用离散相关函数方法分析blazar天体多波段辐射流量的相关性
摘要
活动星系核AGN是近年来天体物理学中非常活跃的研究领域，涉及到天体物理学最基本的问题，活动星系核的研究在能量产生，辐射机制和宇宙论等基本问题中占有重要的地位，正因为如此，国际上越来越多的力量投入到这一领域的理论和观测研究。活动星系核是难得的能同时从射电到γ射线波段辐射的天体。多波段观测是全面理解其中结构、物理过程以及了解各亚天体关系的基础。Blazar天体是射电噪AGN，是活动星系核的一个“子类”，以快速光变、高且变化的偏振和高光度为特征，它们是核主导的平谱射电源。它们在所有的AGN中光变时标最短、光变幅度最大。
本文综述了活动星系核的特征和主要的辐射机制，并介绍了离散相关函数，收集了119颗有γ噪的Blazar天体样品(97个平谱射电类星体和22个BL Lac天体)，用离散相关函数(DCF)方法分析了1GeVγ射线辐射流量(最大值、最小值和平均值)与8.4GHz射电流量之间的相关性。获得的主要结果为：在119个Blazar天体和97个平谱射电类星体中，γ射线辐射流量的最大值以及平均值和射电辐射流量之间有相关性；而γ射线辐射流量的最小值和射电辐射流量之间没有相关性。结果表明，γ射线和射电辐射都来自喷流，γ射线很可能产生于同步自康普顿(SSC)过程。并且用同样的方法分析了156个Blazar天体的多波段辐射流量之间的相关性。
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are very active researching-fields in astrophysics in recent years. They are related to the most fundamental problems in astrophysics. The research of Active galactic nuclei is very important in many fundamental problems, such as producing-energy, radiation mechanisms and theory of the universe. Therefore, many people devote themselves to the theoretical and observational studies in this field. Active galactic nuclei are rare objects in radiation from radio to y-ray at the same time. Multi-band observation is the foundation of the full understanding of which structure, understanding of which the physical process and the relation of sub-objects. Blazar is radio-loud active galactic nuclei. They are subset of AGN and are characterized by the rapid variability of light, strong and variable linear polarization and in any observed energy band. They are core-dominated, flat spectrum radio sources. The timescale of them is shortest in all AGN and the amplitude of variability of light is the biggest.
In this thesis, the properties and radiation mechanisms of active galactic nuclei (AGN) were reviewed. Then I introduced the Discrete Correlation Function (DCF) simply. And at the end, we collected 119 y -ray-loud Blazar(97 flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and 22 BL Lacertae objects (BL Lac)), and investigate respectively the correlation between the y-ray emission (maximum, minimum, and average data) at 1GeV and the radio emission at 8.4 GHz by discrete correlation function (DCF) method. Our result shows that the y-rays are associated with the radio mission from the jet, and that the y-ray emission is likely to have come from the synchrotron self-Compton model (SSC) process in this case. And then I analysis the multi-wave bands correlation of 156 Blazar using the
本文综述了活动星系核的特征和主要的辐射机制，并介绍了离散相关函数，收集了119颗有γ噪的Blazar天体样品(97个平谱射电类星体和22个BL Lac天体)，用离散相关函数(DCF)方法分析了1GeVγ射线辐射流量(最大值、最小值和平均值)与8.4GHz射电流量之间的相关性。获得的主要结果为：在119个Blazar天体和97个平谱射电类星体中，γ射线辐射流量的最大值以及平均值和射电辐射流量之间有相关性；而γ射线辐射流量的最小值和射电辐射流量之间没有相关性。结果表明，γ射线和射电辐射都来自喷流，γ射线很可能产生于同步自康普顿(SSC)过程。并且用同样的方法分析了156个Blazar天体的多波段辐射流量之间的相关性。
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are very active researching-fields in astrophysics in recent years. They are related to the most fundamental problems in astrophysics. The research of Active galactic nuclei is very important in many fundamental problems, such as producing-energy, radiation mechanisms and theory of the universe. Therefore, many people devote themselves to the theoretical and observational studies in this field. Active galactic nuclei are rare objects in radiation from radio to y-ray at the same time. Multi-band observation is the foundation of the full understanding of which structure, understanding of which the physical process and the relation of sub-objects. Blazar is radio-loud active galactic nuclei. They are subset of AGN and are characterized by the rapid variability of light, strong and variable linear polarization and in any observed energy band. They are core-dominated, flat spectrum radio sources. The timescale of them is shortest in all AGN and the amplitude of variability of light is the biggest.
