不同蛋白源对仔猪生长性能和消化率的影响
|
摘要
选择体重一致、健康的27日龄三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪(28日龄断奶)48头,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪,对照组饲喂含3%血浆蛋白粉的试验饲粮,两个试验组分别用含3%小麦水解蛋白粉(试验Ⅰ组)和3%水解胶原蛋白粉(试验Ⅱ组)完全代替3%血浆蛋白粉(保持赖氨酸一致),进行为期28天的正式试验。试验结果如下:
与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的断奶仔猪日增重分别提高了22.78%(P﹥0.05)和降低了5.00%(P﹥0.05),料重比分别降低了3.14%(P﹥0.05)和升高了11.52 %(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组能显著降低仔猪的腹泻率(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组和对照组断奶仔猪的腹泻率差异不显著(P>0.05);仔猪的采食量试验Ⅱ组有下降的趋势,试验Ⅰ组仔猪采食量高于对照组,但各组仔猪的采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。
对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组断奶仔猪粗脂肪表观消化率、钙和总磷表观消化率三个处理之间无显著差异(P>0.05),试验Ⅰ组和对照组断奶仔猪粗蛋白质表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和对照组、试验Ⅰ组断奶仔猪粗蛋白质表观消化率差异极显著(P﹤0.01)。
试验Ⅰ组和对照组断奶仔猪血清中的尿素氮指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和对照组断奶仔猪血清中的尿素氮指标差异显著(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组断奶仔猪血清中的尿素氮指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组三个处理仔猪血清中的丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、葡萄糖差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
试验结果表明:断奶仔猪日粮中用3%小麦水解蛋白粉完全代替3%血浆蛋白粉能够减少仔猪腹泻(P<0.05),提高仔猪生长性能。断奶仔猪日粮中用3%水解胶原蛋白粉完全代替3%血浆蛋白粉能够使仔猪生长性能基本保持一致。
Choose the same weight, and healthy 27-day-old ternary hybridization (Duroc×Landrace×Youkshire) piglets (28-day-old weanling) 48, were randomly divided into three groups, each with four repeat, repeat every four pigs, and the control group Feeding containing 3% plasma protein powder test diet, the two experimental groups were used with 3% hydrolyzed wheat protein powder (experimental groupⅠ) and 3% hydrolysis of collagen protein powder (experimental groupⅡ) completely replace the plasma protein 3% Powder (lysine maintain consistency), a 28-day official test. The results are as follows:
Compared with the control group, the pilot groupⅠandⅡpilot group weaned piglets daily gain were increased by 22.78% (P> 0.05) and 5.00% lower (P> 0.05), respectively, lower than the expected weight of 3.14% (P > 0.05) and increased by 11.52% (P> 0.05); groupⅠcan significantly reduce piglet diarrhea rate (P <0.05), the test group and control groupⅡweaned piglets diarrhea rate not significantly different (P> 0.05). ; piglets intake test groupⅡthere is a downward trend, the groupⅠpiglets intake higher, but the group piglets intake there was no significant difference (P> 0.05).
Control group, groupⅠandⅡpilot group weaned piglets apparent digestibility of fat, calcium and phosphorus digestibility between the three treatment there was no significant difference (P> 0.05), the test group and control groupⅠweaned piglets rough protein digestibility no significant difference (P> 0.05).Ⅱtest group and control group, test groupⅠweaned piglets crude protein digestibility significant difference (P <0.01).
Ⅰtest group and control group weaned piglets in the serum urea nitrogen indicators there was no significant difference (P> 0.05).Ⅱtest group and control group weaned piglets in the serum urea nitrogen indicators of the difference was significant (P <0.05). GroupⅠand test pilotⅡgroup weaned piglets in the serum urea nitrogen indicators there was no significant difference (P> 0.05). control group, groupⅠandⅡtest of the three processing piglets in the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, globulin , alkaline phosphatase, glucose no significant difference (P> 0.05).
