淋雨对苜蓿霉变的影响与苜蓿优化青贮技术的研究
|
摘要
本文研究了不同淋雨模式对苜蓿霉菌生长规律、苜蓿品质的影响及二丙酸氨对苜蓿霉变的抑制效果和添加不同糖蜜与农副产品对苜蓿青贮品质、发酵进程的影响以及糖蜜和苜蓿混贮饲料对奶牛的饲喂效果。
试验Ⅰ淋雨对苜蓿霉变的影响及二丙酸铵抑制苜蓿霉变效果的研究
选用晾晒至半干的苜蓿,分别设对照组、试验1组(淋雨1次)、试验2组(连续淋雨2次)、试验3组(间隔淋雨3次)、试验4组(连续淋雨4次),研究不同淋雨模式对苜蓿霉菌的生长规律以及其品质的影响,同时另选试验2组作对照,研究添加不同含量二丙酸铵(0.3%、0.75%、1.5%)的复合防霉剂对连续2次淋雨后苜蓿霉变的抑制效果。结果表明:(1)淋雨后霉菌以2次曲线形式繁殖,连续淋雨2次和间隔1天淋雨3次检测到了大量的霉菌繁殖,淋雨1次和连续淋雨4次霉菌数量相对较少;粗蛋白质含量没有显著变化(P＞0.05),但无论淋雨次数多少,均造成苜蓿粗脂肪、可溶性糖分含量的下降,其中淋雨1次和连续淋雨2次下降缓慢,间隔淋雨3次和连续淋雨4次下降严重:淋雨次数增加后,总氨基酸和其中13种氨基酸与对照组比均为下降且差异显著(P＜0.05)。(2)二丙酸铵可有效抑制霉菌的生长及苜蓿中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、可溶性糖分和氨基酸的分解。对照组和0.3%添加量组均检测到霉菌生长,其它2组未检测到霉菌:粗蛋白质含量没有显著性变化(p＞0.05),添加防霉剂减少了粗脂肪下降的幅度;可溶性糖分含量也呈下降趋势,在前期均为试验组高于对照组,在后期则达到一致;苜蓿中总氨基酸和其中10种氨基酸含量随二丙酸铵的添量增加呈升高趋势且与对照组差异显著(p＜0.05)。
试验Ⅱ添加糖蜜和农副产品对苜蓿青贮品质的影响
针对苜蓿难青贮的特性和青贮需要的条件,采用添加不同量的糖蜜(0%、5%、10%)和相同量的农副产品(10%稻草、10%麸皮、10%米糠)对苜蓿进行青贮。结果表明,添加糖蜜后显著的提高了青贮饲料的品质,其粗蛋白质(CP)含量升高,氨态氮(NH3-N)含量、氨态氮与总氮比值(NH3-N/TN)以及pH值均降低,乳酸含量升高,且与不加糖蜜的试验组差异极显著(P＜0.01),加糖后丙酸、丁酸含量降低,与不加糖蜜的试验差异显著(P＜0.05);两个添加糖蜜组的pH值以10%糖蜜添加量较低且差异极显著(P＜0.01),其它各项指标如CP、NH3-N、NH3-N/TN、pH和有机酸含量两组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);不同农副添加物之间,稻草的青贮效果较好,青贮饲料的粗蛋白质分解少,pH值低,乳酸含量高,添加麸皮则有明显的粘连结块现象;如果糖分足够高水分苜蓿单一青贮也是可行的。
试验Ⅲ不同的糖蜜添加量对紫花苜蓿青贮品质和发酵进程的影响
研究了添加不同比例的糖蜜(0%、5%、10%)对麸皮调节水分的苜蓿青贮品质和发酵进程的影响。结果表明:添加糖蜜明显提高了青贮饲料的品质,缩短了青贮时间。青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮、氨态氮和总氮的比值均为试验Ⅰ组(0%)＞试验Ⅱ组(5%)＞试验Ⅲ组(10%):重量损失变化有波动,但7天后试验Ⅲ组始终最低;随着时间的延长,3个组的pH值、可溶性糖分均呈下降趋势,氨态氮与总氮的比值、重量损失均呈上升趋势,粗蛋白(CP)则是先降后升的变化规律;综合感官变化,试验Ⅲ组变化最快,青贮发酵时间最短,试验Ⅰ组青贮发酵时间最长,青贮品质较差。
试验Ⅳ苜蓿青贮饲料对奶牛的饲喂效果
选择14头泌乳中后期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,各组奶牛产奶量、体重、胎次、泌乳天数均无显著差异,研究以苜蓿青贮替代相同干物质量(DM)的苜蓿干草对奶牛的饲喂效果,同时不同时期的苜蓿青贮料进行品质评定。试验结果:(1)在试验后期发生了美拉德反应,美拉德反应严重破坏了苜蓿青贮饲料的营养价值,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和可溶性糖分含量降低且均与青贮原料和正常的青贮料差异显著(P＜0.05)。苜蓿青贮后酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)变化不显著,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)为下降趋势,发生美拉德反应后ADF和NDF均为升高的趋势。17种氨基酸的含量在青贮前期变化不显著(P＞0.05),发生美拉德反应后14种氨基酸和总氨基酸含量均为降低趋势,其中以赖氨酸降幅最大(77%)。(2)饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于提高奶牛干物质采食量、日产奶量和乳脂率,但差异不显著;此外饲喂苜蓿青贮可以提高经济效益,苜蓿青贮替代苜蓿干草后,在试验后期试验组UUN高于对照组,差异显著(P＜0.05)。酶含量均为试验组高于对照组,差异不显著(P＞0.05)。血浆中总蛋白(ALB)和葡萄糖(GLU)和甘油三脂含量两组差异不显著(P＞0.05);胆固醇的含量试验组逐渐升高,对照组逐渐降低。总之由于美拉德反应的发生,降低了苜蓿青贮饲料营养物质在体内的代谢利用效果。
The objective of this study was to research the effect of Different Rainy Pattern to the Mildew Growth Laws,the Quality of Alfalfa and the Inhibition Effect of 2- Propionic Acid Ammonium to the Mildew of Alfalfa and Influence of Molasses and Agro-byproducts Additives on the Quality of Alfalfa Silage and fermentation progress of alfalfa silage as well as the mix-silage to the feeding effect of diary cows.
Experiment 1:Damp-dry alfalfa was selected to study the different rainy pattern to the mildew growth laws and the quality of alfalfa.The alfalfa was respectively assigned control group, group1(raining one time),group 2(raining two times continuously),group 3(raining three times every other day),group 4(raining four times continuously).At the same time,group 2 was selected to study different content of 2-hydroxy propionate ammonium(0.3%、0.75%、1.5%) to the mildewy alfalfa.Results showed:(1) the mildew reproduced quickly as a conic,and plenty of mildew were found for group 2 as well as group 3,while,mildew was less relatively for the group 1 and group 4;The content of crude protein(CP) had no significant change(P＞0.05),but no matter what times of raining,the content of crude fat(CF) and soluble sugar(SS) were also downtrend, which declined slowly for the group 1 as well as group 2 and rapidly for the other two groups; with raining times increasing,the total amino acid and 13 of 17 kinds amino acid were dropping trends and there was notable difference compared with control group(P＜0.05).(2) 2-hydroxy propionate could effectively control the growth of mildew and the decomposability of crude protein(CP),crude fat(CF),soluble sugar(SS) and amino acid(AA) of alfalfa.The growth of mildew was found in the control group and group of 0.3%mildew inhibitor,while no mildew appeared in other two groups;the content of crude protein had no significant change(P＞0.05),but the content of crude fat presented obvious downtrends and the decreasing extent was reduced because of mildew inhibitor;the content of soluble sugar was experiment groups＞control group in early experiment period and it reached the same level in later period;the content of total amino acid as well as 10 of 17 kinds of amino acid were improved after adding 2-hydroxy propionate ammonium and there was remarkable difference between experiment groups and the control group(P＜0.05).