In this thesis, the properties and radiation mechanisms of active galactic nuclei (AGN) were reviewed. Then I introduced the Discrete Correlation Function (DCF) simply. And at the end, we collected 119 y -ray-loud Blazar(97 flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and 22 BL Lacertae objects (BL Lac)), and investigate respectively the correlation between the y-ray emission (maximum, minimum, and average data) at 1GeV and the radio emission at 8.4 GHz by discrete correlation function (DCF) method. Our result shows that the y-rays are associated with the radio mission from the jet, and that the y-ray emission is likely to have come from the synchrotron self-Compton model (SSC) process in this case. And then I analysis the multi-wave bands correlation of 156 Blazar using the
引文
[1] Angel J R P & Stochman H S. Optical and infrared polarization of active extragalactic objects[J]. ARA & A, 1980, 18: 321.
[2] Blandford R D, & Rees M J. 1978, in Pittsburgh Conf. On BL Lac Objects, ed, A. M. wolfe (Pittsburgh: Univ. Pittsburgh Press), 328.
[3] Woltijer L. In: Courvoisier T. J. L, Mayor M. ed. Active Galactic Nuclei[M]. Berlin: Spring-Verlag Press, P1.
[4] 周又元，袋和俊，王挺贵．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P471．
[5][6] 周又元，袋和俊，王挺贵．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P472．
[7] 何香涛．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P534．
[8] Greenstein J L and Oke J B, TON202. A Quasia-stellar Radio Source[J]. PASP, 1970, 82: 898.
[9] 谢光中，刘碧芳．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P574．
[10] Stickel M, Fried J W, Kuehr H, Padovani P, Urry C M. The complete sample of 1 Jansky BL Lacertae objects. Ⅰ-Summary properties[J]. ApJ, 1991,374:431S.
[11] Stocke J T, Morris S L, Gioia I et al. No Evidence For Radio-Quiet BL Lacertae Objects[J]. ApJ, 1990,348:141.
[12] 谢光中，刘碧芳．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P574．
[13] Padovani P & Giommi P. The connection between x-ray- and radio-selected BL Lacertae objects[J]. ApJ, 1995,444:567.
[14] Fossati G, Cilotti A, Ghisellini G, Marasch L. Unifying models for X-ray- selected and radio-selected BL Lac objects[J]. MNRAS, 1997,289:136.
[15] Peflman E S, Padovani P, Giommi P, Sambruna R, Jones L R, Tzioumis A & Reynolds J. The Deep X-Ray Radio Blazar Survey. Ⅰ. Methods and First Results[J]. AJ, 1998,115:1253.
[16] Padovani Paolo, Morganti Raffaella, Siebert Joachim, Vagnetti Fausto, Cimatti Andrea. BeppoSAX observations of 2-Jy lobe-dominated broad-line sources -Ⅰ. The discovery of a hard X-ray component[J]. MNRAS, 1999,304:829.
[17] Sambruna Rita M, Maraschi Laura, Urry C Megan. On the Spectral Energy Distributions of Blazars[J]. ApJ, 1996,463:444.[18]Padovani Paolo,Morganti Raffaella,Siebert Joachim, Vagnetti Fausto,Cimatti Andrea BeppoSAX observations of 2-Jy lobe-dominated broad-line sources - I.The discovery of a hard X-ray component [J]. MNRAS,1999,304:829.
[19]Fossati G Maraschi L,Celotti A,Comastri A.Ghisellini GA unifying view of the spectral energy distributions of Blazars [J]. MNRAS,1998,299:433.
[20]Perlman Eric S,Stocke John T.The radio structure source of X-ray-selected BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ,1993,406: 430.
[21]Perlman Eric S,Stocke John T.New very large array maps of highly core-dominated BL Lacs: Testing unified scheme [J]. AJ,1994,108:56.
[22]Rector Travis A.Stocke John T,Perlman Eric S.A Search for Low-Luminosity BL Lacertae Objects [J]. ApJ, 1999,516:145.
[23]Jannuzi Buell T,Smith Paul S,Elston Richard.The optical polarization properties of X-ray- selected BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ,1994,428:130.
[24]Stocke John T,Morris Simon L,Gioia I M,Maccacaro T.Schild R,Wolter A, Fleming Thomas A,Henry J Patrick.The Einstein Observatory Extended Medium- Sensitivity Survey. II - The optical identifications [J]. ApJS.l991,76:813.
