海洋随机粗糙表面电磁散射问题研究
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摘要
海洋随机粗糙表面的电磁散射仿真计算在遥感仪器参数设计、海洋参数反演、复合电磁散射等问题的研究中具有非常广泛的应用。近年来一直是专家学者们关注的热点。本文围绕一维海洋随机粗糙表面的电磁散射问题展开。着重关注现有数值方法在全尺度海洋随机粗糙表面上的计算精度和效率问题,分析不同尺度海洋表面对散射特性的影响,并在此基础上对解析模型的精度进行验证和分析。
本文首先对右预处理广义最小余量法(GMRES-RP)中的谱加速(SA)技术提出改进以使其在大风速、高频率极大均方根高度海面计算时保持高效。进而研究分析了大范围海况和传感器参数一维海洋随机表面的电磁散射特性,在20°近垂直入射发现更为精致的散射特性；通过对仿真中包含不同程度大、中尺度信息海面的分析揭示了海表面中尺度波在大、中尺度交界区域对散射的重要影响；进一步在双尺度模型以及三尺度模型与全尺度海面数值仿真结果的对比中发现后者较前者在双站散射预测能力上有较显著改进,验证了三尺度模型将中尺度单独划分计算的必要性。研究结果同时表明,即使在非掠射角情况下,仿真中粗糙面大小至少要包含中尺度信息；
其次提出了基于半数值半解析方法计算、完全确定的解析三尺度模型实现方式。基于GMRES-RP方法研究分析了较大范围海况和传感器参数下常用双尺度解析模型及其改进三尺度模型的双站散射与MoM结果的相对性能。研究发现,传统双尺度模型的精度受其大尺度部分计算方式的影响很大,采用数值积分比GO在某些情形下有显著改善,但尚不能在所有传感器参数和海况下与MoM结果吻合。三尺度模型与MoM的拟合则较为满意。
再次针对主动遥感下海洋粗糙面表面可用完纯导体(PEC)假设的观点,通过较大范围的频率、风速、入射角的数值仿真给出明确结论：VV极化下PEC假设不适用。同时将基于单一密采样网格双表面积分方程的计算结果用于验证阻抗边界条件(IBC)近似的计算精度,得到IBC近似精度的描述。
最后基于WCA模型的散射系数可由远场表达式导出,且较KA与数值方法有更好的拟合这一观察,提出使用WCA模型替代KA模型作为优化蒙特卡洛方法(OMC)的初值。实验结果显示,采用WCA模型的OMC方法在海洋散射问题的HH极化下较采用KA有显著的效率提升。
Being the essential part of remote sensing instrument design, ocean parameter inversion prob-lems, composite model scattering prediction, etc., calculation of electromagnetic scattering from ocean random rough surface has been paid plenty of attention during the past decades. This dis-sertation focused on high accurate and efficient1D full range ocean random rough surface electro-magnetic scattering problems. Based on the GMRES-RP combined with advanced SA technology, the contribution of different scales of ocean random surface was analyzed. And also the accuracy and applicability of analytical models were verified by numerical calculations.
First of all, the original SA of GMRES-RP was modified and advanced to fit the high effi-ciency requirement of ocean rough surface with extremely large rms height. Then GMRES-RP was applied to a systematic analysis of the scattering properties with varies sensor parameters and seacondition. More refined structures were found at the incidence angle of20°than suggested in the literature. Also the contribution of intermediate-scale waves at transient incidence was vali-dated by changing the degree of intermediate and large scale waves included in the simulation. Further the necessity of advancing multi-scale models beyond the conventional two-scale model was indicated by a comparison of the two-scale model and three-scale model against numerical results where the two-scale model shows appreciable discrepancy in the forward scattering angles whereas the three scale model shows very good agreement with MoM. This study also implies the need for numerical studies to use adequately large surface length, at least to cover the intermediate waves, even for below intermediate incidence cases.
Secondly, a three-scale model with fully determined analytical form was proposed and the va-lidity of two-scale model and this three-scale model was systematically studied based on GMRES-RP in a wide range sensor parameters and seacondition. It was found that the accuracy of two-scale model with numerical integrated KA performed better on bistatic scattering prediction than that with GO, nevertheless it failed at certain case anyhow, while the three-scale model demonstrated a wider range of application.