The results show that: weaning piglet diet of wheat used three percent completely hydrolyzed protein powder instead of 3% plasma protein powder can reduce piglet diarrhea (P <0.05) increase piglet growth performance. Dietary weaned piglets used three percent complete hydrolysis of collagen protein powder instead of 3% plasma protein powder can make piglets basically consistent growth performance, but because of the hydrolysis of collagen protein powder lower prices, it has great value.
与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的断奶仔猪日增重分别提高了22.78%(P﹥0.05)和降低了5.00%(P﹥0.05),料重比分别降低了3.14%(P﹥0.05)和升高了11.52 %(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组能显著降低仔猪的腹泻率(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组和对照组断奶仔猪的腹泻率差异不显著(P>0.05);仔猪的采食量试验Ⅱ组有下降的趋势,试验Ⅰ组仔猪采食量高于对照组,但各组仔猪的采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。
对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组断奶仔猪粗脂肪表观消化率、钙和总磷表观消化率三个处理之间无显著差异(P>0.05),试验Ⅰ组和对照组断奶仔猪粗蛋白质表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和对照组、试验Ⅰ组断奶仔猪粗蛋白质表观消化率差异极显著(P﹤0.01)。
试验Ⅰ组和对照组断奶仔猪血清中的尿素氮指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和对照组断奶仔猪血清中的尿素氮指标差异显著(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组断奶仔猪血清中的尿素氮指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组三个处理仔猪血清中的丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、葡萄糖差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
试验结果表明:断奶仔猪日粮中用3%小麦水解蛋白粉完全代替3%血浆蛋白粉能够减少仔猪腹泻(P<0.05),提高仔猪生长性能。断奶仔猪日粮中用3%水解胶原蛋白粉完全代替3%血浆蛋白粉能够使仔猪生长性能基本保持一致。
Choose the same weight, and healthy 27-day-old ternary hybridization (Duroc×Landrace×Youkshire) piglets (28-day-old weanling) 48, were randomly divided into three groups, each with four repeat, repeat every four pigs, and the control group Feeding containing 3% plasma protein powder test diet, the two experimental groups were used with 3% hydrolyzed wheat protein powder (experimental groupⅠ) and 3% hydrolysis of collagen protein powder (experimental groupⅡ) completely replace the plasma protein 3% Powder (lysine maintain consistency), a 28-day official test. The results are as follows:
Compared with the control group, the pilot groupⅠandⅡpilot group weaned piglets daily gain were increased by 22.78% (P> 0.05) and 5.00% lower (P> 0.05), respectively, lower than the expected weight of 3.14% (P > 0.05) and increased by 11.52% (P> 0.05); groupⅠcan significantly reduce piglet diarrhea rate (P <0.05), the test group and control groupⅡweaned piglets diarrhea rate not significantly different (P> 0.05). ; piglets intake test groupⅡthere is a downward trend, the groupⅠpiglets intake higher, but the group piglets intake there was no significant difference (P> 0.05).
Control group, groupⅠandⅡpilot group weaned piglets apparent digestibility of fat, calcium and phosphorus digestibility between the three treatment there was no significant difference (P> 0.05), the test group and control groupⅠweaned piglets rough protein digestibility no significant difference (P> 0.05).Ⅱtest group and control group, test groupⅠweaned piglets crude protein digestibility significant difference (P <0.01).
Ⅰtest group and control group weaned piglets in the serum urea nitrogen indicators there was no significant difference (P> 0.05).Ⅱtest group and control group weaned piglets in the serum urea nitrogen indicators of the difference was significant (P <0.05). GroupⅠand test pilotⅡgroup weaned piglets in the serum urea nitrogen indicators there was no significant difference (P> 0.05). control group, groupⅠandⅡtest of the three processing piglets in the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, globulin , alkaline phosphatase, glucose no significant difference (P> 0.05).
The results show that: weaning piglet diet of wheat used three percent completely hydrolyzed protein powder instead of 3% plasma protein powder can reduce piglet diarrhea (P <0.05) increase piglet growth performance. Dietary weaned piglets used three percent complete hydrolysis of collagen protein powder instead of 3% plasma protein powder can make piglets basically consistent growth performance, but because of the hydrolysis of collagen protein powder lower prices, it has great value.