[25] Perlman Eric S,Stocke John T et al.The Einstein Slew Survey Sample of BL Lacertae Objects[J]. ApJS,1996,104:251.
[26]Urry C Megan,Padovani Paolo.Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei [J]. PASP,1995,107:803.
[27]Padovani Paolo,Giommi Paolo,Fiore Fabrizio.Are the X-ray spectra of flat-spectrum radio quasars and BL Lacertae objects different [J]. MNRAS, 1997,284:569.
[28]Morris Simon L,Stocke John T.Gioia Isabella M et al.The luminosity function and cosmolo- gical evolution of X-ray-selected BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ, 1991,380:49.
[29]Wolter Anna,Caccianiga Alessandro,della Ceca Roberto.Maccacaro Tommaso.Luminosity functions of BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ, 1994,433:29W.
[30]Bade N,Beckmann V,Douglas N G Barthel P D.Engels D.Cordis L,Nass P.Voges W.On the evolutionary behaviour of BL Lac objects [J]. A&A.1998,334:459.
[31]Giommi P,Menna M T,Padovani P.The sedentary multifrequency survey - I. Statistical identification and cosmological properties of high-energy peaked BL Lacs [J]. MNRAS, 1999,??310:465.
[32] Urry C Megan, Padovani Paolo. Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei[J]. PASP, 1995,107:803.
[33] Angel J R P, Stockman H S. Optical and infrared polarization of active extragalactic objects[J]. ARA & A, 1980,18:321.
[34] Fossati G. Ph. D. Thesis,1998. SISSA.
[35] Miller H R, Carini M T, Goodrich B D. Detection of microvariability for BL Lacertae objects[J]. Nature, 1989,337:627.
[36] Fugmann W. Are all flat-spectrum radio sources Blazars[J]. A & A, 1988,205:86.
[37] Ghisellini Gabriele, Maraschi Laura. Bulk acceleration in relativistic jets and the spectral properties of Blaxars[J]. ApJ, 1989,340:181.
[38] Ghisellini G, Maraschi L, Treves A, Tanzi E G. Spectral properties of Blazars. Ⅰ-Objects observed in the far-ultraviolet. Ⅱ-an X-ray observed sample[J]. ApJ, 1986,310:317G.
[39] Impey, C. D.; Neugebauer, G., Energy distributions of Blazars[J]. AJ, 1988,95:307I.
[40] Brown L M J, Robson E I, Gear W K et al. Multifrequency observations of Blazars. Ⅲ-The spectral shape of the radio to X-ray continuum[J]. ApJ, 1989,340:129B.
[41] Brown L M J, Robson E I, Gear W K, Smith M G. Multifrequency observations of Blazars. Ⅳ-The variability of the radio to ultraviolet continuum[J]. ApJ, 1989,340:150B.
[42] Barvainis Richard. Hot dust and the near-infrared bump in the continuum spectra of quasars and active galactic nuclei[J]. ApJ, 1987,320:537B.
[43] Urry C M, Mushotzky R F, Holt S S. X-ray spectroscopy of five BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ, 1986,305:369U.
[44] Giommi P, Barr P, Pollock A M T, Garilli B, Maccagni D. A study of BL Lacertae-type objects with Exosat. Ⅰ-Flux correlations, luminosity variability, and spectral variability[J]. ApJ, 1990,356: 432G.
[45] Bar P et al. 1989, in BL Lac Object[M]. P290.
[46] Madejskl G M & Schwartz D A. 1989, in BL Lac Objects[M]. P267.
[47] Bregmarm J N. Continuum radiation from active galactic nuclei[J]. A & A Rev, 1990,2:125.
[48] 周又元，袋和俊，王挺贵．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P481．
[49] Miller H R. The recent optical variability of 3C 446[J]. ApJ, 1981,244:426.[50] 谢光中，李开华，鲍梦贤等．6个BL Lacertae天体的短时标光变[J]．1985,科学通报，23：47．
[51] Bertaud C, Wlerick G, Veron P et al. Etude photometrique de BL Lacertae[J]. A & A, 1973,24:357B.
[52] X Zhang, G Zhao, Z H Xie, Y G Zbeng and S M Hu. CCD photometry and long-term optical varibility of gamma-ray-loud BL Lacertae object mkn 421. in press.
[53] Zhang X, Xie G Z, Bai J M. Computing the period of light variability in BL Lac objects using the Jurkevich method[J]. AcApS, 1998,18:260.