Experiment 2:Aiming at the difficult silaging characteristics of alfalfa and the needed conditions for silaging,alfalfa was ensiled by adding different proportion molasses(0%、5%、10%) and the same proportion agro-byproducts,including straw、bran and rice bran.Results showed that the effects of alfalfa silage were impruved much after added molasses,there were most significant difference between the adding molasses group and no molasses group for the content of CP、NH_3-N、NH_3-N/TN、pH value and lactic acid(P＜0.01) and the difference was marked(P＜0.05) for propionic acid and butyric acid content compared with the no molasses group(0%);there was most significantly difference for the pH value between the two molasses groups(P＜0.01),but for CP、NH_3-N、NH_3-N/TN、pH value and organic acid content,there was no difference between the two molasses groups(P＞0.05);for the different agro-byproducts additives,the silaging effect for adding straw was better,because the CP was decompounded comparatively fewer and the pH value was lower as well as the higher butyric acid content compared with other treatments,while,the treatments of adding bran appeared conglutination and agglomeration;by adding enough molasses,the high moisture alfalfa silage was also feasible.
Experiment 4:The Effects of Adding Different Level Molasses on Alfalfa Silage Quality and Fermentation Progress
Experiment 3:The objective of this study was to investigate the effects with adding different proportion molasses(0%,5%,10%)on the quality and fermentation progress of alfalfa silage. Results from the experiments showed that:the silage quality which was added to molasses,was observably improved,and the silage time was also shortened much.The pH、ammonia-N and the ratio of ammonia-nitrogen and total nitrogen were all groupⅠ(0%)＞groupⅡ(5%)＞groupⅢ(10%);The weight loss varied irregularly,but after 7 days,groupⅢwas always the lowest; With the time prolonging,pH and soluble sugar of the three groups were all declined;at the same time,the ratio of ammonia-N/total N、the losing weight were ascending,but the crude protein was dropping first and then rising;Considering the sense evaluation,groupⅢduring the silage progress changed fast,the silage time was the shortest and the quality was the best,while groupⅠwas the worst.
Experiment 4:Fourteen heads of medium-later-term lactating Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups and no significant difference was existed for milk yield,body weigh,parity,and milk days among groups,To study the feeding effect of alfalfa silage instead of the same DM%alfalfa hay, at the same time,selecting different times of alfalfa silage to study the alfalfa silage quality. Results showed:(1) in the later period time,maillard reaction taken places,maillard reaction seriously destroyed the nutrition value of alfalfa silage and the difference was notable for the content of crude protein(CP)、crude fat(CF) and soluble sugar(SS) compared with the silage material and the good alfalfa silage(p＜0.05),after alfalfa was ensilaged,the change of ADF was not prominent,and the percent of NDF was downtrend,when maillard reaction taking place,the content of ADF and NDF were both rising,the change of 17 kinds of amino acid was not prominent in the silage prophase(p＞0.05),after maillard reaction taking place,14 kinds of amino acid and total amino acid were all reducing trend,and the dropping extent of Lysine was the most(77%).(2)it was propitious to improve DMI,milk yield and milk fat with alfalfa silage instead of the same,but the difference was not prominent(p＞0.05),In addition,greater profit could be obtained with alfalfa silage instead of alfalfa hay to feed diary cows.In later experiment, the content of UUN was experiment group more than control group and the difference was notable(P＜0.05),the content of ALT、AST and ALP were all more than control group compared with experiment group,but there was no marked difference(P＞0.05).for the content ALB、GLU and TG,the difference was not prominent(P＞0.05);while the content of CHO for experiment group was gradually going up and the content of control group was reducing trend,the difference was most in trial anaphase.In a word because of Maillard Reaction,the effect of metabolism and utilization of alfalfa silage was reduced.
试验Ⅰ淋雨对苜蓿霉变的影响及二丙酸铵抑制苜蓿霉变效果的研究
选用晾晒至半干的苜蓿,分别设对照组、试验1组(淋雨1次)、试验2组(连续淋雨2次)、试验3组(间隔淋雨3次)、试验4组(连续淋雨4次),研究不同淋雨模式对苜蓿霉菌的生长规律以及其品质的影响,同时另选试验2组作对照,研究添加不同含量二丙酸铵(0.3%、0.75%、1.5%)的复合防霉剂对连续2次淋雨后苜蓿霉变的抑制效果。结果表明:(1)淋雨后霉菌以2次曲线形式繁殖,连续淋雨2次和间隔1天淋雨3次检测到了大量的霉菌繁殖,淋雨1次和连续淋雨4次霉菌数量相对较少;粗蛋白质含量没有显著变化(P＞0.05),但无论淋雨次数多少,均造成苜蓿粗脂肪、可溶性糖分含量的下降,其中淋雨1次和连续淋雨2次下降缓慢,间隔淋雨3次和连续淋雨4次下降严重:淋雨次数增加后,总氨基酸和其中13种氨基酸与对照组比均为下降且差异显著(P＜0.05)。(2)二丙酸铵可有效抑制霉菌的生长及苜蓿中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、可溶性糖分和氨基酸的分解。对照组和0.3%添加量组均检测到霉菌生长,其它2组未检测到霉菌:粗蛋白质含量没有显著性变化(p＞0.05),添加防霉剂减少了粗脂肪下降的幅度;可溶性糖分含量也呈下降趋势,在前期均为试验组高于对照组,在后期则达到一致;苜蓿中总氨基酸和其中10种氨基酸含量随二丙酸铵的添量增加呈升高趋势且与对照组差异显著(p＜0.05)。
试验Ⅱ添加糖蜜和农副产品对苜蓿青贮品质的影响
针对苜蓿难青贮的特性和青贮需要的条件,采用添加不同量的糖蜜(0%、5%、10%)和相同量的农副产品(10%稻草、10%麸皮、10%米糠)对苜蓿进行青贮。结果表明,添加糖蜜后显著的提高了青贮饲料的品质,其粗蛋白质(CP)含量升高,氨态氮(NH3-N)含量、氨态氮与总氮比值(NH3-N/TN)以及pH值均降低,乳酸含量升高,且与不加糖蜜的试验组差异极显著(P＜0.01),加糖后丙酸、丁酸含量降低,与不加糖蜜的试验差异显著(P＜0.05);两个添加糖蜜组的pH值以10%糖蜜添加量较低且差异极显著(P＜0.01),其它各项指标如CP、NH3-N、NH3-N/TN、pH和有机酸含量两组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);不同农副添加物之间,稻草的青贮效果较好,青贮饲料的粗蛋白质分解少,pH值低,乳酸含量高,添加麸皮则有明显的粘连结块现象;如果糖分足够高水分苜蓿单一青贮也是可行的。
试验Ⅲ不同的糖蜜添加量对紫花苜蓿青贮品质和发酵进程的影响
研究了添加不同比例的糖蜜(0%、5%、10%)对麸皮调节水分的苜蓿青贮品质和发酵进程的影响。结果表明:添加糖蜜明显提高了青贮饲料的品质,缩短了青贮时间。青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮、氨态氮和总氮的比值均为试验Ⅰ组(0%)＞试验Ⅱ组(5%)＞试验Ⅲ组(10%):重量损失变化有波动,但7天后试验Ⅲ组始终最低;随着时间的延长,3个组的pH值、可溶性糖分均呈下降趋势,氨态氮与总氮的比值、重量损失均呈上升趋势,粗蛋白(CP)则是先降后升的变化规律;综合感官变化,试验Ⅲ组变化最快,青贮发酵时间最短,试验Ⅰ组青贮发酵时间最长,青贮品质较差。
试验Ⅳ苜蓿青贮饲料对奶牛的饲喂效果
选择14头泌乳中后期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,各组奶牛产奶量、体重、胎次、泌乳天数均无显著差异,研究以苜蓿青贮替代相同干物质量(DM)的苜蓿干草对奶牛的饲喂效果,同时不同时期的苜蓿青贮料进行品质评定。试验结果:(1)在试验后期发生了美拉德反应,美拉德反应严重破坏了苜蓿青贮饲料的营养价值,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和可溶性糖分含量降低且均与青贮原料和正常的青贮料差异显著(P＜0.05)。苜蓿青贮后酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)变化不显著,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)为下降趋势,发生美拉德反应后ADF和NDF均为升高的趋势。17种氨基酸的含量在青贮前期变化不显著(P＞0.05),发生美拉德反应后14种氨基酸和总氨基酸含量均为降低趋势,其中以赖氨酸降幅最大(77%)。(2)饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于提高奶牛干物质采食量、日产奶量和乳脂率,但差异不显著;此外饲喂苜蓿青贮可以提高经济效益,苜蓿青贮替代苜蓿干草后,在试验后期试验组UUN高于对照组,差异显著(P＜0.05)。酶含量均为试验组高于对照组,差异不显著(P＞0.05)。血浆中总蛋白(ALB)和葡萄糖(GLU)和甘油三脂含量两组差异不显著(P＞0.05);胆固醇的含量试验组逐渐升高,对照组逐渐降低。总之由于美拉德反应的发生,降低了苜蓿青贮饲料营养物质在体内的代谢利用效果。
The objective of this study was to research the effect of Different Rainy Pattern to the Mildew Growth Laws,the Quality of Alfalfa and the Inhibition Effect of 2- Propionic Acid Ammonium to the Mildew of Alfalfa and Influence of Molasses and Agro-byproducts Additives on the Quality of Alfalfa Silage and fermentation progress of alfalfa silage as well as the mix-silage to the feeding effect of diary cows.
