人物性格特征在中文故事阅读理解中的预期作用
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摘要
通过三个实验，考察了在阅读过程中读者是否会根据人物性格特征对该人物在特定情境下的行为进行预测以及这种预期推理产生的条件。三个实验均采用2×2被试内设计。实验1结果表明，虽然被试根据人物的性格特征，对该人物在特定情境下的行为作出了预测，但人物性格特征的这种预期作用不大。实验2对实验1材料中的人物性格特征进行详述，结果表明人物性格特征的预期作用变大了。实验3在特征句或控制句和特定情境句之间插入了由四句话组成的插入材料。插入材料使人物性格特征进入长时记忆，并且插入材料与人物性格特征不在同一个情境模型中。实验3结果表明，读者通过共振过程重新激活了人物性格特征，并利用重新激活了的性格特征对该人物在特定情境下的行为进行了预测。这说明共振激活现象可以跨情境模型发生。
2x2 within-subject design was used in three experiments .Our experiments explore readers' application of characteristics of the protagonist to produce the predictive inference about the behavior of the protagonist. In experiment 1, although readers applied the characteristics of the protagonist to predict his behavior in a specific circumstance, but the predictive effect of characteristics was limited. In experiment 2, the elaboration of characteristics of the protagonist had greater effect on production of the predictive inference about the behavior of the protagonist. In experiment 3, there were four sentences between the characteristics and the specific circumstance sentence. The four sentences not only made characteristics enter long-term memory, but also can't be added to the former situation model. The result suggested that readers reactivated the characteristics from the long-term memory and applied them to predict behavior of protagonist in a specific circumstance. The results of experiment 3 suggested that resonance reactive processes can happen between different situation models.
2x2 within-subject design was used in three experiments .Our experiments explore readers' application of characteristics of the protagonist to produce the predictive inference about the behavior of the protagonist. In experiment 1, although readers applied the characteristics of the protagonist to predict his behavior in a specific circumstance, but the predictive effect of characteristics was limited. In experiment 2, the elaboration of characteristics of the protagonist had greater effect on production of the predictive inference about the behavior of the protagonist. In experiment 3, there were four sentences between the characteristics and the specific circumstance sentence. The four sentences not only made characteristics enter long-term memory, but also can't be added to the former situation model. The result suggested that readers reactivated the characteristics from the long-term memory and applied them to predict behavior of protagonist in a specific circumstance. The results of experiment 3 suggested that resonance reactive processes can happen between different situation models.
引文
Albercht J E, O'Brien E J. Updating a mental model: Maintaining both local and global coherence, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993, 19: 1061-1070.
Anderson J, Bower G. Human Associative Memory [M]. Washington, DC: Winston, 1973.
Anderson, J. Language, Memory and Thought [M]. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, 1976.
Anne E. Cook, John E. Limber, and Edward J.O'Brien. Situation-Based Context and the Availability of Predictive Inferences, Journal of Memory and Language, 2001,44,220-234.
Are Norenzayan, Incheol Choi, Richard E. Nisbett. Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Inference: Evidence From Behavioral Predictions and Lay Theories of Behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2001.
Bower G B, Morrow D G. Mental models in narrative comprehension, Science, 1990, 247: 44-48.
Calvo MG. Castillo, MD. Predictive inferences take time to develop, Psychological Research 1998,61,249-260.
Calvo, M.G.,Meseguer, E.,& Carreiras, M. Inferences about predictable events: Eye movements during reading, Psychological Research, 2001,65, 158-169.
Calvo M G. The time course of predictive inferences depends on contextual constraints, Language and cognitive processes, 2000, 15(3):294.
Cook, Limber&O'Brien. Situation-Based Context and the Availability of Predictive Inferences, Memory and Language, 2001,44, 220-234.
Curiel, Jacqueline M. Constructing multidimensional situation models during reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, Vol 2(3), 1998, pp. 199-220.
David N. Rapp and Richard J. Gerrig. Readers' Trait-Based Models of Characters in Narrative Comprehension, Journal of Memory and Language, 2001, 45,737-750.
Fincher-Kiefer R. Encoding differences between bridging and predictive inferences, Discourse processes, 1996, 22,25-246.