Thirdly, the PEC assumption, considered to be reasonable in active remote sensing for ocean scattering in literature was found inappropriate for VV polarization scattering prediction. Also the accuracy of IBC was evaluated referring to the results of strict single dense grid two layer numerical simulation.
Lastly, WCA model was incorporated into the newly proposed OMC method as alternative initial value, which further improved the efficiency of HH polarization calculation remarkably.
本文首先对右预处理广义最小余量法(GMRES-RP)中的谱加速(SA)技术提出改进以使其在大风速、高频率极大均方根高度海面计算时保持高效。进而研究分析了大范围海况和传感器参数一维海洋随机表面的电磁散射特性,在20°近垂直入射发现更为精致的散射特性；通过对仿真中包含不同程度大、中尺度信息海面的分析揭示了海表面中尺度波在大、中尺度交界区域对散射的重要影响；进一步在双尺度模型以及三尺度模型与全尺度海面数值仿真结果的对比中发现后者较前者在双站散射预测能力上有较显著改进,验证了三尺度模型将中尺度单独划分计算的必要性。研究结果同时表明,即使在非掠射角情况下,仿真中粗糙面大小至少要包含中尺度信息；
其次提出了基于半数值半解析方法计算、完全确定的解析三尺度模型实现方式。基于GMRES-RP方法研究分析了较大范围海况和传感器参数下常用双尺度解析模型及其改进三尺度模型的双站散射与MoM结果的相对性能。研究发现,传统双尺度模型的精度受其大尺度部分计算方式的影响很大,采用数值积分比GO在某些情形下有显著改善,但尚不能在所有传感器参数和海况下与MoM结果吻合。三尺度模型与MoM的拟合则较为满意。
再次针对主动遥感下海洋粗糙面表面可用完纯导体(PEC)假设的观点,通过较大范围的频率、风速、入射角的数值仿真给出明确结论：VV极化下PEC假设不适用。同时将基于单一密采样网格双表面积分方程的计算结果用于验证阻抗边界条件(IBC)近似的计算精度,得到IBC近似精度的描述。
最后基于WCA模型的散射系数可由远场表达式导出,且较KA与数值方法有更好的拟合这一观察,提出使用WCA模型替代KA模型作为优化蒙特卡洛方法(OMC)的初值。实验结果显示,采用WCA模型的OMC方法在海洋散射问题的HH极化下较采用KA有显著的效率提升。
Being the essential part of remote sensing instrument design, ocean parameter inversion prob-lems, composite model scattering prediction, etc., calculation of electromagnetic scattering from ocean random rough surface has been paid plenty of attention during the past decades. This dis-sertation focused on high accurate and efficient1D full range ocean random rough surface electro-magnetic scattering problems. Based on the GMRES-RP combined with advanced SA technology, the contribution of different scales of ocean random surface was analyzed. And also the accuracy and applicability of analytical models were verified by numerical calculations.
First of all, the original SA of GMRES-RP was modified and advanced to fit the high effi-ciency requirement of ocean rough surface with extremely large rms height. Then GMRES-RP was applied to a systematic analysis of the scattering properties with varies sensor parameters and seacondition. More refined structures were found at the incidence angle of20°than suggested in the literature. Also the contribution of intermediate-scale waves at transient incidence was vali-dated by changing the degree of intermediate and large scale waves included in the simulation. Further the necessity of advancing multi-scale models beyond the conventional two-scale model was indicated by a comparison of the two-scale model and three-scale model against numerical results where the two-scale model shows appreciable discrepancy in the forward scattering angles whereas the three scale model shows very good agreement with MoM. This study also implies the need for numerical studies to use adequately large surface length, at least to cover the intermediate waves, even for below intermediate incidence cases.
Secondly, a three-scale model with fully determined analytical form was proposed and the va-lidity of two-scale model and this three-scale model was systematically studied based on GMRES-RP in a wide range sensor parameters and seacondition. It was found that the accuracy of two-scale model with numerical integrated KA performed better on bistatic scattering prediction than that with GO, nevertheless it failed at certain case anyhow, while the three-scale model demonstrated a wider range of application.
Thirdly, the PEC assumption, considered to be reasonable in active remote sensing for ocean scattering in literature was found inappropriate for VV polarization scattering prediction. Also the accuracy of IBC was evaluated referring to the results of strict single dense grid two layer numerical simulation.
Lastly, WCA model was incorporated into the newly proposed OMC method as alternative initial value, which further improved the efficiency of HH polarization calculation remarkably.
引文
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