[54] Zhang X, Xie G Z, Bai J M. A historical light curve of 3C 345 and its periodic analysis[J]. A & A, 1998,330:469.
[55] Fan J H, Xie G Z, Lin R G et al. The long-term variability of BL Lac object PKS 0735+178[J]. A & AS, 1997,125:525.
[56] Fan J H, Xie G Z, Pecontal E, Pecontal A, Copin Y. Historic Light Curve and Long-Term Optical Variation of BL Lacertae 2200+420[J]. ApJ, 1998,507:173F.
[57] Liu F K, Xie G Z. A historical light curve of ON 231 and its periodic analysis[J]. A & A, 1995,295:1L.
[58] Liu F K, Liu B F, Xie G Z. The long-term optical behavior of MKN 421[J]. A & AS, 1997,123:569.
[59] 尤俊汉．天体物理中的辐射机制(第二版)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998，P147-263．
[60] Blumenthol and Gould Bremsstrahlung. Synchrotron Radiation, and Compton Scattering of High-Energy Electrons Traversing Dilute Gases[J]. Rev. Mod. Phys, 1970,42:237.
[61] Gaskell C M, Sparke L S. Line variations in quasars and Seyfert galaxies[J]. ApJ, 1986,305:175.
[62] Edelson R A, Krolik J H. The discrete correlation function-A new method for analyzing unevenly sampled variability data[J]. ApJ, 1988,333:646.
[63] White Russell J, Peterson Bradley M. Comments on cross-correlation methodology in variability studies of active galactic nuclei[J]. PASP, 1994,106:S79W.
[64] Peterson Bradley M, Wanders lgnaz et al. Optical Continuum and EmiSsion-Line Variability of Seyfert 1 Galaxies[J]. ApJ, 1998,501:82P.
[65] Rebillot P F, Badran H M, Blaylock G et al. Multiwavelength Observations of the Blazar Markarian 421 in 2002 December and 2003 January[J]. ApJ, 2006,641:740R.[66] Fan J H, Lin R G. The variability analysis of PKS 2155-304[J]. A & A, 2000,355:880F.
[67] yon Montigny C, Bertsch D L, Chiang J et al. High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from Active Galaxies: EGRET Observations and Their Implications[J]. ApJ, 1995,440:525.
[68] Punch M, Akerlof C W, Cawley M F et al. Detection of TeV photons from the active galaxy Markarian 421[J]. Nature, 1992,358:477.
[69] Quinn J, Akerlof C W, Biller S et al. Detection of Gamma Rays with E＞300 GeV from Markarian 501[J]. ApJ, 1996, 456L:83Q.
[70] Catanese M, Akerlof C W, Badran H Met al. Discovery of Gamma-Ray Emission above 350 GeV from the BL Laeertae Object 1ES 2344+514[J]. ApJ, 1998,501:616.
[71] Dermer C D, Sehliekeiser R, Mastiehiadis A. High-energy gamma radiation from extragalactic radio sources[J]. A & A, 1992,256L:27.
[72] Blandford R D, Levinson A. Pair cascades in extragalactic jets. 1: Gamma rays[J]. ApJ, 1995,441:79.
[73] Zdziarski Andrzej A, Krolik Julian H. Compton scattering and the gamma-ray power-law spectrum in Markarian 421[J]. ApJ, 1993,409L:33.
[74] Mannheim K, Biermann P L. Gamma-ray flaring of 3C 279-A proton-initiated cascade in the jet[J]. A & A, 1992,253L:21M.
[75] Cheng K S, Ding W K Y. On the gamma-ray emission from Markarian 421[J]. A & A, 1994,288:97.
[76] Lu Jun Li. Nonthermal effect of dilatonic black holes[J]. Chin. Phys., 2005,14:263L.
[77] Dondi Laura, Ghisellini Gabriele. Gamma-ray-loud blazars and beaming[J]. MNRAS, 1995,273:583.
[78] Xie G Z, Zhang Y H, Fan J H. The Relation between Gamma-Ray and Near-Infrared Radiation in Gamma-Ray-loud Blazars[J]. ApJ, 1997,477:114.
[79] Fan J H. Gamma-ray emission of Blazars[J]. Ap & SS, 1997,246:119.
[80] Miicke A, Pohl M, Reieh P et al. On the correlation between radio and gamma-ray luminosities of active galactic nuclei.[J]. A & A, 1997,320:33.
