类别特征的相似性与竞争性对特征推理的影响研究
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摘要
类别研究一直是认知心理学最为关注、投入精力最多的重大课题之一。尤其在当前,类别研究领域越来越成为国际心理学研究的热点,而特征推理是类别研究领域中的一个重要组成部分。
     目前关于特征推理的各种研究争论的焦点是:单类说与理性模型。单类说认为,人们在对一个新事物进行预测时主要关注靶类别,根据靶类别的预测特征进行推理。理性模型认为,人们根据多种信息来对事物的特征作出预测,既考虑靶类别,又考虑非靶类别。两种理论观点不同之处在于:单类说认为把目标归入靶类别后,仅在靶类别内考虑预测特征的代表性,不考虑其它类别;而理性模型认为把目标归入靶类别后,既要考虑其类别内预测特征的代表性,还要考虑预测特征在其它非靶类别中的状况。单类说主张根据一个靶类别的预测特征的相似性进行特征推理,而理性模型认为不仅需要根据靶类别的预测特征的相似性且根据非靶类别的预测特征的相似性进行特征推理。
     根据莫雷的类别学习特征概率模型的思路,本研究认为,类别不确定条件下特征推理至少要考虑3个影响因素:匹配特征数量、非匹配特征中对立特征数量和特征概率,这三个因素可以归结为相似性与竞争性。相似性是由匹配特征数量与特征概率构成,匹配特征数量越多,特征概率越高,特征推理的正确率就越高;竞争性是由对立特征数量与特征概率构成,对立特征越多,预测的特征概率越低,特征推理的正确率就越低。
     本研究设计了系列实验探讨类别特征的相似性与竞争性对特征推理的影响,力图揭示人们在归类不确定情境中是如何对新项目的缺失特征进行预测推理的规律,从而为类别学习的特征概率模型提供实证支持。
     本研究包括5个实验12个分实验,探讨三个方面的问题:第一方面探讨双类别情境中类别特征的相似性与竞争性对特征推理的影响;第二方面探讨多类别情境中类别特征的相似性与竞争性对特征推理的影响;第三方面探讨双类别情境中类别特征的相似性与竞争性的线性变化对特征推理的影响。以上三个方面分为5个实验:
Category learning is one of the most important aspects of cognitive psychology. Especially nowadays, category research becomes more and more important in international psychology research. And feature induction is an important part of category learning.
    At present the arguments of all the feature induction researches were: single-category theory and rational model.
    The single-category theory advanced that people paid more attention to target category during the induction, while the rational model advanced people inducted according to all the category information. Single-category theory indicated after people categorized the object into the target category, they would only considered the typicality of the predicting feature in the target category, and didn't considered other alternative categories. The rational model indicated that after people categorized the object into the target category, they would considered the typicality of the predicting feature in target category and also considered the predicting feature in alternative categories. The single-category theory asserted that people inferred feature only according to the similarity in target category, while the rational model asserted that people inferenced not only considering the similarity in the target categories but also considering the similarity in the alternative categories.
    In our opinion, the former researches which explored the induction only considering the similarity were not enough. Recently Mo Lei etc advanced the feature probability model which advocated that we should considered three aspects: the number of matched features, the number of unmatched features which are oppsited and the probability of features. We summarized the three aspects as: similarity and rivalrousness. Similarity involved the number of matched features and the probability of features. The similarity was bigger, the predicting probability of feature and the validity of feature prediction would be higher. Rivalrousness was composed by the
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