WebGIS三维可视化的研究
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摘要
与传统的地理信息系统相比较,万维网地理信息系统(WebGIS)的三维可视化研究
    具有如下特点:1.数据来源多样性和共享性;2.可视化应用在分布式计算环境下生成、
    发布、运行,使用VRML和其它(3D)网页设计工具完成;3.使用通用浏览器加载3D插
    件浏览GIS三维可视化信息;4.WebGIS三维可视化是数字地球的重要组成部分。
     本文作者在WebGIS系统设计,可视化网络数据共享、三维可视化场景创作的理论研
    究和应用实践方面完成了如下重要的研究结果:
    1.总结分析了WebGIS的几种实现方法,提出了与地理信息元数据库一体化的采用
     Java/CORBA技术的WebGIS优化系统结构。
    2.分析比较了分布式构件模型的三大主流技术,得出了基于Java/CORBA结合的Java
     IDL方法是最适合WebGIS三维可视化系统建设的开发技术。并研究了开发的过程和
     步骤。
    3.通过剖析FGDC、ISO/TC211等著名元数据标准,指出了地理信息元数据体系的建设,
     是实现WebGIS三维可视化信息共享的根本途径。探讨了基于Web的元数据管理系统
     的功能分析,实现方法。组织编写了一套水利工程元数据标准,编写指南和模板样
     例。
    4.提出了WebGIS三维可视化创作系统的功能模块构成和系统工作原理。
    5.研究了使用VRML插件标准开发WebGIS三维可视化应用场景设计的原理、方法和开
     发过程。在应用于水利工程三维地形景观设计中,取得了理想的效果。
    6.提出了开发WebGIS三维可视化专用浏览器插件的必要性、设计过程和功能分析。
    7.提出了各类地理要素(点、线、面状)在地形景观模型上叠加标示的具体算法。给
     出了一个研究实例。
Compared with traditional GIS, three dimension visualization of
    geographical information based on WebGIS are cbaracterized by: l. Data
    share and varianty of resources; 2. The development, publish and execution
    of visual application on the distribution computing environment,using
    VRML and 3D Webpage Designing; 3. Browse of 3D Visaul GIS
    InfOrmation by common browser with 3D plug-in; 4. WebGIS 3D
    visualhation being important component parts of digital earth.
    In WebGIS system design, netWork data share and visualization scene
    design on thcoretical research and practicc, The author has:
    1. Put forward a WebGIS arcbitecture using Java/CORBA technoIogy and
    GIS metadata integration,after analysis several WebGIS implement
    methods.
    2. Compared three main technologies of Distributed Component Model,
    concIuded that the Ja"a IDL is a flt method to dcveloping t1'ebGIS 3D
    ' visualhation appIication, and presented designing process.
    3. By analysing FGDC, lSOiTC21l etc famous metadata
    standard,pointed out than establishing GIS metadata system is a good
    approach to implementing WebGIS data share, and thus worbog out a
    water project metadata standard.
    4. Presented functional component and work principle of WcbGIS 3D
    visualhation.
    5. Studied principle,method and development process of using rmL
    pIug-in standard to design WebGIS 3D visualization application and
    achieved ideaI resuIts in designing 3D landscape of water prOjecL
    6. Presented necessity, design process and functional 8nalysis of developing
    special browser pIug-iD fOr WebGIS 3D Visualisation.
    7. Presented an aIgorithm on the markS of geographical elementS on the
    grid DEM.
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    [URL1]中国空间数据基础设施,http://www.nsdi.gov.cn
    [URL2]国家测绘局,http://www2.sbsm.gov.cn/
    [URL3]数字地球,http://www.digitalearth.net.cn
    [URL4]GIS和中国持续发展http://www.sdinfo.net.cn/
    [URL5]资源与环境信息系统 国家重点 实验室http://www.lreis.ac.cn/index_c.html
    [URL6]中国科学院地理信息产业发展中心,http://www.gischina.com
    [URL7]数字化期刊,http://www.chinainfo.gov.cn/periodical/
    [URL8]中国国家遥感中心,http://www.nrscc.gov.cn
    [URL9]中国GIS协会城市信息系统专业委员会,http://www.ugis.com.cn/
    
    
    [URL10] 中国科学院 香港中文大学 地球信息科学联合实验室http://www.jlgis.cuhk.edu.hk/
    [URL11] 富融科技有限公司,http://www.superfull.com/
    [URL12] Intergraph中国公司,http://www.intergraph.com/china/
    [URL13] MapInfo中国公司,http://www.mapinfo.com.cn
    [URL14] VRML的常见8问题,http://www.oki.com/vrml/VRML_FAQ.html
    [URL15] VRML协会的网址,http://www.vrml.org
    [URL16] SGI公司有关VRML的专业站点,http://vrml.sgi.com/
    [URL17] 原始的VRML论坛,http://vag.vrml.org/www-vrml/
    [URL18] 下载Cosmo Player 2.0,它支持IE和Netscape,是应用最广泛的浏览器,http://cosmosoftware.com,
    [URL19] VRML 2.0的浏览器,http://www.microsoft.com/vrml
    [URL20] 下载Live3D, http://www.netscape.com
    [URL21] 下载WIRL2.0,http://www.vream.com/3dll.html
    [URL22] VRML的模型仓库,http://www.tcp.ca/gsb/VRML/vrml-modelshop.html
    [URL23] 虚拟境界,http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/virtual.gallery/vrml
    [URL24] VRML应用和范例,http://ovrt.nist.gov
    [URL25] Tiger Mapping Service:http://tiger.census.gov/
    [URL26] Virtual Tourist:http://www.vtourist.com/
    [URL27] MapInfo ProServer,http://www.mapinfo.com/
    [URL28] GeoMedia Web Map,http://www.intergraph.com/
    [URL29] ESRI Internet Map Server(IMS) for ArcView & MapObjects,http://www.esri.com/
    [URL30] MapGuide,http://www.autodesk.com/
    [URL31] ModelServer/Discovery,http://www.bently.com/
    [URL32] MapX Site,http://www.mapxsite.com/
    [URL33] NSDI MetaData and WWW Mapping Sites.htm,http://www, blm.gov/gis/nsdi.html
    [URL34] USGS National Clearing House,http://nsdi.usgs.gov/nsdi
    [URL35] FGDC METADATA Standard,http://www.fgdc.gov/fgdc.html
    [URL36] BLM's FGDC Metadata Standard Informix Relational Schema,
    