[81] Zhang X，Xie G Z，Zhao G，Ma L and Bai J M．Study of Gamma-my and Near-infrared emission of Gamma-ray-Loud-Loud Blazars Object[J]．Acta Phys．Sin．，2000，49：379(in Chinese)[张雄，谢光中，赵刚，马力，白金明．γ噪Blazar天体的γ射线和近红外光辐射研究[J]．物理学??报，2000，49：379]．
[82] Yang Jiang He, Fan Jun Hui. The Correlation between Gamma-ray and Radio Emissions in gamma-ray Loud Blazars[J]. ChJAA, 2005,5:229.
[83] He Jin, Xie G Z. A Linear Dependence between the Magnitude and the Logarithm of the Length of the Time the Quasars OJ287 and 3C345 Stay below this Magnitude[J]. Ap & SS, 1997,254:223H.
[84] Edelson R A, Krolik J H. The discrete correlation function-A new method for analyzing unevenly sampled variability data[J]. ApJ, 1988,333:646.
[85] Qian Bocben, Tao Jun, Fan Jun hui. The Time Lag between shape V and shape Ⅰ in S5 0716+714 during the 1995 January 8 Burst[J]. PASJ, 2000,52:1075.
[86] Peterson B M, Alloin D, Axon D et al. Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei. Ⅲ-Further observations of NGC 5548 at optical wavelengths[J]. ApJ, 1992,392:470.
[87] Zhou Y Y, Lu Y J, Wang T G, Yu K N, Young E C M. Correlafion Between VLBI Radio Flux and Gamma-Ray Flux of EGRET Active Galactic Nuclei[J]. ApJ, 1997,454L:47.
[88] Fan J H, Adam G, Xie G Z, Cao S L, Lin R G, Copin Y. Correlation between the gamma -ray and the radio emissions[J]. A & A, 1998,335:27.
[89] Cheng K S, Zhang X, Zhang L. Gamma-Ray and Multi-Wave Band Emission from Gamma-Ray-loud Blazars[J]. ApJ, 2000, 537: 80.
[90] Zhang Li, Fan Jui Hui, Cheng Kwong Sang. The Multiwavelength Doppler Factors for a Sample of Gamma-Ray Loud Blazars[J]. PASJ, 2002,54:159.
[91] Zhang Xiong, Zhao Gang, Cheng Guang Sbeng, Zhang Li. Gamma-Ray and Multiwaveband Emission from Gamma-Ray-Loud BL Lacertae Objects[J]. Chin. Phys. Lett., 2003,20:1183.
[92] Zhang L, Cheng K S, Fan J H. The Radio and Gamma-Ray Luminosities of Blazars[J]. PASJ, 2001,53:207Z.
[2] Blandford R D, & Rees M J. 1978, in Pittsburgh Conf. On BL Lac Objects, ed, A. M. wolfe (Pittsburgh: Univ. Pittsburgh Press), 328.
[3] Woltijer L. In: Courvoisier T. J. L, Mayor M. ed. Active Galactic Nuclei[M]. Berlin: Spring-Verlag Press, P1.
[4] 周又元，袋和俊，王挺贵．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P471．
[5][6] 周又元，袋和俊，王挺贵．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P472．
[7] 何香涛．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P534．
[8] Greenstein J L and Oke J B, TON202. A Quasia-stellar Radio Source[J]. PASP, 1970, 82: 898.
[9] 谢光中，刘碧芳．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P574．
[10] Stickel M, Fried J W, Kuehr H, Padovani P, Urry C M. The complete sample of 1 Jansky BL Lacertae objects. Ⅰ-Summary properties[J]. ApJ, 1991,374:431S.
[11] Stocke J T, Morris S L, Gioia I et al. No Evidence For Radio-Quiet BL Lacertae Objects[J]. ApJ, 1990,348:141.
[12] 谢光中，刘碧芳．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P574．
[13] Padovani P & Giommi P. The connection between x-ray- and radio-selected BL Lacertae objects[J]. ApJ, 1995,444:567.
[14] Fossati G, Cilotti A, Ghisellini G, Marasch L. Unifying models for X-ray- selected and radio-selected BL Lac objects[J]. MNRAS, 1997,289:136.
[15] Peflman E S, Padovani P, Giommi P, Sambruna R, Jones L R, Tzioumis A & Reynolds J. The Deep X-Ray Radio Blazar Survey. Ⅰ. Methods and First Results[J]. AJ, 1998,115:1253.
