基于节理组构的应变分析及其在碎屑岩褶皱中的应用
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摘要
本次研究针对脆韧性域中岩石应变量定量分析的难题,采用了以组构分析为基础的节理研究方法,在川西盆地北东走向褶皱带中详细的节理测量和分析。在建立了对褶皱中节理的样式和成因的清楚认识的基础上,以节理阶段式发育的现象为依据实现了脆韧性褶皱变形中的岩石应变进行了定量计算。
本次研究采用的以节理组构为基础的野外测量和节理分析方法相对传统的工作方式具有先进性。野外节理测量支持系统是包含露头中的复杂节理测量、节理组构图的建立、节理模式确定以及节理分期配套的综合操作。利用露头中节理及其在组构中的投影的对应关系,指导复杂露头中的节理识别和测量工作。从而能够在野外测量过程中提高工作的效率和准确性。通过具有统计特征的节理组构进行节理分析,更具有统计分析的准确性、数据的全面性和图式分析的直观性,有效地提高了节理分析的精度,为脆-韧性域中以节理为基础的应变分析提供了良好的基础。
以此为基础完成了研究区内褶皱中不同变形阶段地层中的节理样式调查,发现背斜变形过程中主要依次发育平面共轭剪节理、纵张节理以及层间剪节理,建立了区域内节理在连续褶皱变形过程中的发育规律模型。并发现区域内节理发育类型和密度的控制因素主要为构造位置(变形模式)、地层倾角(变形程度)、地层厚度以及岩性。
通过地层连续变形过程中节理组构样式节的对比分析,发现在岩石发生破裂之后,随着应变量的继续增加会再次破裂并产生新的节理,即节理的幕式发育。通过幕式发育过程中的节理统计和计算,简单剪切和纯剪剪切过程中岩石破裂前的应变量均为30%左右。通过相关讨论,认为在埋藏条件下岩石破裂之前除弹性变形外又经历了大量的塑性变形；破裂后的岩石的变形方式由均匀的单剪变形转变为由碎裂块体沿层间剪节理滑动和块体本身的剪切变形两部分组成。节理的幕式发育为岩石破裂后的应力应变分析提供了新的依据,并为脆-韧性域中的复杂变形分析提供了依据。
除此之外,新发展的组构分解的方法为难以观察到节理交切关系的区域的节理分期配套提供了解决途径。通过节理组构分析和节理特征验证发现研究区内存在两个期次的节理,并对各期次中应力场方向进行了分析。通过以节理为指示的应力场分析和有限元模拟发现先存断层和背斜组成的构造边界会导致非正交方向的应力发生方向偏转。并发现先存节理会造成节理间岩石块体内部的应力变化,导致产状不规律的非系统性节理的产生。
Focusing on the topic of quantitative analysis of strata strain in brittle-ductile deformation, the fracture patterns of a NE striking fold belt in the western Sichuan foreland basin, China, were analyzed based on detailed field fracture measurement according to the method of fracture fabrics analysis. Based on the precise understanding of the patterns and mechanism interpretations of fractures in anticlines, we took the phenomenon of the episodic development of fractures as evidence and realized the quantitative calculation of strata strain in brittle-ductile folding deformation.
Compared to operating methods in previous studies, the field measuring and analyzing method based on fracture fabrics in this study have many advantages. The field fracture survey supporting system is an integrated operation including measuring complex fractures in folded strata, creating a polar stereonet of fracture fabrics, analyzing the deformation mode of the fractures, and fracture divided period coordination. Based on the corresponding relationship between fractures in the outcrops and their poles in the fracture fabrics, the identification of fractures was more convenient and accurate and field observation was more targeted. Therefore with the system the efficiency and accuracy of field work could be improved. The statistics analysis of fracture fabrics is more accurate, comprehensive and intuitive, which effectively improves the precision of strain analysis and provide basis for the quantitative analysis of strata strain in brittle-ductile deformation.
With this method the survey of fracture patterns in different stages of fold evolution were accomplished. It was found that the plane conjugate shear fractures, tensile fractures parallel to fold axis, and stratabound shear fractures caused by layer parallel shear were mainly developed, and a model of the relationship between fracture development and successive folding deformation was established. According to the comparison of fracture patterns at different sampling sites, the position in folds (deformation modes), dip angle of strata (deformation degree), thickness of strata and lithology were considered as the principal controlling factors on fracture patterns and densities in the study area.
Based on comparison of fracture fabrics in the successive folding process, it was discovered that a second failure often occurred in the continuous increase of strain after the rock was firstly cracked, that was, the episodic development of fractures. Based on the orientation variation of the fractures and the dip angle of strata when failure occurred, the longitudinal strain between the two episodes was equally about30%in both pure shear and simple shear deformation. According to related discussion, it was inferred that a large ductile deformation happened before the rocks were cracked under burial conditions. After the development of stratabound shear fractures, the layer parallel shear of the folded strata was through the sliding of blocks along fractures and associated shear deformation near sliding faces, rather than uniform simple shear. The episodic development of fractures proposed a new model of fracture development and stress-strain relationship after rock failure, which could be used to trace complex brittle-ductile deformation process in the field. Moreover, the decomposition of fracture fabrics provided a new method for the relative timing of fracture formation in areas where no clear abutting relationships could be observed. According to analysis of fracture fabrics and re-examination from fracture features, it was proved fracture sets of two periods were developed in the study area, and the direction of stress field of each period was discussed. Based on fracture evidence and finite element simulation it was discovered that pre-existing fault and anticline would induce a rotation to the direction of a stress which was oblique to them. It was also found under the effect of pre-existing fractures, the stress direction in blocks between fractures would change diversely, and the non-systematic fractures were developed.