Experiment 1:Damp-dry alfalfa was selected to study the different rainy pattern to the mildew growth laws and the quality of alfalfa.The alfalfa was respectively assigned control group, group1(raining one time),group 2(raining two times continuously),group 3(raining three times every other day),group 4(raining four times continuously).At the same time,group 2 was selected to study different content of 2-hydroxy propionate ammonium(0.3%、0.75%、1.5%) to the mildewy alfalfa.Results showed:(1) the mildew reproduced quickly as a conic,and plenty of mildew were found for group 2 as well as group 3,while,mildew was less relatively for the group 1 and group 4;The content of crude protein(CP) had no significant change(P＞0.05),but no matter what times of raining,the content of crude fat(CF) and soluble sugar(SS) were also downtrend, which declined slowly for the group 1 as well as group 2 and rapidly for the other two groups; with raining times increasing,the total amino acid and 13 of 17 kinds amino acid were dropping trends and there was notable difference compared with control group(P＜0.05).(2) 2-hydroxy propionate could effectively control the growth of mildew and the decomposability of crude protein(CP),crude fat(CF),soluble sugar(SS) and amino acid(AA) of alfalfa.The growth of mildew was found in the control group and group of 0.3%mildew inhibitor,while no mildew appeared in other two groups;the content of crude protein had no significant change(P＞0.05),but the content of crude fat presented obvious downtrends and the decreasing extent was reduced because of mildew inhibitor;the content of soluble sugar was experiment groups＞control group in early experiment period and it reached the same level in later period;the content of total amino acid as well as 10 of 17 kinds of amino acid were improved after adding 2-hydroxy propionate ammonium and there was remarkable difference between experiment groups and the control group(P＜0.05).
Experiment 2:Aiming at the difficult silaging characteristics of alfalfa and the needed conditions for silaging,alfalfa was ensiled by adding different proportion molasses(0%、5%、10%) and the same proportion agro-byproducts,including straw、bran and rice bran.Results showed that the effects of alfalfa silage were impruved much after added molasses,there were most significant difference between the adding molasses group and no molasses group for the content of CP、NH_3-N、NH_3-N/TN、pH value and lactic acid(P＜0.01) and the difference was marked(P＜0.05) for propionic acid and butyric acid content compared with the no molasses group(0%);there was most significantly difference for the pH value between the two molasses groups(P＜0.01),but for CP、NH_3-N、NH_3-N/TN、pH value and organic acid content,there was no difference between the two molasses groups(P＞0.05);for the different agro-byproducts additives,the silaging effect for adding straw was better,because the CP was decompounded comparatively fewer and the pH value was lower as well as the higher butyric acid content compared with other treatments,while,the treatments of adding bran appeared conglutination and agglomeration;by adding enough molasses,the high moisture alfalfa silage was also feasible.
Experiment 4:The Effects of Adding Different Level Molasses on Alfalfa Silage Quality and Fermentation Progress
Experiment 3:The objective of this study was to investigate the effects with adding different proportion molasses(0%,5%,10%)on the quality and fermentation progress of alfalfa silage. Results from the experiments showed that:the silage quality which was added to molasses,was observably improved,and the silage time was also shortened much.The pH、ammonia-N and the ratio of ammonia-nitrogen and total nitrogen were all groupⅠ(0%)＞groupⅡ(5%)＞groupⅢ(10%);The weight loss varied irregularly,but after 7 days,groupⅢwas always the lowest; With the time prolonging,pH and soluble sugar of the three groups were all declined;at the same time,the ratio of ammonia-N/total N、the losing weight were ascending,but the crude protein was dropping first and then rising;Considering the sense evaluation,groupⅢduring the silage progress changed fast,the silage time was the shortest and the quality was the best,while groupⅠwas the worst.
Experiment 4:Fourteen heads of medium-later-term lactating Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups and no significant difference was existed for milk yield,body weigh,parity,and milk days among groups,To study the feeding effect of alfalfa silage instead of the same DM%alfalfa hay, at the same time,selecting different times of alfalfa silage to study the alfalfa silage quality. Results showed:(1) in the later period time,maillard reaction taken places,maillard reaction seriously destroyed the nutrition value of alfalfa silage and the difference was notable for the content of crude protein(CP)、crude fat(CF) and soluble sugar(SS) compared with the silage material and the good alfalfa silage(p＜0.05),after alfalfa was ensilaged,the change of ADF was not prominent,and the percent of NDF was downtrend,when maillard reaction taking place,the content of ADF and NDF were both rising,the change of 17 kinds of amino acid was not prominent in the silage prophase(p＞0.05),after maillard reaction taking place,14 kinds of amino acid and total amino acid were all reducing trend,and the dropping extent of Lysine was the most(77%).(2)it was propitious to improve DMI,milk yield and milk fat with alfalfa silage instead of the same,but the difference was not prominent(p＞0.05),In addition,greater profit could be obtained with alfalfa silage instead of alfalfa hay to feed diary cows.In later experiment, the content of UUN was experiment group more than control group and the difference was notable(P＜0.05),the content of ALT、AST and ALP were all more than control group compared with experiment group,but there was no marked difference(P＞0.05).for the content ALB、GLU and TG,the difference was not prominent(P＞0.05);while the content of CHO for experiment group was gradually going up and the content of control group was reducing trend,the difference was most in trial anaphase.In a word because of Maillard Reaction,the effect of metabolism and utilization of alfalfa silage was reduced.
引文
[1]张春梅,王成章,胡喜峰,等.紫花苜蓿的营养价值及应用研究进展[J].中国饲料.2005(1):15-17.
[2]王鑫,马永祥,李娟.紫花苜蓿营养成分及主要生物学特性[J].草业科学,2003,20(10):39-40.
[3]李雪枫,王宁,吴韶寰.苜蓿的应用价值及展望[J].宁夏农学院学报,2003,24(1):76-82.
[4]Amy Spillman.Nutrient Boost for Alfalfa Silage[J].Agricultural Research,2003,51(12):20.
[5]黄虎平,李志强.苜蓿干草的蛋白质营养特性[J].中国乳业,2003(9):19-21.