[16] Padovani Paolo, Morganti Raffaella, Siebert Joachim, Vagnetti Fausto, Cimatti Andrea. BeppoSAX observations of 2-Jy lobe-dominated broad-line sources -Ⅰ. The discovery of a hard X-ray component[J]. MNRAS, 1999,304:829.
[17] Sambruna Rita M, Maraschi Laura, Urry C Megan. On the Spectral Energy Distributions of Blazars[J]. ApJ, 1996,463:444.[18]Padovani Paolo,Morganti Raffaella,Siebert Joachim, Vagnetti Fausto,Cimatti Andrea BeppoSAX observations of 2-Jy lobe-dominated broad-line sources - I.The discovery of a hard X-ray component [J]. MNRAS,1999,304:829.
[19]Fossati G Maraschi L,Celotti A,Comastri A.Ghisellini GA unifying view of the spectral energy distributions of Blazars [J]. MNRAS,1998,299:433.
[20]Perlman Eric S,Stocke John T.The radio structure source of X-ray-selected BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ,1993,406: 430.
[21]Perlman Eric S,Stocke John T.New very large array maps of highly core-dominated BL Lacs: Testing unified scheme [J]. AJ,1994,108:56.
[22]Rector Travis A.Stocke John T,Perlman Eric S.A Search for Low-Luminosity BL Lacertae Objects [J]. ApJ, 1999,516:145.
[23]Jannuzi Buell T,Smith Paul S,Elston Richard.The optical polarization properties of X-ray- selected BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ,1994,428:130.
[24]Stocke John T,Morris Simon L,Gioia I M,Maccacaro T.Schild R,Wolter A, Fleming Thomas A,Henry J Patrick.The Einstein Observatory Extended Medium- Sensitivity Survey. II - The optical identifications [J]. ApJS.l991,76:813.
[25] Perlman Eric S,Stocke John T et al.The Einstein Slew Survey Sample of BL Lacertae Objects[J]. ApJS,1996,104:251.
[26]Urry C Megan,Padovani Paolo.Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei [J]. PASP,1995,107:803.
[27]Padovani Paolo,Giommi Paolo,Fiore Fabrizio.Are the X-ray spectra of flat-spectrum radio quasars and BL Lacertae objects different [J]. MNRAS, 1997,284:569.
[28]Morris Simon L,Stocke John T.Gioia Isabella M et al.The luminosity function and cosmolo- gical evolution of X-ray-selected BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ, 1991,380:49.
[29]Wolter Anna,Caccianiga Alessandro,della Ceca Roberto.Maccacaro Tommaso.Luminosity functions of BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ, 1994,433:29W.
[30]Bade N,Beckmann V,Douglas N G Barthel P D.Engels D.Cordis L,Nass P.Voges W.On the evolutionary behaviour of BL Lac objects [J]. A&A.1998,334:459.
[31]Giommi P,Menna M T,Padovani P.The sedentary multifrequency survey - I. Statistical identification and cosmological properties of high-energy peaked BL Lacs [J]. MNRAS, 1999,??310:465.
[32] Urry C Megan, Padovani Paolo. Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei[J]. PASP, 1995,107:803.
[33] Angel J R P, Stockman H S. Optical and infrared polarization of active extragalactic objects[J]. ARA & A, 1980,18:321.
[34] Fossati G. Ph. D. Thesis,1998. SISSA.
[35] Miller H R, Carini M T, Goodrich B D. Detection of microvariability for BL Lacertae objects[J]. Nature, 1989,337:627.
[36] Fugmann W. Are all flat-spectrum radio sources Blazars[J]. A & A, 1988,205:86.
[37] Ghisellini Gabriele, Maraschi Laura. Bulk acceleration in relativistic jets and the spectral properties of Blaxars[J]. ApJ, 1989,340:181.
[38] Ghisellini G, Maraschi L, Treves A, Tanzi E G. Spectral properties of Blazars. Ⅰ-Objects observed in the far-ultraviolet. Ⅱ-an X-ray observed sample[J]. ApJ, 1986,310:317G.
[39] Impey, C. D.; Neugebauer, G., Energy distributions of Blazars[J]. AJ, 1988,95:307I.
[40] Brown L M J, Robson E I, Gear W K et al. Multifrequency observations of Blazars. Ⅲ-The spectral shape of the radio to X-ray continuum[J]. ApJ, 1989,340:129B.
[41] Brown L M J, Robson E I, Gear W K, Smith M G. Multifrequency observations of Blazars. Ⅳ-The variability of the radio to ultraviolet continuum[J]. ApJ, 1989,340:150B.