引文
[1]李德发,猪的营养[M],北京:中国农业科学出版社,2005:247
[2] GB,T 6436—92饲料中钙测定方法.见:中国饲料工业标准化技术委员会和中国饲料工业梆会编.饲料工业标准汇编.北京:中国标准出版杜.1996.34～88
[3] GB,T 6437 92饲料中总磷测定方法.见:中国饲料工业标准化技术委员会和中国饲料工业协会编.饲料工业标准汇编北京:中国标准出版杜,l 996,39～4l
[4] GB."T 6432 94饲料粗蛋白质测定方法.见:中国饲料工业标准化技术委员会和中国饲料工业西会编.饲料工业标准汇编.北京:中国标准出版社.1996.02
[5] GB/T 6438 92饲料中粗灰分测定方法.见:中国饲料工业标准化技术委员会和中国饲料工业协会编饲料工业标准汇编.北京:中国标准出版杜.1 996.42～43
[6]陈代文.1994.饲料蛋白质对仔猪过敏性腹泻和生产性能的影响[D]博士论文: 5～6
[7]北京农业大学主编.《家畜饲养试验指导》[M].北京:农业出版社,1979
[8]陈冬星,刘伟.添加喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉饲喂仔猪试验[J].中国畜牧杂志,2000,36(5):36~37
[9]陈杰.家畜生理学[M].中国农业出版社,北京,2003:36-44
[10]范志勇,王康宁.早期断奶仔猪的营养研究进展[J],西南农业学报,2000,13 suppl.:121-127
[11]冯晓亮.宣晓君.水解胶原蛋自的研制及应用[J].浙江化工.2001,32(1): 53～54.
[12]高得仪,韩博,王清兰.焦淑贤.猪运输应激血液生化指标的变化[J].中国兽医学报,1996,16(3):285-288
[13]高峰,江芸,周光宏,等.小麦基础日粮添加酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长、代谢和血液I L一2水平的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2002,25(1):57～60.
[14]高士争,葛长荣,田允波,张曦,韩剑众.中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪血液生理生化指标的影响[J].云南农业大学学报.2002.17(2):164~169
[15]葛长荣,韩剑众,高士争,田允波,黄启超,张铁英.以天然植物有效成分为主体的饲料添加剂的制备工艺研究[J],云南农业大学学报, 2002,17(1):51-55
[16]呙于明.家禽营养[M].中国农业大学出版社,北京:2004:238
[17]蒋挺大.张春萍.胶原蛋白粉[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2001.
[18]蒋挺大.张春萍.焦水旭.等.铬革浩资源化处理研究Ⅷ.饲料胶原蛋白粉的毒理试验[J].环境科学.1994, 15( 1):36～39.
[19]蒋挺大.张春萍.饲料胶原蛋白粉的营养特点[J].中国饲料.1994. 3: 36～38.
[20]蒋挺大·环境科学学报.1989,9;396
[21]冷静,朱仁俊,马黎.抗生素对断奶仔猪免疫机能的影响[J].江苏农业科,2004,2:63-64
[22]冷向军.土冠.闰大伟.等.胶原蛋白部分替代鱼粉饲养异育银鲫的试验[J].水产科学.2005,24(5):31～33.
[23]张军民,高振川.谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠粘膜蛋白质/ DNA含量和组织形态的影响[J ] .中国农业科学, 2002 , 35 (10) : 126421268.
[24]李洪龙,文玉兰.饲用血粉的应用现状.国外畜牧学一猪与禽。2004,5:24-26
[25]李香子,张敏,严昌国,林石哲,金辉东.新型猪用绿色饲料添加剂的开发与应用-对血液生化指标的影响[J].延边大学农学学报.2003.25(4):287-291
[26]林映才,蒋宗勇,余德谦,等.超早期断奶仔猪可消化蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸需求参数研究[J].动物营养学报,2001,13(3):30～39.