[6]李胜利.优质粗饲料—苜蓿干草和鲁梅克斯对奶牛产奶性能的影响[J].中国乳业,2002,1:23-25.
[7]K J Han,M Collins,E S Vanzant,C T Dougherty.Bale Density and Moisture Effects on Alfalfa Round Bale Silage[J].Crop Science,2004,44(3):914-919.
[8]Kleinschmit DH,Schingoethe D J,Hippen AR,et al.Dried distillers grains plus solubles with corn silage or alfalfa hay as the primary forage source in dairy cow diets.J Dairy Sci.2007,90(12):5587-99.
[9]杨凤.动物营养学(第二版).北京:中国农业出版[M].2004:61-62,65-71.
[10]Calberry J M,J C Plaizier,M S Einarson,et al.Effects of replacing chopped alfalfa hay with alfalfa silage in a total mixed ration on production and rumen conditions of lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(11):3611.
[11]张勇,朱宇旌.生长肥育猪饲粮中适宜粗纤维水平的研究[J].饲料工业,1998,19(9):34-35.
[12]杨玉芬,卢德勋,许梓荣,等.日粮纤维对肥育猪消化道发育和消化酶活性的影响[J].福建农业学报,2003,18(1):34-37.
[13]肖玫,赵仁静.苜蓿的矿物元素测定及其产业化发展前景[J].粮油食品科技,2006,16(1):48-49.
[14]NRC.Nutrient requirements of swine(10th Ed.)[S].Washington DC:National Academy Press,1998.
[15]HORST R L,REINHARDT T A,RUSSELL J R,et al.The isolationand identification of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 from Medicagosativa(alfalfa plant)[J].Arch Biochem Biophys,1984,15(1):67-71.
[16]何欣,王晓霞,薛双全.苜蓿草粉对蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响[J].当代畜牧,2001(2):33-39.
[17]杨雨鑫,王成章,廉红霞,等.紫花苜蓿草粉对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及蛋黄颜色的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2004,23(3):314-319.
[18]Peterson T E,L R McDowel,R J McMahon,et al.Balance and serum concentration of biotin in sheep fed alfalfa meal-based diets with increasing level of concentratel,2[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(4):1165-1169
[19]郝永清,王丽容,董永军,等.水溶性苜蓿多糖对肉仔鸡免疫器官发育影响的研究[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,2002(2):23-24.
[20]张世军,王三虎,赵坤.苜蓿多糖对猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗免疫应答强化作用的研究[J].河南农业科学,2003(10):57-60.
[21]冀贞阳.含“生长因子”的饲料和饲料添加剂[J].畜禽业,2004(9):52-58
[22]William D.A study of atherosclerosis regressnm in maraca mulatta[J].Am J pathol,1980,100:633-650.
[23]张子仪.中国饲料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:886-887.
[24]许庆方.影响苜蓿青贮品质的主要因素及苜蓿青贮在奶牛日粮中应用效果的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005,6.
[25]Cao Li man,Masakazu Goto,Mitsuaki Ohshima.Variations in the fermentation characteristics of alfalfa silage of different harvest times as treated with fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria[J].Grassland Science,2002,47(6):583-587.
[26]李向林,万里强.苜蓿青贮技术研究进展[J].草业学报,2005,14(2):9-15.
[27]杨正德,罗爱平,施晓丽,青贮饲料贮藏温度变化规律探讨[J],畜牧兽医学报,1998,29(6):524.
[28]刘卓,徐安凯.紫花苜蓿青贮技术与设施研究[J].吉林畜牧兽医,2005(3):26-28.
[29]MCDONALD P,HENDERSON A R,HERON S J E.The biochemistry of silage[M].2nd ed.Bucks:Chalcombe Publications,1991.
[30]许新新,呼德尔.两种含水量紫花苜蓿青贮品质比较[J].黑龙江畜牧医,2008(9):55-56.
[31]郭玉琴,何欣,孙晓利.不同含水率对苜蓿青贮营养成分的影响.当代畜牧,2005,(12):38-39.
[32]杨富裕,周禾,韩建国,等.添加甲酸甲醛对草木樨青贮品质的影响[J].草业学报,2004,13(1):74-78.
[33]Phillip L E.Effects treating Lucerne with an inoculum of lactic acid bacteriaor for micacidupon chemical changes during fer-mentation,and up on the nutritive value of the silage for lambs[J].Grass and Forage Science,1990,45(3):337-344.
[34]许庆方,韩建国,周禾,等。不同添加剂对拉伸膜裹包苜蓿青贮的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(7):1464-1471.
[35]师希雄,曹致中.甲酸对苜蓿草渣青贮饲料营养价值的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):773-776.
[36]许庆方,玉柱.接种乳酸菌对苜蓿青贮发酵品质的影响[J].山西农业科学,2004,32(3):81-85.
[37]Jones B A,Satter L D,Muck R E.Influence of bacterial inoculant and substrate addition to lucerne ensiled at different dry matter contents[J].Grass and Forage Science,1992,47(1):19-27.
[38]万里强,李向林.乳酸菌复合添加剂糖分浓度对不同含水量苜蓿青贮效果的影响[J].中国草地,2005,27(1):29-32.
[39]杨志刚,沈益新,陈阿琴,纤维素酶在青贮饲料中的应用[J],饲料博览,2002(1):39-41
[40]Yu Zhu,Naoki Nishino,Yoshiro Kishida and Senji Uchida..Ensuliing characteristics and ruminal degration of Italian ryegrass and Lucerne silage treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes[J].J.Sci.Food Agri.999,79.1987-1992.
[41]周德宝,蔡义民,纤维分解酶对青贮饲料发酵特性的影响[J],山东农业大学学报.1999,30(4):367
[42]Woodford J A,Jorgensen N A,Barrington G P.Impact of dietary fiber and physical form on performance of lactating dairy cows[J].J.Dairy Science,1986,69(4):1035-1047.
[43]Jacobs J L,Cook J E,McAIlan A B.Enzymes as silage additives.2.The effect of grass dry matter content on silage quality and performance in sheep[J].Grass and Forage Science,1991,46(2):191-199.
[44]Broderick G A,Derosa R,Reynal S.Value of treating alfalfa silage with fibrolytic enzymes prior to feeding the silage to lac-tating dairy cows[J].US Dairy Forage Research Center,1997,12:81-85.
[45]Alli I.The effect of molasses on the fermentation of chopped whole-plant maize and Lucerne[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1984,35(3):285-289.
[46]Nishino N,Senji U.Laboratory evaluation of previously fermented juice as a fermentation stimulant for Lucerne silage,[J].Joumal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1999,79:1285-1288.
[47]许庆方,玉柱,李胜利,等.甲酸或绿汁发酵液对苜蓿青贮影响的研究.畜牧兽医学报[J].2008,39(12):1709-1714.
[48]郭玉琴,杨起简,王洪波。添加不同水平的玉米粉对紫花苟借青贮营养威分的影响[J].畜牧与饲料,2005,(6):20-22.
[49]李长慧,班春莉.披碱草和苜蓿混合青贮试验研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2006(2):56-57.
[50]赵明轩.紫花苜蓿饲喂奶牛试验[J].草业科学.2005,22(5):85-86.
[51]农业部畜牧兽医司.青贮饲料质量评定标准(试行)[J].中国饲料,1996(21):5-7.
[52]余伯良.发酵饲料生产与应用新技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999:32.
[53]郭旭生,丁武蓉,玉柱.青贮饲料发酵品质评定体系及其新进展[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(4):100-106.
[54]Kaiser E,K Weiβ.A new system for the evaluation of the fermentation quality of silages[C]//Park R S,M.D Stronge,eds.Proceedings of the ⅩⅣ international silage conference,a satellite workshop of the ⅩⅩth international grassland congress,2005,Bellast,Northern Ireland.2005:275.