Fincher-Kiefer, R. The role of predictive inferences in situation model construction, Discourse Processes, 1993, 16,99-124.
Fletcher C R, Bloom C. Causal reasoning in the comprehension of simple narrative texts, Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 235-244.
Garrod S C, Sanford A J. Thematic subject hood and cognitive restraints on discourse structure, Journal of Rragmatics, 1988, 12: 519-534.
Garrod S C, Sanford A J. Discourse models as interfaces between language and the spatial world, Journal of Semantics, 1988, 6: 147-160.
Garrod S C, Sanford A J. Referential processes in reading: focusing on roles and individuals, in: Comprehension Processes in Reading, Flores d'Arcais, G B, Rayner, K, Balota, D (eds), Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1990, 515-533.
Glenberg A M, Langston W E. Comprehension of illustrated text: Pictures help to build mental models, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992, 31: 129-151.
Graesser, Arthur C.:Millis, Keith K.; Zwaan, Rolff A. Discourse comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol 48, 1997, 163-189.
Graesser A C, Singer M, Trabasso T. Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension, Psychological Review, 1994, 101: 371-395.
Haviland S, Clark H H. What's New? Acquiring New Information as a Process in Comprehension. J.V.L.V.B., 1974, 13:512-521.
Jason E. Albrecht and Edward J.O'Brien .Updating a Mental : Maintaining Both Local and Global Coherence, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993, vol.19. NO. 5.1061-1070.
Johnson-Laird, P.N. Mental model: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness [M]. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1983.
Keefe, DE, and McDaniel, MA. The time course and durability of predictive inferences, Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32,446-463.
Kintsch, W. Comprehension :A paradigm for cognition[M]. Hillsadale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998.
Kintsch, W. The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model, Psychological Review, 1988, 95,163-182.
Kintsch W, van Dijk T A. Toward a model of text comprehension and production, Psychological Review, 1978, 85: 363-394.
Klin, Guzmón&Levine. Prevalence and Persistence of Predictive Inferences, Memory and Language 1999, 4, 593-604.
Klin, C.M.,Murray, J.D., Levine, W.H., &Guzmón, A.E. Forward inferences: From activation to long-term memory, Discourse Process, 1999,27(3),244.
Magliano, Jpseph P. ;Dijkstra, Katinka;Zwaan, Rolf A. Generating predictive inferences while viewing a movie, Discourse Processes, Vol 22(3), Oct-Dec, 1996, 199-224.
Marslen-Wilson,W.D.,Tyler, L.K.,&Koster, C. Integrative processes in utterance resolution, Journal of Memory and Language, 1993,32,647-666.
Mauricio Iza, Jesús Ezquerro. Elaborative Inferences, Anales de psicologia, 2000, 16, 2: 227-249.
McKoon G, Ratcliff R. Inference During Reading, Psychological Review, 1992, 99, 8: 440-466.
McKoon, G., & Ratclif,R. Inferences about predictable events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1986, 12,89-91.
McKoon, G.,&Ratcliff, R. Dimensions of inference. In A. C. Graesser & G.H. Bower (Eds.),Inferences and text comprehension. San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1990,313-328.
Meyer B J F. The Organization of Prose and Its Effect on Memory. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1975.
Miller G A, Johnson-Laird. Language and Perception. Cambridge, 1976.
Myers JL, O'Brien, EJ. Accessing the discourse representation during reading, Discourse Processes, 1998,26,131-157.
Murray, JD, Klin, CM, and Myers, J, Forward inferences in narrative text, Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32,464-473.
Myron Rothbart ,Bernadette Park On the Confirmability and Disconfirmability of
Trait Concepts, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986,131-142.
O'Brien E J, Albrecht J E, Rizzella M L, Halleran J G. Updating a Situation Model: A Memory-Based Text Processing View, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1998, 24: 1200-1210.
O' Brien E J, Albrecht J E. Comprehension strategies in the development of a mental model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992, 18: 777-784
Radvansky G A, Robert S W, Jr et al. Situation. Models and Abstract Ownership Relations. Journal of Experiment Psychology; Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, No. 5,23,1233-1246.
Radvansky, Gabriel A, Zwaan, Rolf A, Federico, Todd, Franklin, Nancy. Retrieval from temporally organized situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, Vol 24(5), Sep, 1998, 1224-1237.