[42] Barvainis Richard. Hot dust and the near-infrared bump in the continuum spectra of quasars and active galactic nuclei[J]. ApJ, 1987,320:537B.
[43] Urry C M, Mushotzky R F, Holt S S. X-ray spectroscopy of five BL Lacertae objects [J]. ApJ, 1986,305:369U.
[44] Giommi P, Barr P, Pollock A M T, Garilli B, Maccagni D. A study of BL Lacertae-type objects with Exosat. Ⅰ-Flux correlations, luminosity variability, and spectral variability[J]. ApJ, 1990,356: 432G.
[45] Bar P et al. 1989, in BL Lac Object[M]. P290.
[46] Madejskl G M & Schwartz D A. 1989, in BL Lac Objects[M]. P267.
[47] Bregmarm J N. Continuum radiation from active galactic nuclei[J]. A & A Rev, 1990,2:125.
[48] 周又元，袋和俊，王挺贵．90年代天体物理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1996，P481．
[49] Miller H R. The recent optical variability of 3C 446[J]. ApJ, 1981,244:426.[50] 谢光中，李开华，鲍梦贤等．6个BL Lacertae天体的短时标光变[J]．1985,科学通报，23：47．
[51] Bertaud C, Wlerick G, Veron P et al. Etude photometrique de BL Lacertae[J]. A & A, 1973,24:357B.
[52] X Zhang, G Zhao, Z H Xie, Y G Zbeng and S M Hu. CCD photometry and long-term optical varibility of gamma-ray-loud BL Lacertae object mkn 421. in press.
[53] Zhang X, Xie G Z, Bai J M. Computing the period of light variability in BL Lac objects using the Jurkevich method[J]. AcApS, 1998,18:260.
[54] Zhang X, Xie G Z, Bai J M. A historical light curve of 3C 345 and its periodic analysis[J]. A & A, 1998,330:469.
[55] Fan J H, Xie G Z, Lin R G et al. The long-term variability of BL Lac object PKS 0735+178[J]. A & AS, 1997,125:525.
[56] Fan J H, Xie G Z, Pecontal E, Pecontal A, Copin Y. Historic Light Curve and Long-Term Optical Variation of BL Lacertae 2200+420[J]. ApJ, 1998,507:173F.
[57] Liu F K, Xie G Z. A historical light curve of ON 231 and its periodic analysis[J]. A & A, 1995,295:1L.
[58] Liu F K, Liu B F, Xie G Z. The long-term optical behavior of MKN 421[J]. A & AS, 1997,123:569.
[59] 尤俊汉．天体物理中的辐射机制(第二版)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1998，P147-263．
[60] Blumenthol and Gould Bremsstrahlung. Synchrotron Radiation, and Compton Scattering of High-Energy Electrons Traversing Dilute Gases[J]. Rev. Mod. Phys, 1970,42:237.
[61] Gaskell C M, Sparke L S. Line variations in quasars and Seyfert galaxies[J]. ApJ, 1986,305:175.
[62] Edelson R A, Krolik J H. The discrete correlation function-A new method for analyzing unevenly sampled variability data[J]. ApJ, 1988,333:646.
[63] White Russell J, Peterson Bradley M. Comments on cross-correlation methodology in variability studies of active galactic nuclei[J]. PASP, 1994,106:S79W.
[64] Peterson Bradley M, Wanders lgnaz et al. Optical Continuum and EmiSsion-Line Variability of Seyfert 1 Galaxies[J]. ApJ, 1998,501:82P.
[65] Rebillot P F, Badran H M, Blaylock G et al. Multiwavelength Observations of the Blazar Markarian 421 in 2002 December and 2003 January[J]. ApJ, 2006,641:740R.[66] Fan J H, Lin R G. The variability analysis of PKS 2155-304[J]. A & A, 2000,355:880F.
[67] yon Montigny C, Bertsch D L, Chiang J et al. High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from Active Galaxies: EGRET Observations and Their Implications[J]. ApJ, 1995,440:525.
[68] Punch M, Akerlof C W, Cawley M F et al. Detection of TeV photons from the active galaxy Markarian 421[J]. Nature, 1992,358:477.
[69] Quinn J, Akerlof C W, Biller S et al. Detection of Gamma Rays with E＞300 GeV from Markarian 501[J]. ApJ, 1996, 456L:83Q.