[55]范志影,陈金辉。肖靖泽等,采用流动注射法测定青贮饲料中的氨态氮[J].中国农业科技导报,2008,10(S2):98-100
[56]陈鹏飞,戎郁萍,韩建国.近红外光谱技术测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样的发酵品质.光谱学与光谱分析,2008,28(12):2799-2803.
[57]王洪丽,李成云.气相色谱法测定苜蓿青贮料中的有机酸[J].饲料工业,2008,29(16):57-58,60
[58]许庆方,玉柱,韩建国,等.高效液相色谱法测定紫花苜蓿青贮中的有机酸[J].草原与草坪,2007,(2):63-65,67.
[59]傅彤,刘庆生,范志影,等.应用离子色谱测定青贮饲料中有机酸含量的研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(5):16-17.
[60]Kaiser E,K Wei β,R Krause.Beurteilung skriterien f(u|¨)r die Garqualitat von grassilagen[J].Proceedings of the Society for Nutritional Physiology,2000,(9):94.
[61]郭旭生,周禾.不同添加剂对青贮饲料有氧稳定性的影响[J].中国奶牛,2006,(9):18-20.
[62]Kung L Jr,C C Taylor,M P Lynch,et al.The effect of trea-ting alfalfa with Lactobacillus bunchneri 40788 on silage fer-mentation,aerobic stability,and nutritive value for lactatingdairy cows[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2003,86(1):336-343.
[63]Kaiser,E K Wei β,R Krause.Vorschlag zur beurteilung der Garqualitat von grassilagen proceedings 111,VDLUFA-Kongreβ,Halle,1999:385-388.
[64]Papadopoulos Y A,B D McKersie.A comparison of protein degradation during wilting and ensiling of six forage species[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1983,63:903-912.
[65]Bhandari SK,Li S,Ominski KH,et al.Effects of the chop lengths of alfalfa silage and oat silage on feed intake,milk production,feeding behavior,and rumen fermentation of dairy cows.J Dairy Sci.2008,91(5):1942-58
[66]Vargas-Bello-Perez E,Mustafa AF,Seguin P.Effects of feeding forage soybean silage on milk production,nutrient digestion,and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows.J Dairy Sci.2008,91(1):229-35.
[67]Plaizier J C.Replacing chopped alfalfa hay with alfalfa silage in barley grain and alfalfa-based total mixed rations for lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci.2004,87(8):2495-2505.
[68]晏荣,李志强,韩建国.苜蓿青贮对牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的影响[J].饲料研究,2006,(10):44-47.
[69]Kammes K L,Heemink G B,Albrecht K A,et al.Utilization of kura clover-reed canarygrass silage versus alfalfa silage by lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci.2008 Aug;91(8):3138-44.
[70]Bulang M,Kluth H,Engelhard T et al.Studies on the use of lucerne silage source for high-milk-producing dairy cows.J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr(Berl).2006,90(3-4):89-102.
[71]Groff EB,Wu Z.Milk production and nitrogen excretion of dairy cows fed different amounts of protein and varying proportions of alfalfa and corn silage.J Dairy Sci.2005,88(10):3619-32.
[72]蒋振山.糖蜜的饲用价值及其应用[J].中国农业大学学报,2000,5(6):69-72.
[73]郭晨光,王红英.甘蔗糖蜜在奶牛饲养上的应用[J].中国奶牛,2002,(2):22-24.
[74]王新峰,潘晓亮,张昆明,等.饲料中添加糖蜜对奶牛奶产量及乳成分的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2005,(9):21-22.
[75]王新峰,潘晓亮,向春和,等.添加甜菜糖蜜对绵羊瘤胃pH和NH3-N浓度的影响[J].中国饲料,2006,(2):25-27.
[76]梁丽莉,赵海明.日粮中添加大豆糖蜜对泌乳高峰期奶牛的影响.饲料研究,2007,(7):51-52.
[77]Broderick G A,Radloff W J.Effect of molasses supplementation on the production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa and corn silage.J Dairy Sci.2004,87(9):2997-3009.
[78]李德发.尿素复合添加剂舔块的研究进展及应用概况[J].中国饲料,1995,(17):2-4.
[79]冯宇哲,刘书杰,王万邦,等.高寒地区放牧牦牛补饲尿素糖蜜营养舔块效果研究[J].中国草食动物,2008,28(3):40-42.
[80]邓灶福,欧阳叙向,刘鹤翔,等.山羊尿素舔砖不同添加水平的效果试验[J].家畜生态学报,2008,29(5):93-95.
[81]王尚荣.补饲尿素糖蜜型饲料舔砖对杂交公牛生长效果的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2007,43(9):57-58
[82]穆晓峰,惠文森.尿素糖浆饲料舔砖饲喂荷斯坦乳牛效果试验[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(11):3266,3268
[83]李改英,高腾云,傅彤,等.不同糖蜜添加量对紫花苜蓿青贮品质和发酵进程的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2008,27(5):625-628.
[84]赵国琦,丁健,孙龙生,等.添加纤维素酶和糖蜜对大黍青贮饲料品质的影响[J].动物科学与动物医学,2001,18(6):61-65.
[85]丁武蓉,干友民,郭旭生,等.添加糖蜜对胡枝子青贮品质的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2008,44(1):61-64
[86]陈育峰,刘艳芬,万江虹,等.添加尿素和糖蜜对甘蔗尾打捆青贮品质的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(2):20-22.
[87]赵亮亮,董宽虎,张瑞忠.添加不同水平糖蜜对燕麦青贮的影响.草原与草坪,2007,(5):49-53
[88]Garaleviciene D,Pettersson H,Augonyte G,et al.Effects of mould and toxin contaminated barley on laying hens performance and health[J].Arch Tieremath,2001,55(1):25-42.
[89]赵守山,段淑霞.发霉变质饲料对奶牛的危害[J].北方牧业.2007,33(6):81-82.
[90]傅彤.微生物接种剂对玉米青贮饲料发酵进程及其品质的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院.2005,6.
[91]宁开桂.实用饲料分析手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1993:36-37.
[92]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002:49,105-111.
[93]魏金涛,张妮娅,齐德生.四种常用饲料原料生霉后品质变化规律研究[J].中国粮油学报,2007,22(5):119-124.
[94]齐德生,于炎湖,刘耘,等.霉变豆粕的品质研究[J].粮食与饲料工业,1999,(1):25-26.
[95]陈喜斌,丁斌鹰,陈宏.豆粕霉变过程中品质变化规律的研究[J].中国粮油学报,2003,18(1):65-69.
[96]Paster N,Lisker N.The Nutritional Value of Moldy Grains for Broiler Chicks[J].Poultry Science,1982,61:2247-2254.
[97]Zhang Wen-ju,XU Zi-rong,SUN Jian-yil,et al.Effect of selected fungi on the reduction ofgossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal[J].J Zhe jiang Univ SCIENCE B,2006,7(9):690-695.
[98]王晶,周禾,冯涛.红三叶、苜蓿青贮前后蛋白质的变化[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(6):34-37.
[99]陈喜斌,丁斌鹰,陈宏.霉变对豆粕营养价值的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2004,19(3):69-73.
[100]王成章,何云,史莹华,等.饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼抗氧化性能及脂质代谢的影响[J].草业学报.2008,17(4):141-148.
[101]董玉京.新型饲料与饲料添加剂[M].北京:海洋出版社.1993:343-349.
[102]罗兰.万香宝防霉剂的使用效果[J].中国饲料,1995,(5):22-23.
[103]魏金涛,齐德生.饲料霉变品质变化及其评价指标探讨[J].饲料工业.2006,27(11):49-51.
[104]王金水,江秀明,弋学亮,等.高水分玉米应用二氧化氯防霉保鲜研究[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1996,17(4):81-84.
[105]严以谨.粮油副产品及饲料的度夏防霉研究-“克霉灵”对配合饲料的防霉效果[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1996,17(1):6-9.