Rumelhart, Ortony. There presentation of knowledge in memory. InR. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro & W. E. Montague(Eds.), Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1977, 99-135.
Schank R, Abelson R. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures[M]. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
Singer M, Graesser A C, Trabasso T. Minimal or global inference during reading, Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33: 421-441.
Whitney, P.,Ritchie, B.G.,&Crane, R.S. The effect of foregrounding on readers'use of predictive inferences. Memory & Cognition, 1992,20,424-432.
Zwaan, Rolf A. Processing narrative time shifts, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, Vol 22(5), Sep, 1996,1196-1207.
Zwaan, Rolf A.;Brown, Carol, Carol M .The influence of language proficiency and comprehension skill on situation-model construction, Discourse Processes, Vol 21(3), May-Jun, 1996, 289-327.
Zwaan, Rolf A.;Magliano, Joseph P.,Graesser, Arthur C. Dimensions of situation model construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, & Cognition, Vol 21(2), Mar, 1995, 386-397.
Zwaan, Rolf A.; Graesser, Arthur C. Weaver, Charles A. Inference generation and the construction of situation models, Ⅲ [ed]; Mannes, Suzanne [ed] et al. Discourse comprehension: Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch, 1995,117-139.
Zwaan, Rolf A.;kangston, Mark C. ; Graesser, Arthur C . The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model, Psychological Science, Vol 6(5), Sep, 1995, 292-297.
Zwaan, Rolf A. Effect of genre expectations on text comprehension, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, Vol 20(4), Jul, 1994, 920-933.
Zwaan, Rolf A.; Van Oostendorp, Herre. Do readers construct spatial representations in naturalistic story comprehension ? Discourse Processes, Vol 16(1-2), Jan-Jun, 1993, 125-143.
迟毓凯．情境模型与语篇理解研究，心理科学，2002年，第25卷，第3期，379．
崔耀．篇章理解中的表征理论，心理学动态，1993，3：14-19．
黄浩，Zhe Chen，莫雷，韩迎春．共享概念的性质对拥有关系句子情境模型建立的影响，心理学探新，2002年3期第22卷总第83期．
莫雷．阅读预期对快速阅读理解的影响的实验研究，心理科学，1999，3，197—285．
莫雷，韩迎春．拥有关系信息情境模型建构的影响因素，心理学报2002，34(6)：580-588．
莫雷，王瑞明．文本阅读中协调性整合的条件，心理学报，2004，36(1)，15-23．
郭淑斌．文本阅读理解研究的理论浅析，佛山教育学院学报，2001．
鲁忠义，毛子欣．故事阅读中的推理模型，外语教学与研究，1998，115(3)：15-19．
鲁忠义，彭建国，李强．中文故事阅读中预期与前后向推理的关系，心理学报，2003，35，2，183-189．
王穗苹等．论认知科学对文本阅读研究的影响．心理科学，1999．
王穗萍，莫雷．篇章阅读理解的认知研究，华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)，2001，4，101—108．
王穗苹 篇章阅读理解中背景信息通达过程的实验研究[D]．广州：华南师范大学，2000．
张必隐．阅读心理学[M]．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1992．
张厚粲等．心理与教育统计学[M]．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1993．
张文彤等．SPSS11统计分析教程基础篇[M]．北京：北京希望电子出版社，2002，223．
朱滢等．实验心理学[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2000．
Anderson J, Bower G. Human Associative Memory [M]. Washington, DC: Winston, 1973.
Anderson, J. Language, Memory and Thought [M]. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, 1976.
Anne E. Cook, John E. Limber, and Edward J.O'Brien. Situation-Based Context and the Availability of Predictive Inferences, Journal of Memory and Language, 2001,44,220-234.
Are Norenzayan, Incheol Choi, Richard E. Nisbett. Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Inference: Evidence From Behavioral Predictions and Lay Theories of Behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2001.
Bower G B, Morrow D G. Mental models in narrative comprehension, Science, 1990, 247: 44-48.
Calvo MG. Castillo, MD. Predictive inferences take time to develop, Psychological Research 1998,61,249-260.
Calvo, M.G.,Meseguer, E.,& Carreiras, M. Inferences about predictable events: Eye movements during reading, Psychological Research, 2001,65, 158-169.
