不同空调房间室内颗粒物的演变规律
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摘要
室内环境对人体健康有着重要的影响,空调系统的主要目的就是为室内人员创造一个健康、舒适的环境。但是随着对颗粒物污染研究的深入,有关颗粒物对人体的危害已成为主要问题。
室内的主要污染物以气体和颗粒物的形式存在,合理的通风系统对室内污染物的清除具有十分重要的作用。但是大多数通风和空调系统的设计没有考虑气流中的颗粒物沉积,而许多流行病学的研究都表明空气污染性健康问题与可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))有关。对于办公室以及其他类似的工作环境、医院和学校等,主要的颗粒污染源是室外空气。因此,本文对不同空调房间室内颗粒物的演变规律进行了研究。
本文根据颗粒物的动力学特性,采用FLUENT程序,利用所得的背景颗粒物测量资料,选取混合通风房间和地板送风两种代表性的送风方式,对室内气流、温度和颗粒物浓度分布进行了数值模拟。结果发现室内粒子浓度对室外粒子浓度具有直接的依赖性;并且地板送风送入的空气更洁净,特别是工作区与人员呼吸区,与混合通风相比更加符合人体舒适性的要求。
通过对粒子源位于不同空调房间不同高度位置处室内颗粒物的运动、扩散和沉积的模拟结果分析,一方面发现颗粒物对人体健康的影响与颗粒物污染源的位置有关,当室内污染源位于办公平面时对人体健康危害最大;另一方面,混合通风比地板送风系统在人体上形成的沉积量大,而地板送风相对混合通风在地板上的沉积量大很多,但是如果能保证定期仔细清洁地板送风房间的地面粒子沉积,地板送风系统对室内不同位置粒子污染的抑止和清除作用都优于混合通风。同时,还分析了典型状况下室内细粒子浓度的时间演化效应。
The most important environment in relation to our health is the indoor environment. The main purpose of HVAC systems is to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for the occupants of the space. But more and more concern is focusing on the indoor particle pollution and its effect on human health in the current days.
The typical contaminants in buildings are presence in the form of gases and particles. Ventilation plays a key role in the dilution and removal of contaminants within indoors. But most ventilation and air conditioning systems are designed without much concern about how separating particles behave in ventilation air flow, and many epidemiological studies showed that air pollution related health problems have extensive relation to inhalable particles. For office and other similar work-related environments, hospitals, schools etc, the main source of pollutants is often outdoor air. In the present paper, the characteristics and evolution of particle size distributions in different ventilation rooms.
Based on the aerosol particle dynamic equation and the monitoring date of Chengdu's outdoor particle concentration, the FLUENT code is employed to simulate the particle motion and deposition in Mixing Ventilation (MV) and Under-Floor Air Distribution (UFAD) rooms, and the characteristics of rooms airflow, temperature and particle concentration are evaluated and estimated. The numerical results show that the variation of indoor particle concentration is directly influenced by outdoor particle concentration; and compared to MV rooms, the supply air within UFAD rooms is much cleaner, especially at the work area and respiratory district, and more in line with the requirements of human comfort.
In addition, the results of the simulations about particle movement, diffusion and deposition in different ventilation rooms and different height indicate that: first, particle pollution on human health effects is relevant to pollution sources location, particularly pollution sources located in official surface. Second, the amounts of particle deposition on persons in MV rooms are more than UFAD rooms, whereas particle depositions on floors are reverse, but if being able to ensure to clean depositions in UFAD rooms regularly, UFAD is better than MV at restraining and eliminating particle contaminants which at different locations. Meanwhile, the time evolution of fine particle in MV and UFAD rooms under typical conditions is analyzed.