[106]段蔚中,张耀东,吴小荣.储藏饲料的霉变与品质变化[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1989,(4):26-33.
[107]MITSUAKI OHSHIMA,EIJI KIMURA,HIRO-OMI YOKOTA.A method of making good quality silage from direct cut alfalfa by spraying previously fermented juice[J].Animal Feed science Technology,1997,66:129-137.
[108]PYS J,MIGDAL W.Effect of lactic acid bacterial inoculant with enzyme and rolled barley additive on the chemical composition and protein degradation of alfalfa silage[J].Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry,2002,18:3-4,33-44.
[109]王成章,王恬.饲料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:122-141.
[110]刘贤,韩鲁佳,原慎一郎,等.不同添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2004,9(3):25-30.
[111]BRODERICK G A,RADLOFF W J.Effect of molasses supplementation on the production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa and corn silage[J].J Dairy Sci,2004,87(9):2997-3009.
[112]刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮原料的合理调制与质量评定标准[J].饲料工业,1999,20(3):4-6.
[113]黄森,安晓宁,李丽霞.直接进样同时测定青贮饲料中挥发性脂肪酸和乳酸的气相色谱法研究[J].畜牧兽医,1989,4:1-4.
[114]郭旭生,周禾,刘桂霞.苜蓿青贮过程中蛋白质的分解及抑制方法[J].草业科学,2005,22(11):46-50.
[115]杨镇海.德国青贮饲料质量评定技术考察报告[J].饲料研究,1992,(9):21-26.
[116]黄青云.畜牧微生物学[M].北京:中国农业出版社.2003:185-196.
[117]ALEXANDER N,HRISTOV,SASHO G,et al.Proteolysis and rumen degradability of protein in alfalfa preserved as silage,wilted silage or hay[J].Animal Feed Science Technology,1998,72:175-181.
[118]田玮,杨雨鑫,徐峰,等.紫花苜蓿品种引种筛选的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2003,37(1):90-93.
[119]DOIEZAL P,ZEMAN L,DVORACEK J.Quality of silages and silage additives[J].Krmivarstvi Czech Republic,2001,5(1):16-20.
[120]MITSUAKI O,EIJI K,HIRO-OMI Y.A method of making good quality silage from direct cut alfalfa by spraying previously fermented juice[J].Animal Feed science Technology,1997,66:129-137.
[121]COLOMBARI G,BORREANI G,CROVETTO G M.Effect of ensiling alfalfa at low and high dry matter on production of milk used to make Grana cheese[J].J Dairy Sci,2001,84(11):2494-2502.
[122]CERNY C.The aroma side of the Maillard reaction[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci.2008,1126:66-71.
[123]李长慧,徐成体,刘燕.不同添加剂对蜗牛苜蓿青贮品质的影响[J].青海大学学报,2006,24(2):64-66,103.
[124]SOEST,MASON.The influence of the Maillard reaction upon the nutritive value of fibrous feeds[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology.1991,32:1-3,45-43.
[125]陈刚,彭健.菜籽饼粕抗营养因子研究进展[J].畜禽业,2001,(1):14-16.
[126]DE WET,P.J.Effect of processing on nutritive value of Feeds:protein Handbook of nutritive Value of processed[M],food(Ⅱ),1983:321-341.
[127]王之盛,周安国,陈德,等.加工对配合饲料蛋白质营养价值的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2000,18(1):57-61.
[128]唐俊英.热应激对奶牛生产力的影响[J].中国奶牛,2000,(2):27-28.
[129]唐邵帜.牛奶尿素氮测定在奶牛日粮平衡中的应用[J].中国奶牛,1996,(2):30-31.
[2]王鑫,马永祥,李娟.紫花苜蓿营养成分及主要生物学特性[J].草业科学,2003,20(10):39-40.
[3]李雪枫,王宁,吴韶寰.苜蓿的应用价值及展望[J].宁夏农学院学报,2003,24(1):76-82.
[4]Amy Spillman.Nutrient Boost for Alfalfa Silage[J].Agricultural Research,2003,51(12):20.
[5]黄虎平,李志强.苜蓿干草的蛋白质营养特性[J].中国乳业,2003(9):19-21.
[6]李胜利.优质粗饲料—苜蓿干草和鲁梅克斯对奶牛产奶性能的影响[J].中国乳业,2002,1:23-25.
[7]K J Han,M Collins,E S Vanzant,C T Dougherty.Bale Density and Moisture Effects on Alfalfa Round Bale Silage[J].Crop Science,2004,44(3):914-919.
[8]Kleinschmit DH,Schingoethe D J,Hippen AR,et al.Dried distillers grains plus solubles with corn silage or alfalfa hay as the primary forage source in dairy cow diets.J Dairy Sci.2007,90(12):5587-99.
[9]杨凤.动物营养学(第二版).北京:中国农业出版[M].2004:61-62,65-71.
[10]Calberry J M,J C Plaizier,M S Einarson,et al.Effects of replacing chopped alfalfa hay with alfalfa silage in a total mixed ration on production and rumen conditions of lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(11):3611.
[11]张勇,朱宇旌.生长肥育猪饲粮中适宜粗纤维水平的研究[J].饲料工业,1998,19(9):34-35.
[12]杨玉芬,卢德勋,许梓荣,等.日粮纤维对肥育猪消化道发育和消化酶活性的影响[J].福建农业学报,2003,18(1):34-37.
[13]肖玫,赵仁静.苜蓿的矿物元素测定及其产业化发展前景[J].粮油食品科技,2006,16(1):48-49.
[14]NRC.Nutrient requirements of swine(10th Ed.)[S].Washington DC:National Academy Press,1998.
[15]HORST R L,REINHARDT T A,RUSSELL J R,et al.The isolationand identification of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 from Medicagosativa(alfalfa plant)[J].Arch Biochem Biophys,1984,15(1):67-71.
[16]何欣,王晓霞,薛双全.苜蓿草粉对蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响[J].当代畜牧,2001(2):33-39.
[17]杨雨鑫,王成章,廉红霞,等.紫花苜蓿草粉对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及蛋黄颜色的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2004,23(3):314-319.
[18]Peterson T E,L R McDowel,R J McMahon,et al.Balance and serum concentration of biotin in sheep fed alfalfa meal-based diets with increasing level of concentratel,2[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(4):1165-1169
[19]郝永清,王丽容,董永军,等.水溶性苜蓿多糖对肉仔鸡免疫器官发育影响的研究[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,2002(2):23-24.
[20]张世军,王三虎,赵坤.苜蓿多糖对猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗免疫应答强化作用的研究[J].河南农业科学,2003(10):57-60.
[21]冀贞阳.含“生长因子”的饲料和饲料添加剂[J].畜禽业,2004(9):52-58
[22]William D.A study of atherosclerosis regressnm in maraca mulatta[J].Am J pathol,1980,100:633-650.
[23]张子仪.中国饲料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:886-887.
[24]许庆方.影响苜蓿青贮品质的主要因素及苜蓿青贮在奶牛日粮中应用效果的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005,6.
[25]Cao Li man,Masakazu Goto,Mitsuaki Ohshima.Variations in the fermentation characteristics of alfalfa silage of different harvest times as treated with fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria[J].Grassland Science,2002,47(6):583-587.
[26]李向林,万里强.苜蓿青贮技术研究进展[J].草业学报,2005,14(2):9-15.
[27]杨正德,罗爱平,施晓丽,青贮饲料贮藏温度变化规律探讨[J],畜牧兽医学报,1998,29(6):524.
[28]刘卓,徐安凯.紫花苜蓿青贮技术与设施研究[J].吉林畜牧兽医,2005(3):26-28.
[29]MCDONALD P,HENDERSON A R,HERON S J E.The biochemistry of silage[M].2nd ed.Bucks:Chalcombe Publications,1991.
