. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16: 250-257
Graesser, A.C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101: 371-395
Graesser, A.C., Millis, K. K., Zwaan, R. A. (1998). Discourse comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology, 48: 163-189
Guzman A. E, Klin C.M. (2000). Maintaining global coherence in reading: The role of sentence boundaries. Memory & Cognition. 28(5): 722-730
Hakala, C.m., & O' Brien, E.J. (1995). Strategies for resolving coherence breaks in reading. Discourse Processes, 19: 167-185
Hannigan, S.L., & Reinitz, M.T. (2001). A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27: 931-940
Hannigan, S.L. & Reinitz, M.T. (2003). Migration of objects and inferences across episodes. Memory & Cognition, 31(3), 434-444.
Jason E. Albrecht & Jerome L. Myers(1995). Role of Context in Accessing Distant Information During Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. 21(6): 1459-1468
Keefe D E, McDaniel M A.(1993). The time course and durability of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 32:446-463
Klin, C., & Myers, J. (1993). Reinstatement of causal information during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19: 554-560
Klin, C.M. (1995). Causal inference in reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychology Review, 87: 339-354
Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction integration model. Psychological Review, 95:163-182
Kintsch, W. (1993). Information accretion and reduction in text processing: Inferences. Discourse Process, 16: 193-202
Klin, C.M.,Murray. (1999). Forward inferences: From activation to long-term memory. Discourse Processes, 2: 241-260
Levine, W. H., Guzman, A.E., Klin, C.M.(2000). When anaphor resolution fails. Journal of Memory and Cognition 43: 594-617
Long, D. L. Golding, J. M. & Graesser, A. C. (1992): The generation of goal-related inferences during narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 5: 634-647
Magliano, J. P., Baggett, W. B., Johnson, B. K., & Graesser, A. C. (1993). The time course of generating causal antecedent and causal consequence inferences. Discourse Processes, 16: 35-53
McKoon, G. & Ratcliff, R. (1989). Semantic association and elaborative inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15: 326-338
McKoon, G. & Ratcliff, R.(1992). Inference during reading. Psychological
Review, 99:440-466
McKoon, G, Gerrig, R.J., Greene, S.B. (1996). Pronoun resolution without pronoun: Some consequence of memory-based text processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition. 22:919-932
McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1998). Memory-based Language Processing: Psycholinguistic research in the 1990s. Annual Review Psychology, 49: 25-42
Michael C. Anderson. (2003). Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting. Journal of Memory and Language. 49: 415-445
Murry, J.P.,Klin, C.M. &Myers, J.L. (1993).Forward inferences in narrative text. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4): 464-473
Myers, J.L., O' Brien, E.J. (1998). Accessing the discourse representation during reading. Discourse Process, 26: 131-157
O' Brien E.J., Plewes, P.S., &Albrecht, J.E. (1990). Antecedent retrieval processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 16: 241-249
O' Brien E.J., Rizzella M.L., Albrecht J.E. et al. (1998). Updating a mental model: A memory-based text processing view. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 12: 346-352
Paul van den Broek.,Robert F. Lorch, JR. et al. (2001). The effects of readers goals on inference generation and memory for texts. Memory & Cognition. 29(8): 1081-1087
Potts, G..R., Keenan, J.M., & Golding, J.m. (1988). Assessing the occurrence of elaborative inference: Lexical decision versus naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 27: 399-415
Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1994). Retrieving information from memory: spreading activation theories versus compound cue theories.
Psychological Review, 101: 177-184
Rebecca fincher-kiefer. (2001). Perceptual Components of Situation Models. Memory & Cognition. 29(2): 336-343
Rizzella, M. L., & O' Brien, E.J. (1996). Accessing global causes during reading. Jounal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22: 1208-1218
Singer, M., & Halldorson, M., Lear, J. C., & Andrusiak, P. (1992). Validation of causal bridging inferences. Journal of Memory and Language,31: 507-524
Singer, M., Graesser, A.C., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Minimal or global inference during reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 33: 421-441
Sub, S. Y., & Trabasso, T, (1993). Inferences during reading: converging evidence form discourse analysis, talk-aloud protocols, and recognition priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 32: 279-300
Trabasso, T., & Shu. S. Y. (1993).Understading text: Achieving explanatory coherence through on-line inferences and mental operations in working memory. Discourse Processes, 16(12): 3-34
Waldmann, M. R. (2000). Competition among causes but not effects in predictive and diagnostic learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26: 53-76
Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The constructin of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science, 6: 292-297
Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., & Graesser, a. c. (1995). Dimensions of situation-model construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21: 386-397
陈永明，杨丽霞．当代心理语言学研究的若干重要问题．《心理科学》．1999，22：385-388．
迟毓凯，莫雷．课文表征研究新进展：从命题表征到情境模型．《心理学动态》．2001，9(1)：26—30
崔耀，陈永明．阅读理解中的预期推理．《心理学报》．1996，28(3)：238-244
崔耀，陈永明．语义联系类型和强度对预期推理生成的制约作用．《心理学报》．1998，30(1)：14—20
冯廷勇，李红．类比推理发展理论述评．《西南师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版)，2002，28(4)：44—47
郭培方．句法习得理论的发展．《心理科学》．1999，22(1)：54-56
郭淑斌，莫雷．关键词对精加工推理的影响作用初探．《心理科学》2001，24(4)．409—411
郭淑斌，莫雷．精加工推理中的文章结构清晰度效应．《应用心理学》．2002，8(1)：8—13
郭淑斌．(1999)．阅读了解中精加工推理的水平、产生阶段及其影响因素初探．华南师范大学硕士学位论文
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胡竹青．推理心理形成中的逻辑加工与非逻辑加工评析．《心理可须》．2002，25(3)：318—321
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