Calvo M G. The time course of predictive inferences depends on contextual constraints, Language and cognitive processes, 2000, 15(3):294.
Cook, Limber&O'Brien. Situation-Based Context and the Availability of Predictive Inferences, Memory and Language, 2001,44, 220-234.
Curiel, Jacqueline M. Constructing multidimensional situation models during reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, Vol 2(3), 1998, pp. 199-220.
David N. Rapp and Richard J. Gerrig. Readers' Trait-Based Models of Characters in Narrative Comprehension, Journal of Memory and Language, 2001, 45,737-750.
Fincher-Kiefer R. Encoding differences between bridging and predictive inferences, Discourse processes, 1996, 22,25-246.
Fincher-Kiefer, R. The role of predictive inferences in situation model construction, Discourse Processes, 1993, 16,99-124.
Fletcher C R, Bloom C. Causal reasoning in the comprehension of simple narrative texts, Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27: 235-244.
Garrod S C, Sanford A J. Thematic subject hood and cognitive restraints on discourse structure, Journal of Rragmatics, 1988, 12: 519-534.
Garrod S C, Sanford A J. Discourse models as interfaces between language and the spatial world, Journal of Semantics, 1988, 6: 147-160.
Garrod S C, Sanford A J. Referential processes in reading: focusing on roles and individuals, in: Comprehension Processes in Reading, Flores d'Arcais, G B, Rayner, K, Balota, D (eds), Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1990, 515-533.
Glenberg A M, Langston W E. Comprehension of illustrated text: Pictures help to build mental models, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992, 31: 129-151.
Graesser, Arthur C.:Millis, Keith K.; Zwaan, Rolff A. Discourse comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol 48, 1997, 163-189.
Graesser A C, Singer M, Trabasso T. Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension, Psychological Review, 1994, 101: 371-395.
Haviland S, Clark H H. What's New? Acquiring New Information as a Process in Comprehension. J.V.L.V.B., 1974, 13:512-521.
Jason E. Albrecht and Edward J.O'Brien .Updating a Mental : Maintaining Both Local and Global Coherence, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993, vol.19. NO. 5.1061-1070.
Johnson-Laird, P.N. Mental model: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness [M]. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1983.
Keefe, DE, and McDaniel, MA. The time course and durability of predictive inferences, Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32,446-463.
Kintsch, W. Comprehension :A paradigm for cognition[M]. Hillsadale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998.
Kintsch, W. The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model, Psychological Review, 1988, 95,163-182.
Kintsch W, van Dijk T A. Toward a model of text comprehension and production, Psychological Review, 1978, 85: 363-394.
Klin, Guzmón&Levine. Prevalence and Persistence of Predictive Inferences, Memory and Language 1999, 4, 593-604.
Klin, C.M.,Murray, J.D., Levine, W.H., &Guzmón, A.E. Forward inferences: From activation to long-term memory, Discourse Process, 1999,27(3),244.
Magliano, Jpseph P. ;Dijkstra, Katinka;Zwaan, Rolf A. Generating predictive inferences while viewing a movie, Discourse Processes, Vol 22(3), Oct-Dec, 1996, 199-224.
Marslen-Wilson,W.D.,Tyler, L.K.,&Koster, C. Integrative processes in utterance resolution, Journal of Memory and Language, 1993,32,647-666.
Mauricio Iza, Jesús Ezquerro. Elaborative Inferences, Anales de psicologia, 2000, 16, 2: 227-249.
McKoon G, Ratcliff R. Inference During Reading, Psychological Review, 1992, 99, 8: 440-466.
McKoon, G., & Ratclif,R. Inferences about predictable events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1986, 12,89-91.
McKoon, G.,&Ratcliff, R. Dimensions of inference. In A. C. Graesser & G.H. Bower (Eds.),Inferences and text comprehension. San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1990,313-328.
Meyer B J F. The Organization of Prose and Its Effect on Memory. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1975.
Miller G A, Johnson-Laird. Language and Perception. Cambridge, 1976.
Myers JL, O'Brien, EJ. Accessing the discourse representation during reading, Discourse Processes, 1998,26,131-157.