本次研究采用的以节理组构为基础的野外测量和节理分析方法相对传统的工作方式具有先进性。野外节理测量支持系统是包含露头中的复杂节理测量、节理组构图的建立、节理模式确定以及节理分期配套的综合操作。利用露头中节理及其在组构中的投影的对应关系,指导复杂露头中的节理识别和测量工作。从而能够在野外测量过程中提高工作的效率和准确性。通过具有统计特征的节理组构进行节理分析,更具有统计分析的准确性、数据的全面性和图式分析的直观性,有效地提高了节理分析的精度,为脆-韧性域中以节理为基础的应变分析提供了良好的基础。
以此为基础完成了研究区内褶皱中不同变形阶段地层中的节理样式调查,发现背斜变形过程中主要依次发育平面共轭剪节理、纵张节理以及层间剪节理,建立了区域内节理在连续褶皱变形过程中的发育规律模型。并发现区域内节理发育类型和密度的控制因素主要为构造位置(变形模式)、地层倾角(变形程度)、地层厚度以及岩性。
通过地层连续变形过程中节理组构样式节的对比分析,发现在岩石发生破裂之后,随着应变量的继续增加会再次破裂并产生新的节理,即节理的幕式发育。通过幕式发育过程中的节理统计和计算,简单剪切和纯剪剪切过程中岩石破裂前的应变量均为30%左右。通过相关讨论,认为在埋藏条件下岩石破裂之前除弹性变形外又经历了大量的塑性变形；破裂后的岩石的变形方式由均匀的单剪变形转变为由碎裂块体沿层间剪节理滑动和块体本身的剪切变形两部分组成。节理的幕式发育为岩石破裂后的应力应变分析提供了新的依据,并为脆-韧性域中的复杂变形分析提供了依据。
除此之外,新发展的组构分解的方法为难以观察到节理交切关系的区域的节理分期配套提供了解决途径。通过节理组构分析和节理特征验证发现研究区内存在两个期次的节理,并对各期次中应力场方向进行了分析。通过以节理为指示的应力场分析和有限元模拟发现先存断层和背斜组成的构造边界会导致非正交方向的应力发生方向偏转。并发现先存节理会造成节理间岩石块体内部的应力变化,导致产状不规律的非系统性节理的产生。
Focusing on the topic of quantitative analysis of strata strain in brittle-ductile deformation, the fracture patterns of a NE striking fold belt in the western Sichuan foreland basin, China, were analyzed based on detailed field fracture measurement according to the method of fracture fabrics analysis. Based on the precise understanding of the patterns and mechanism interpretations of fractures in anticlines, we took the phenomenon of the episodic development of fractures as evidence and realized the quantitative calculation of strata strain in brittle-ductile folding deformation.
Compared to operating methods in previous studies, the field measuring and analyzing method based on fracture fabrics in this study have many advantages. The field fracture survey supporting system is an integrated operation including measuring complex fractures in folded strata, creating a polar stereonet of fracture fabrics, analyzing the deformation mode of the fractures, and fracture divided period coordination. Based on the corresponding relationship between fractures in the outcrops and their poles in the fracture fabrics, the identification of fractures was more convenient and accurate and field observation was more targeted. Therefore with the system the efficiency and accuracy of field work could be improved. The statistics analysis of fracture fabrics is more accurate, comprehensive and intuitive, which effectively improves the precision of strain analysis and provide basis for the quantitative analysis of strata strain in brittle-ductile deformation.
With this method the survey of fracture patterns in different stages of fold evolution were accomplished. It was found that the plane conjugate shear fractures, tensile fractures parallel to fold axis, and stratabound shear fractures caused by layer parallel shear were mainly developed, and a model of the relationship between fracture development and successive folding deformation was established. According to the comparison of fracture patterns at different sampling sites, the position in folds (deformation modes), dip angle of strata (deformation degree), thickness of strata and lithology were considered as the principal controlling factors on fracture patterns and densities in the study area.
Based on comparison of fracture fabrics in the successive folding process, it was discovered that a second failure often occurred in the continuous increase of strain after the rock was firstly cracked, that was, the episodic development of fractures. Based on the orientation variation of the fractures and the dip angle of strata when failure occurred, the longitudinal strain between the two episodes was equally about30%in both pure shear and simple shear deformation. According to related discussion, it was inferred that a large ductile deformation happened before the rocks were cracked under burial conditions. After the development of stratabound shear fractures, the layer parallel shear of the folded strata was through the sliding of blocks along fractures and associated shear deformation near sliding faces, rather than uniform simple shear. The episodic development of fractures proposed a new model of fracture development and stress-strain relationship after rock failure, which could be used to trace complex brittle-ductile deformation process in the field. Moreover, the decomposition of fracture fabrics provided a new method for the relative timing of fracture formation in areas where no clear abutting relationships could be observed. According to analysis of fracture fabrics and re-examination from fracture features, it was proved fracture sets of two periods were developed in the study area, and the direction of stress field of each period was discussed. Based on fracture evidence and finite element simulation it was discovered that pre-existing fault and anticline would induce a rotation to the direction of a stress which was oblique to them. It was also found under the effect of pre-existing fractures, the stress direction in blocks between fractures would change diversely, and the non-systematic fractures were developed.
引文
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