     ftp://www.blm.gov/pub/gis/smm_cr.sql
    [URL37] Compliant Metadata Examples, http://www.blm.gov/gis/meta/sample.html
    [URL38] ERIN spatial interface, http://www.erin.gov.au/cgi-bin/spatial_interface
    [URL39] NEONS Environmental Metadata Map Browser, http://helium.nrlmry.navy.mil/neons_home.html
    [URL40] Mapper, a new WWW prototype interface to geophysical data, http://sanger.med.virginia.edu/my-cgi-bin/mapper.py
    [URL41] Steve Putz' Xerox Map Viewer, http://pubweb.parc.xerox.com/map
    [URL42] TIGER Map Browser, http://wings.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/mapbrowse
    [URL43] Interactive ARC-INFO, http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/pip/atlas.html
    [URL44] Arc Info .gra to .gif converter, ftp://ftp.blm.gOv/pub/gis/rtagif.tar.Z
    [URL45] EarthMap Map Server, http://www.earthmap.com/
    [URL46] GeoWEB Site, http://wings.buffalo.edu/geoweb
    [URL47] Build a Map Server, http://www.cs.usu.edu/students/GokulJanga/MapServer.html
    [URL48] BLM SQL FORMS for Metadata Searching, http://www.blm.gov/gis/search/dbsearch.html
    [URL49] USGS Digital Map Data and Indexes, ftp://edcftp.cr.usgs.gov/
    [URL50] EPA Metadata, ftp://r8dglO.r08. epa.gov/home.html
    [URL51] National Wetlands Inventory, ftp://enterprise.nwi.fws.gov/metadata
    [URL52] NBS Metadata Standard Browser, http://www.its.nbs.gov/nbs/meta/meta.htm
    [URL53] US Bureau of Mines Metadata, http://sacing.mp.usbr.gov/
    [URL54] Arc Info Document.AML, ftp://redlands.esri.com/pub/atool/atool.tar.Z
    [URL55] FGDC Metadata Tool, http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/tools/metadata/compiler/README.html
    [URL56] NOAA's FGDC Metadata Toolkit, http://www-orca.nos.noaa.gov/
    [URL57] Geolineus-metadata management system,
    
    
    http://www.geodesigns.com/
    [URL58] Penn State WEB-based GIS Information, http://www.gis.psu.edu/gisinfo.html
    [URL59] Geographic Search Engine, http://www.coresw.com/
    [URL60] National Virtual Realty SF Street Maps, http://www.homefmder.com/
    [URL61] web metadata search tool, http://www.geodesigns.com/gdi_sof.html
    [URL62] Capturing and using metadata, http://www.esri.com/resources/userconf/proc95/prochome.html
    [URL63] Geographic Resources Homepage, http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/
    [URL64] Hot Java WWW Mapping, http://www.dis.anl.gov:8001/GIS/
    [URL65] Seeing the Earth in 3D Through Imaging Radar, http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/
    [URL66] LAUM WWW-GIS-Pages, http://www.bio-geo.uni-karlsruhe.de/
    [URL67] GIS WEB PAGES, http://www.io.com/-frank/gis.html
    [URL68] GEO Profile ready for review, ftp://h2o.er.usgs.gov/wais/docs/AppProfile_GEO.ps
    [URL69] Spatial Data Standard Templates, http://mr2. wes.army.mil/docs/sds.htm
    [URL70] GIS data browser using Shapefiles, http://www.gis.umn.edu/fornet/
    [URL71] How To Do WWW Mapping with Arcinfo, http://mnv.museum.state.il.us/l/exhibits/larson/loess_map.html
    [URL72] Metadata workshop and COVERAGE, http://www.oclc.org:5046/conferences/metadata/metadata.html
    [URL73] Java Mapping, http://storm.atmos.uiuc.edu/java/
    [URL74] Jshape, Java GIS, http://shuihlin.ml.org
    [URL75] PGS,Profession Geo System, http://www.pgs.nl/
    [URL76] GIS Online Paper , http://gis.igm.bo.cnr.it/paper.html
    
    
    [URL77] CIESIN, http://ciesin.org/
    [URL78] Global Land Info, http://sunl.cr.usgs.gov/glis/glis.html
    [URL79] A WORLD OF WORLDS VRML, http://cedar.cic.net/-rtilmann/mm/wow/index.htm

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