[30]许新新,呼德尔.两种含水量紫花苜蓿青贮品质比较[J].黑龙江畜牧医,2008(9):55-56.
[31]郭玉琴,何欣,孙晓利.不同含水率对苜蓿青贮营养成分的影响.当代畜牧,2005,(12):38-39.
[32]杨富裕,周禾,韩建国,等.添加甲酸甲醛对草木樨青贮品质的影响[J].草业学报,2004,13(1):74-78.
[33]Phillip L E.Effects treating Lucerne with an inoculum of lactic acid bacteriaor for micacidupon chemical changes during fer-mentation,and up on the nutritive value of the silage for lambs[J].Grass and Forage Science,1990,45(3):337-344.
[34]许庆方,韩建国,周禾,等。不同添加剂对拉伸膜裹包苜蓿青贮的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(7):1464-1471.
[35]师希雄,曹致中.甲酸对苜蓿草渣青贮饲料营养价值的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):773-776.
[36]许庆方,玉柱.接种乳酸菌对苜蓿青贮发酵品质的影响[J].山西农业科学,2004,32(3):81-85.
[37]Jones B A,Satter L D,Muck R E.Influence of bacterial inoculant and substrate addition to lucerne ensiled at different dry matter contents[J].Grass and Forage Science,1992,47(1):19-27.
[38]万里强,李向林.乳酸菌复合添加剂糖分浓度对不同含水量苜蓿青贮效果的影响[J].中国草地,2005,27(1):29-32.
[39]杨志刚,沈益新,陈阿琴,纤维素酶在青贮饲料中的应用[J],饲料博览,2002(1):39-41
[40]Yu Zhu,Naoki Nishino,Yoshiro Kishida and Senji Uchida..Ensuliing characteristics and ruminal degration of Italian ryegrass and Lucerne silage treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes[J].J.Sci.Food Agri.999,79.1987-1992.
[41]周德宝,蔡义民,纤维分解酶对青贮饲料发酵特性的影响[J],山东农业大学学报.1999,30(4):367
[42]Woodford J A,Jorgensen N A,Barrington G P.Impact of dietary fiber and physical form on performance of lactating dairy cows[J].J.Dairy Science,1986,69(4):1035-1047.
[43]Jacobs J L,Cook J E,McAIlan A B.Enzymes as silage additives.2.The effect of grass dry matter content on silage quality and performance in sheep[J].Grass and Forage Science,1991,46(2):191-199.
[44]Broderick G A,Derosa R,Reynal S.Value of treating alfalfa silage with fibrolytic enzymes prior to feeding the silage to lac-tating dairy cows[J].US Dairy Forage Research Center,1997,12:81-85.
[45]Alli I.The effect of molasses on the fermentation of chopped whole-plant maize and Lucerne[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1984,35(3):285-289.
[46]Nishino N,Senji U.Laboratory evaluation of previously fermented juice as a fermentation stimulant for Lucerne silage,[J].Joumal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1999,79:1285-1288.
[47]许庆方,玉柱,李胜利,等.甲酸或绿汁发酵液对苜蓿青贮影响的研究.畜牧兽医学报[J].2008,39(12):1709-1714.
[48]郭玉琴,杨起简,王洪波。添加不同水平的玉米粉对紫花苟借青贮营养威分的影响[J].畜牧与饲料,2005,(6):20-22.
[49]李长慧,班春莉.披碱草和苜蓿混合青贮试验研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2006(2):56-57.
[50]赵明轩.紫花苜蓿饲喂奶牛试验[J].草业科学.2005,22(5):85-86.
[51]农业部畜牧兽医司.青贮饲料质量评定标准(试行)[J].中国饲料,1996(21):5-7.
[52]余伯良.发酵饲料生产与应用新技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999:32.
[53]郭旭生,丁武蓉,玉柱.青贮饲料发酵品质评定体系及其新进展[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(4):100-106.
[54]Kaiser E,K Weiβ.A new system for the evaluation of the fermentation quality of silages[C]//Park R S,M.D Stronge,eds.Proceedings of the ⅩⅣ international silage conference,a satellite workshop of the ⅩⅩth international grassland congress,2005,Bellast,Northern Ireland.2005:275.
[55]范志影,陈金辉。肖靖泽等,采用流动注射法测定青贮饲料中的氨态氮[J].中国农业科技导报,2008,10(S2):98-100
[56]陈鹏飞,戎郁萍,韩建国.近红外光谱技术测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样的发酵品质.光谱学与光谱分析,2008,28(12):2799-2803.
[57]王洪丽,李成云.气相色谱法测定苜蓿青贮料中的有机酸[J].饲料工业,2008,29(16):57-58,60
[58]许庆方,玉柱,韩建国,等.高效液相色谱法测定紫花苜蓿青贮中的有机酸[J].草原与草坪,2007,(2):63-65,67.
[59]傅彤,刘庆生,范志影,等.应用离子色谱测定青贮饲料中有机酸含量的研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(5):16-17.
[60]Kaiser E,K Wei β,R Krause.Beurteilung skriterien f(u|¨)r die Garqualitat von grassilagen[J].Proceedings of the Society for Nutritional Physiology,2000,(9):94.
[61]郭旭生,周禾.不同添加剂对青贮饲料有氧稳定性的影响[J].中国奶牛,2006,(9):18-20.
[62]Kung L Jr,C C Taylor,M P Lynch,et al.The effect of trea-ting alfalfa with Lactobacillus bunchneri 40788 on silage fer-mentation,aerobic stability,and nutritive value for lactatingdairy cows[J].J.Dairy Sci.,2003,86(1):336-343.
[63]Kaiser,E K Wei β,R Krause.Vorschlag zur beurteilung der Garqualitat von grassilagen proceedings 111,VDLUFA-Kongreβ,Halle,1999:385-388.
[64]Papadopoulos Y A,B D McKersie.A comparison of protein degradation during wilting and ensiling of six forage species[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1983,63:903-912.
[65]Bhandari SK,Li S,Ominski KH,et al.Effects of the chop lengths of alfalfa silage and oat silage on feed intake,milk production,feeding behavior,and rumen fermentation of dairy cows.J Dairy Sci.2008,91(5):1942-58
[66]Vargas-Bello-Perez E,Mustafa AF,Seguin P.Effects of feeding forage soybean silage on milk production,nutrient digestion,and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows.J Dairy Sci.2008,91(1):229-35.
[67]Plaizier J C.Replacing chopped alfalfa hay with alfalfa silage in barley grain and alfalfa-based total mixed rations for lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci.2004,87(8):2495-2505.
[68]晏荣,李志强,韩建国.苜蓿青贮对牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的影响[J].饲料研究,2006,(10):44-47.
[69]Kammes K L,Heemink G B,Albrecht K A,et al.Utilization of kura clover-reed canarygrass silage versus alfalfa silage by lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci.2008 Aug;91(8):3138-44.
[70]Bulang M,Kluth H,Engelhard T et al.Studies on the use of lucerne silage source for high-milk-producing dairy cows.J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr(Berl).2006,90(3-4):89-102.
[71]Groff EB,Wu Z.Milk production and nitrogen excretion of dairy cows fed different amounts of protein and varying proportions of alfalfa and corn silage.J Dairy Sci.2005,88(10):3619-32.
[72]蒋振山.糖蜜的饲用价值及其应用[J].中国农业大学学报,2000,5(6):69-72.
[73]郭晨光,王红英.甘蔗糖蜜在奶牛饲养上的应用[J].中国奶牛,2002,(2):22-24.
[74]王新峰,潘晓亮,张昆明,等.饲料中添加糖蜜对奶牛奶产量及乳成分的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2005,(9):21-22.
[75]王新峰,潘晓亮,向春和,等.添加甜菜糖蜜对绵羊瘤胃pH和NH3-N浓度的影响[J].中国饲料,2006,(2):25-27.