室内的主要污染物以气体和颗粒物的形式存在,合理的通风系统对室内污染物的清除具有十分重要的作用。但是大多数通风和空调系统的设计没有考虑气流中的颗粒物沉积,而许多流行病学的研究都表明空气污染性健康问题与可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))有关。对于办公室以及其他类似的工作环境、医院和学校等,主要的颗粒污染源是室外空气。因此,本文对不同空调房间室内颗粒物的演变规律进行了研究。
本文根据颗粒物的动力学特性,采用FLUENT程序,利用所得的背景颗粒物测量资料,选取混合通风房间和地板送风两种代表性的送风方式,对室内气流、温度和颗粒物浓度分布进行了数值模拟。结果发现室内粒子浓度对室外粒子浓度具有直接的依赖性;并且地板送风送入的空气更洁净,特别是工作区与人员呼吸区,与混合通风相比更加符合人体舒适性的要求。
通过对粒子源位于不同空调房间不同高度位置处室内颗粒物的运动、扩散和沉积的模拟结果分析,一方面发现颗粒物对人体健康的影响与颗粒物污染源的位置有关,当室内污染源位于办公平面时对人体健康危害最大;另一方面,混合通风比地板送风系统在人体上形成的沉积量大,而地板送风相对混合通风在地板上的沉积量大很多,但是如果能保证定期仔细清洁地板送风房间的地面粒子沉积,地板送风系统对室内不同位置粒子污染的抑止和清除作用都优于混合通风。同时,还分析了典型状况下室内细粒子浓度的时间演化效应。
The most important environment in relation to our health is the indoor environment. The main purpose of HVAC systems is to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for the occupants of the space. But more and more concern is focusing on the indoor particle pollution and its effect on human health in the current days.
The typical contaminants in buildings are presence in the form of gases and particles. Ventilation plays a key role in the dilution and removal of contaminants within indoors. But most ventilation and air conditioning systems are designed without much concern about how separating particles behave in ventilation air flow, and many epidemiological studies showed that air pollution related health problems have extensive relation to inhalable particles. For office and other similar work-related environments, hospitals, schools etc, the main source of pollutants is often outdoor air. In the present paper, the characteristics and evolution of particle size distributions in different ventilation rooms.
Based on the aerosol particle dynamic equation and the monitoring date of Chengdu's outdoor particle concentration, the FLUENT code is employed to simulate the particle motion and deposition in Mixing Ventilation (MV) and Under-Floor Air Distribution (UFAD) rooms, and the characteristics of rooms airflow, temperature and particle concentration are evaluated and estimated. The numerical results show that the variation of indoor particle concentration is directly influenced by outdoor particle concentration; and compared to MV rooms, the supply air within UFAD rooms is much cleaner, especially at the work area and respiratory district, and more in line with the requirements of human comfort.
In addition, the results of the simulations about particle movement, diffusion and deposition in different ventilation rooms and different height indicate that: first, particle pollution on human health effects is relevant to pollution sources location, particularly pollution sources located in official surface. Second, the amounts of particle deposition on persons in MV rooms are more than UFAD rooms, whereas particle depositions on floors are reverse, but if being able to ensure to clean depositions in UFAD rooms regularly, UFAD is better than MV at restraining and eliminating particle contaminants which at different locations. Meanwhile, the time evolution of fine particle in MV and UFAD rooms under typical conditions is analyzed.
引文
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[2]Jones A P.Indoor air quality and health.Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(28):4535-4564
[3]Coils J.Air Pollution.New York:Spon Press,2nd ed.,2002.
[4]Dockery D W,Pope C A,Xu X P et al.An association between air pollution and mortality in six United-States cities.New England Journal of Medicine,1993,329:1753-1759.
[5]Pope C A,Bates D V,Raizenne M E.Health effects of particulate air pollution.Time for reassessment?Environment Health Perspectives,1995,103(5):472-480.
[6]Thatcher T L,Layton D W.Deposition,resuspension and penetration of particles within a residence.Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(13):1487-1497.
[7]Yocom J E.Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships.J of APCA,1982,32(5):500-520.
[8]樊曙先,樊建凌等.南京市区与郊区PM2.5的对比分析.中国环境科学,2005,25(2):146-150.
[9]王玮,汤大刚,刘红杰等.中国PM2.5污染状况和污染特征的研究.环境科学研究,2000,13(1):2-5.