Murray, JD, Klin, CM, and Myers, J, Forward inferences in narrative text, Journal of Memory and Language, 1993, 32,464-473.
Myron Rothbart ,Bernadette Park On the Confirmability and Disconfirmability of
Trait Concepts, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986,131-142.
O'Brien E J, Albrecht J E, Rizzella M L, Halleran J G. Updating a Situation Model: A Memory-Based Text Processing View, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1998, 24: 1200-1210.
O' Brien E J, Albrecht J E. Comprehension strategies in the development of a mental model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992, 18: 777-784
Radvansky G A, Robert S W, Jr et al. Situation. Models and Abstract Ownership Relations. Journal of Experiment Psychology; Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, No. 5,23,1233-1246.
Radvansky, Gabriel A, Zwaan, Rolf A, Federico, Todd, Franklin, Nancy. Retrieval from temporally organized situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, Vol 24(5), Sep, 1998, 1224-1237.
Rumelhart, Ortony. There presentation of knowledge in memory. InR. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro & W. E. Montague(Eds.), Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1977, 99-135.
Schank R, Abelson R. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures[M]. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
Singer M, Graesser A C, Trabasso T. Minimal or global inference during reading, Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33: 421-441.
Whitney, P.,Ritchie, B.G.,&Crane, R.S. The effect of foregrounding on readers'use of predictive inferences. Memory & Cognition, 1992,20,424-432.
Zwaan, Rolf A. Processing narrative time shifts, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, Vol 22(5), Sep, 1996,1196-1207.
Zwaan, Rolf A.;Brown, Carol, Carol M .The influence of language proficiency and comprehension skill on situation-model construction, Discourse Processes, Vol 21(3), May-Jun, 1996, 289-327.
Zwaan, Rolf A.;Magliano, Joseph P.,Graesser, Arthur C. Dimensions of situation model construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, & Cognition, Vol 21(2), Mar, 1995, 386-397.
Zwaan, Rolf A.; Graesser, Arthur C. Weaver, Charles A. Inference generation and the construction of situation models, Ⅲ [ed]; Mannes, Suzanne [ed] et al. Discourse comprehension: Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch, 1995,117-139.
Zwaan, Rolf A.;kangston, Mark C. ; Graesser, Arthur C . The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model, Psychological Science, Vol 6(5), Sep, 1995, 292-297.
Zwaan, Rolf A. Effect of genre expectations on text comprehension, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, Vol 20(4), Jul, 1994, 920-933.
Zwaan, Rolf A.; Van Oostendorp, Herre. Do readers construct spatial representations in naturalistic story comprehension ? Discourse Processes, Vol 16(1-2), Jan-Jun, 1993, 125-143.
迟毓凯．情境模型与语篇理解研究，心理科学，2002年，第25卷，第3期，379．
崔耀．篇章理解中的表征理论，心理学动态，1993，3：14-19．
黄浩，Zhe Chen，莫雷，韩迎春．共享概念的性质对拥有关系句子情境模型建立的影响，心理学探新，2002年3期第22卷总第83期．
莫雷．阅读预期对快速阅读理解的影响的实验研究，心理科学，1999，3，197—285．
莫雷，韩迎春．拥有关系信息情境模型建构的影响因素，心理学报2002，34(6)：580-588．
莫雷，王瑞明．文本阅读中协调性整合的条件，心理学报，2004，36(1)，15-23．
郭淑斌．文本阅读理解研究的理论浅析，佛山教育学院学报，2001．
鲁忠义，毛子欣．故事阅读中的推理模型，外语教学与研究，1998，115(3)：15-19．
鲁忠义，彭建国，李强．中文故事阅读中预期与前后向推理的关系，心理学报，2003，35，2，183-189．
王穗苹等．论认知科学对文本阅读研究的影响．心理科学，1999．
王穗萍，莫雷．篇章阅读理解的认知研究，华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)，2001，4，101—108．
王穗苹 篇章阅读理解中背景信息通达过程的实验研究[D]．广州：华南师范大学，2000．
张必隐．阅读心理学[M]．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1992．
张厚粲等．心理与教育统计学[M]．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1993．
张文彤等．SPSS11统计分析教程基础篇[M]．北京：北京希望电子出版社，2002，223．
朱滢等．实验心理学[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2000．