[27]林映才,蒋宗勇,余德谦,等.断奶仔猪色氨酸需求参数的研究[J].动物营养学报,1999,11(3):45～50.
[28]刘强,冯学琴.非淀粉多糖酶制剂的研究与应用进展[J].动物营养学报,1999,ll(2):6-l1.
[29]刘强,汪儆,雷祖玉,等.小麦日粮粘滞性及小麦粘度的研究[J]I动物营养学报,1999,ll(4):44.50.
[30]刘文奎,方开旺.氨基酸杂志.1984(3)38
[31]刘皙洁,刘丽梅,崔丽,等.香猪采食前后胃液分泌与血浆胃泌素浓度的变化[J].东北农业大学学报, 1998,29(1):43～47.
[32]刘媛.张志胜.一种新型动物蛋白源-饲料胶原蛋白粉的研究[J].饲料博览.2005. 11: 38～40.
[33]全炳昭等.早期断奶应激(EWS)对仔猪影响的研究---对生长、体重和发病率的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,1997,27(6):7-9
[34]马翠然.胶原肉粉在蛋鸡日粮中的应用[J].中国饲料.1998. 16: 24.
[35]张阅军李红兵张永清一种优质动物蛋白饲料的研制及营养特点[J]山西农业大学学1995 ,15(3) ,260～262
[36]张振斌蒋宗勇林映才余德谦.超早期断奶应激对仔猪胃肠内容物pH值和微生物区系的影响[J].养猪, 1998 (3):14~15
[37]欧秀琼.钟正泽.黄健.等.水解胶原蛋白粉在生长肥育猪日粮中的应用研究[J].四川畜牧兽医.20oo,27(5):26～27.
[38]彭健.日粮纤维:定义、成分、分析方法及加工影响(综述)猪与禽,1999,4:8～l1
[39]朴香淑,李德发.中草药饲料添加剂促进畜禽生长性能研究现状及展望[J].饲料工业,2002,23(1):12-14
[40]虞泽鹏,金征宇.非淀粉多糖与畜禽营养[J].饲料研究,2002,(6):14-15.
[41]全炳昭等.早期断奶应激(EWS)对仔猪影响的研究---对血液生理指数和血清蛋白成分变化影响的试验观察[J].江西农业大学学报,1997,19(1):65-69
[42]苏有健,李德发,邢建军,等.在低蛋白日粮中添加色氨酸对仔猪生产性能及血清游离氨基酸和尿素氮的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2OO5.41(1):26～28.
[43]王镜岩.生物化学[M].高等教育出版社.2002:103
[44]王九峰等.皮革蛋白粉饲喂生长猪的氮基酸消化率试验(J)中国饲料.1998. (15). 29～30
[45]王丽娟.非常规性动物蛋白饲料的开发与刊用(J).饲料博览.1999: ( 5) 37～38
[46]吴新连,谭会泽,冯定远,等.仔猪色氨酸营养研究进展[J].广东饲料,2OO4,13(6):16～18.
[47]伍喜林,候永清,王衡,等.El粮色氨酸水平对仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标影响的研究[J].动物营养学报,1994,6(2):11～19.
[48]武秀云等.利用铬革渣生产复合蛋白粉(J).饲料工业.1997: ( 3 ) . I 8～20
[49]徐春兰.中草药对断奶仔猪免疫机能的影响[J].饲料博览.2005(7):35-38
[50]徐子伟.卢福庄.刘敏华.等.热喷胶原蛋白饲料的开发、生物效价及饲用效果研究[J].粮食与饲料工业.1996, 5: 18～21.
[51]徐子伟等.胶原蛋白替代进口角粉刘生长猪饲粮养分消化率的影响( J).浙江畜牧兽医1992:(3).2～3
[52]许梓荣,卢建军,杨英.饲粮中添加半纤维素酶对生长猪的促生长作用及其内分泌机制[J].中国兽医学报, 2002,3(2):201～202.