[76]梁丽莉,赵海明.日粮中添加大豆糖蜜对泌乳高峰期奶牛的影响.饲料研究,2007,(7):51-52.
[77]Broderick G A,Radloff W J.Effect of molasses supplementation on the production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa and corn silage.J Dairy Sci.2004,87(9):2997-3009.
[78]李德发.尿素复合添加剂舔块的研究进展及应用概况[J].中国饲料,1995,(17):2-4.
[79]冯宇哲,刘书杰,王万邦,等.高寒地区放牧牦牛补饲尿素糖蜜营养舔块效果研究[J].中国草食动物,2008,28(3):40-42.
[80]邓灶福,欧阳叙向,刘鹤翔,等.山羊尿素舔砖不同添加水平的效果试验[J].家畜生态学报,2008,29(5):93-95.
[81]王尚荣.补饲尿素糖蜜型饲料舔砖对杂交公牛生长效果的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2007,43(9):57-58
[82]穆晓峰,惠文森.尿素糖浆饲料舔砖饲喂荷斯坦乳牛效果试验[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(11):3266,3268
[83]李改英,高腾云,傅彤,等.不同糖蜜添加量对紫花苜蓿青贮品质和发酵进程的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2008,27(5):625-628.
[84]赵国琦,丁健,孙龙生,等.添加纤维素酶和糖蜜对大黍青贮饲料品质的影响[J].动物科学与动物医学,2001,18(6):61-65.
[85]丁武蓉,干友民,郭旭生,等.添加糖蜜对胡枝子青贮品质的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2008,44(1):61-64
[86]陈育峰,刘艳芬,万江虹,等.添加尿素和糖蜜对甘蔗尾打捆青贮品质的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(2):20-22.
[87]赵亮亮,董宽虎,张瑞忠.添加不同水平糖蜜对燕麦青贮的影响.草原与草坪,2007,(5):49-53
[88]Garaleviciene D,Pettersson H,Augonyte G,et al.Effects of mould and toxin contaminated barley on laying hens performance and health[J].Arch Tieremath,2001,55(1):25-42.
[89]赵守山,段淑霞.发霉变质饲料对奶牛的危害[J].北方牧业.2007,33(6):81-82.
[90]傅彤.微生物接种剂对玉米青贮饲料发酵进程及其品质的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院.2005,6.
[91]宁开桂.实用饲料分析手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1993:36-37.
[92]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002:49,105-111.
[93]魏金涛,张妮娅,齐德生.四种常用饲料原料生霉后品质变化规律研究[J].中国粮油学报,2007,22(5):119-124.
[94]齐德生,于炎湖,刘耘,等.霉变豆粕的品质研究[J].粮食与饲料工业,1999,(1):25-26.
[95]陈喜斌,丁斌鹰,陈宏.豆粕霉变过程中品质变化规律的研究[J].中国粮油学报,2003,18(1):65-69.
[96]Paster N,Lisker N.The Nutritional Value of Moldy Grains for Broiler Chicks[J].Poultry Science,1982,61:2247-2254.
[97]Zhang Wen-ju,XU Zi-rong,SUN Jian-yil,et al.Effect of selected fungi on the reduction ofgossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal[J].J Zhe jiang Univ SCIENCE B,2006,7(9):690-695.
[98]王晶,周禾,冯涛.红三叶、苜蓿青贮前后蛋白质的变化[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(6):34-37.
[99]陈喜斌,丁斌鹰,陈宏.霉变对豆粕营养价值的影响[J].中国粮油学报,2004,19(3):69-73.
[100]王成章,何云,史莹华,等.饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼抗氧化性能及脂质代谢的影响[J].草业学报.2008,17(4):141-148.
[101]董玉京.新型饲料与饲料添加剂[M].北京:海洋出版社.1993:343-349.
[102]罗兰.万香宝防霉剂的使用效果[J].中国饲料,1995,(5):22-23.
[103]魏金涛,齐德生.饲料霉变品质变化及其评价指标探讨[J].饲料工业.2006,27(11):49-51.
[104]王金水,江秀明,弋学亮,等.高水分玉米应用二氧化氯防霉保鲜研究[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1996,17(4):81-84.
[105]严以谨.粮油副产品及饲料的度夏防霉研究-“克霉灵”对配合饲料的防霉效果[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1996,17(1):6-9.
[106]段蔚中,张耀东,吴小荣.储藏饲料的霉变与品质变化[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1989,(4):26-33.
[107]MITSUAKI OHSHIMA,EIJI KIMURA,HIRO-OMI YOKOTA.A method of making good quality silage from direct cut alfalfa by spraying previously fermented juice[J].Animal Feed science Technology,1997,66:129-137.
[108]PYS J,MIGDAL W.Effect of lactic acid bacterial inoculant with enzyme and rolled barley additive on the chemical composition and protein degradation of alfalfa silage[J].Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry,2002,18:3-4,33-44.
[109]王成章,王恬.饲料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:122-141.
[110]刘贤,韩鲁佳,原慎一郎,等.不同添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2004,9(3):25-30.
[111]BRODERICK G A,RADLOFF W J.Effect of molasses supplementation on the production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa and corn silage[J].J Dairy Sci,2004,87(9):2997-3009.
[112]刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮原料的合理调制与质量评定标准[J].饲料工业,1999,20(3):4-6.
[113]黄森,安晓宁,李丽霞.直接进样同时测定青贮饲料中挥发性脂肪酸和乳酸的气相色谱法研究[J].畜牧兽医,1989,4:1-4.
[114]郭旭生,周禾,刘桂霞.苜蓿青贮过程中蛋白质的分解及抑制方法[J].草业科学,2005,22(11):46-50.
[115]杨镇海.德国青贮饲料质量评定技术考察报告[J].饲料研究,1992,(9):21-26.
[116]黄青云.畜牧微生物学[M].北京:中国农业出版社.2003:185-196.
[117]ALEXANDER N,HRISTOV,SASHO G,et al.Proteolysis and rumen degradability of protein in alfalfa preserved as silage,wilted silage or hay[J].Animal Feed Science Technology,1998,72:175-181.
[118]田玮,杨雨鑫,徐峰,等.紫花苜蓿品种引种筛选的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2003,37(1):90-93.
[119]DOIEZAL P,ZEMAN L,DVORACEK J.Quality of silages and silage additives[J].Krmivarstvi Czech Republic,2001,5(1):16-20.
[120]MITSUAKI O,EIJI K,HIRO-OMI Y.A method of making good quality silage from direct cut alfalfa by spraying previously fermented juice[J].Animal Feed science Technology,1997,66:129-137.
[121]COLOMBARI G,BORREANI G,CROVETTO G M.Effect of ensiling alfalfa at low and high dry matter on production of milk used to make Grana cheese[J].J Dairy Sci,2001,84(11):2494-2502.
[122]CERNY C.The aroma side of the Maillard reaction[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci.2008,1126:66-71.
[123]李长慧,徐成体,刘燕.不同添加剂对蜗牛苜蓿青贮品质的影响[J].青海大学学报,2006,24(2):64-66,103.
[124]SOEST,MASON.The influence of the Maillard reaction upon the nutritive value of fibrous feeds[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology.1991,32:1-3,45-43.
[125]陈刚,彭健.菜籽饼粕抗营养因子研究进展[J].畜禽业,2001,(1):14-16.
[126]DE WET,P.J.Effect of processing on nutritive value of Feeds:protein Handbook of nutritive Value of processed[M],food(Ⅱ),1983:321-341.
[127]王之盛,周安国,陈德,等.加工对配合饲料蛋白质营养价值的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2000,18(1):57-61.
[128]唐俊英.热应激对奶牛生产力的影响[J].中国奶牛,2000,(2):27-28.
[129]唐邵帜.牛奶尿素氮测定在奶牛日粮平衡中的应用[J].中国奶牛,1996,(2):30-31.