[10]张 晶,陈宗良,王玮.北京大气小颗粒物的源解析.环境科学学报,1997,18(1):62-67.
[11]王玮,岳欣,刘红杰等.交通来源颗粒物排放因子的研究.2001,14(4):36-40.
[12]Hands W C.Aerosol Technology:Properties,Behavior,and Measurement of Airborne Particles.New York.Wiley,1998.
[13]Preining O.The science of ultrafine aerosols.Pure & Applied Chemistry,1992,64(11):1679-1684.
[14]戴树桂,张林.论城市室内气溶胶污染问题.城市环境与城市生态,1998,3:55-58.
[15]Wang Z,Bai Z,Yu H,et al.Regulatory standards related to building energy conservation and indoor-air-quality during rapid urbanization in China.Energy and Buildings,2004,36(12):1299-1308.
[16]Hansen S J.Managing Indoor Air Quality.The Fairmont Press Inc.,1995.
[17]黄廷磊等.室内空气中颗粒状污染物的计数技术.应用光学,2000,21(2):17-22.
[18]胡 伟,魏复盛,滕恩江等.中国四城市空气污染及其对儿童呼吸健康影响的分析.中国环境科学,2000,20(5):425-428.
[19]黄鹂呜,王格惠,王荟等.南京市空气中颗粒物PM2.5、PM10污染水平.中国环境科学,2002,22(4):334-337.
[20]宋瑞金,张爱军.人对室内外空气污染物个体接触的评价研究.第七界届全国大气环境科学学术会议论文集,中国环境科学学会大气环境分会,1998,11:560-564.
[21]Lu H C,The statistical characters of PM 10 in Taiwan area.Atmospheric Environment,2002,36:491-502.
[22]Koutrakis P.,Briggs S.L.K.Source apportionment of indoor aerosol in Suffolk and Onondaga Counties.Environment Science and Technology.1992,26:521-527.
[23]Ozkaynak H.,Xue J.,Spengler J.,et al.Personal exposure to airborne particles and metals:result from the Particle TEAM study in Riverside.Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environment Epidemiology,1996,6(1):57-58.
[24]赵彬,陈玖玖等.室内颗粒物的米源、健康效应及分布运动研究进展.环境与健康.2005,22(1):65-68.
[25]Lange C,Roed J.Particle size specific indoor/outdoor measurement.Journal of Aerosol Sconce,1995,26(1):S519-S520.
[26]Spengler J.D.Treitman R D,Tosteson T D.Personal exposure to respirable particulates and implications for air pollution epidemiology.Environment Science and Technology,1985,19(8):700-707.
[27]Leaderer B,Koutrakis P,Briggs S,et al.Impact of indoor sources on residential aerosol concentrations.In:Proc Indoor Air'90.Toronto,Canada,1990,2:269-273.
[28]Ozkaynak H,Xue J,Weker R et al.The Particle TEAM(PTEAM)study:analysis of the data.In:US EPA.Draft Final Report(Ⅲ).North Carolina,1993.
[29]熊志明,张国强等.室内可吸入颗粒物污染研究现状.暖通空调,2004,34(4):32-36.
[30]田伟陈刚才,陈克军等.室内空气中颗粒物对人体健康的影响.重庆环境科学,2002,24(5):58-61.
[31]Zhang Lin,et al.Comparison of Performance of Displacement and Mixing Ventilations.Part Ⅰ:thermal comfor.International Journal of Refrigeration,2005,28(2):276-287.
[32]Zhang Lin,et al.Comparison of performances of displacement and mixing ventilations.Part Ⅱ:indoor air quality.International Journal of Refrigeration,2005,28(2):288-305.
[33]Deng Baoqing,Chang Nyung Kim.CFD simulation of VOCs concentrations in a resident building with new carpet under different ventilation strategies.Building and Environment,2007,42(1):297-303.
[34]Kwang-Chul Noh,Jae-Soo Jang,Myung-Do Oh.Thermal comfort and indoor air quality in the lecture room with 4-way cassette air-conditioner and mixing ventilation system.Building and Environment,2007,42(2):689-698.
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