[70] Catanese M, Akerlof C W, Badran H Met al. Discovery of Gamma-Ray Emission above 350 GeV from the BL Laeertae Object 1ES 2344+514[J]. ApJ, 1998,501:616.
[71] Dermer C D, Sehliekeiser R, Mastiehiadis A. High-energy gamma radiation from extragalactic radio sources[J]. A & A, 1992,256L:27.
[72] Blandford R D, Levinson A. Pair cascades in extragalactic jets. 1: Gamma rays[J]. ApJ, 1995,441:79.
[73] Zdziarski Andrzej A, Krolik Julian H. Compton scattering and the gamma-ray power-law spectrum in Markarian 421[J]. ApJ, 1993,409L:33.
[74] Mannheim K, Biermann P L. Gamma-ray flaring of 3C 279-A proton-initiated cascade in the jet[J]. A & A, 1992,253L:21M.
[75] Cheng K S, Ding W K Y. On the gamma-ray emission from Markarian 421[J]. A & A, 1994,288:97.
[76] Lu Jun Li. Nonthermal effect of dilatonic black holes[J]. Chin. Phys., 2005,14:263L.
[77] Dondi Laura, Ghisellini Gabriele. Gamma-ray-loud blazars and beaming[J]. MNRAS, 1995,273:583.
[78] Xie G Z, Zhang Y H, Fan J H. The Relation between Gamma-Ray and Near-Infrared Radiation in Gamma-Ray-loud Blazars[J]. ApJ, 1997,477:114.
[79] Fan J H. Gamma-ray emission of Blazars[J]. Ap & SS, 1997,246:119.
[80] Miicke A, Pohl M, Reieh P et al. On the correlation between radio and gamma-ray luminosities of active galactic nuclei.[J]. A & A, 1997,320:33.
[81] Zhang X，Xie G Z，Zhao G，Ma L and Bai J M．Study of Gamma-my and Near-infrared emission of Gamma-ray-Loud-Loud Blazars Object[J]．Acta Phys．Sin．，2000，49：379(in Chinese)[张雄，谢光中，赵刚，马力，白金明．γ噪Blazar天体的γ射线和近红外光辐射研究[J]．物理学??报，2000，49：379]．
[82] Yang Jiang He, Fan Jun Hui. The Correlation between Gamma-ray and Radio Emissions in gamma-ray Loud Blazars[J]. ChJAA, 2005,5:229.
[83] He Jin, Xie G Z. A Linear Dependence between the Magnitude and the Logarithm of the Length of the Time the Quasars OJ287 and 3C345 Stay below this Magnitude[J]. Ap & SS, 1997,254:223H.
[84] Edelson R A, Krolik J H. The discrete correlation function-A new method for analyzing unevenly sampled variability data[J]. ApJ, 1988,333:646.
[85] Qian Bocben, Tao Jun, Fan Jun hui. The Time Lag between shape V and shape Ⅰ in S5 0716+714 during the 1995 January 8 Burst[J]. PASJ, 2000,52:1075.
[86] Peterson B M, Alloin D, Axon D et al. Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei. Ⅲ-Further observations of NGC 5548 at optical wavelengths[J]. ApJ, 1992,392:470.
[87] Zhou Y Y, Lu Y J, Wang T G, Yu K N, Young E C M. Correlafion Between VLBI Radio Flux and Gamma-Ray Flux of EGRET Active Galactic Nuclei[J]. ApJ, 1997,454L:47.
[88] Fan J H, Adam G, Xie G Z, Cao S L, Lin R G, Copin Y. Correlation between the gamma -ray and the radio emissions[J]. A & A, 1998,335:27.
[89] Cheng K S, Zhang X, Zhang L. Gamma-Ray and Multi-Wave Band Emission from Gamma-Ray-loud Blazars[J]. ApJ, 2000, 537: 80.
[90] Zhang Li, Fan Jui Hui, Cheng Kwong Sang. The Multiwavelength Doppler Factors for a Sample of Gamma-Ray Loud Blazars[J]. PASJ, 2002,54:159.
[91] Zhang Xiong, Zhao Gang, Cheng Guang Sbeng, Zhang Li. Gamma-Ray and Multiwaveband Emission from Gamma-Ray-Loud BL Lacertae Objects[J]. Chin. Phys. Lett., 2003,20:1183.
[92] Zhang L, Cheng K S, Fan J H. The Radio and Gamma-Ray Luminosities of Blazars[J]. PASJ, 2001,53:207Z.