[53]张宏福、李长患,马永喜仔猪消化功能的发育及营养对策[J]见:刘建新主编饲料营养研究进展:M]成都:亚洲中医药杂志社,1998 24-37
[54]杨丽杰.VFA和黏蛋白对肠道微生物和肠避疾病的影响[J].畜禽生产,2004(6):36
[55]杨胜.饲料分析厦饲料质量检测技术.北京.北京农业大学出版社.1 993
[56]喑格迈斯特主编第六届猪消化生理国际学术会议论文集[c].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1997 352～355.
[57]刘涛,彭健.在日粮中添加谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J ] .华中农业大学学报, 1999 , 18 (5) : 4572460.
[58]张宏福,杨富林.断奶仔猪消化道酸度及其调控研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2002,38(3):51-52
[59]袁森泉.血浆蛋白粉在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用.国外畜牧学-饲料,1999 ,5 ,42～43
[60]蒋挺大由铬革渣提取蛋白质和铬[J]环境科学学报.19899(3).346～351
[61]寇柏权用制革厂下脚料胶原制造肠衣的研究[J]皮革科技.1989 (10):38～39
[62]王坤余,王碧,但卫华等铬革屑的高值利用研究[J].中国皮革2003.32.(13).26
[63]凌关庭编著食品添加剂手册(第三版)(M).北京.化学工业出版社.2O03.783
[64]周良梅,吴祖连,伍达三.胶原蛋白粉替代鱼粉饲养肥育猪的效果试验[J].浙江畜牧兽医,1995(1):38,14.。
[65]吴新连,谭会泽,冯定远,等.仔猪色氨酸营养研究进展[J].广东饲料,2OO4,13(6):16—18
[66]徐子伟.饲料用热喷胶原蛋白的开发研究[J]浙江畜牧兽医, l996(2):36-37.
[67]陈秀金等.胶原蛋白和明胶在食品上的应用[J].郑州工程学院学报,2002,(3):66-70
[68] Owsley W F , Orr D E , Tribble L R. Effect of age and dieton the development of pancreas and the synthesis and secre2tion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pigs[J] . J Anim Sci , 1986 , 63 : 4972504.
[69]Hamilton C R,IJbal G w,Pete. D N.Efects ofdietary trytophan level on the pe nce of barrows and gilts fed CO1TI—soybean ai [J].AnitaNutr Feed,1993,12:82.
[70]A cul Research Council.nle Nutrient Requirements ofPigs[M].London:Lonndon Common Wealth A cultural Bureaux,1981.
[71]Bach Knudsen K E,Hansen I_Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions: I Digestibility and bulking properties of po[ysacchar]des and other major constitutes.Br J Nutr,l 991,65: 2l 7～232
[72]BachKundsenKE,Eggum BO,SteenfeldtS,eta1.The nutritive vahe of decorticated mill fraction of wheat I.Chemical composition of raw and enzyme treated fraction and balance experiments with rats.Anita Feed Sci an dTech, 1995,52:205·225.
[73]Ball R O .Aherne F X. Effect of diet complex ty and feed restriction on the incidence and severity of diarrhea in early weaned pigs.Can J Anita Sci一1987—62:907～911
[74]Bedford M R . Mechanism of action and potentialenvironmental benefits from the use of feed enzymes[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995 ,53: 145.155.
[75]Bergstrm JR, J L Nelssen, MD Tokach, et al. Evaluation of spraydriedanimal plasma and select menhaden fish meal in transitiondiets of pigs weaned at 12 to 14 days of age and reared in differentproduction systems[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1997,75:3 004~3 009
[76]Boalxl On Agn ture of Na onal Research Council.Nutrient Requirements ofSwine(1Oth ed)[M].Washington:National Academic Press,1998.
[77]BorgB S,LibalGM ,WahlstromRC,eta1.Tryptophan and threonine requirements of young pigs an d their efects on serum calcium , phosphorus and zinc concentrations[J].Anim Sci,1987,(64):1070～1078.
[78]Campbell M., B.S. Borg, L. E. Russell, et al. Biosecurity measuresof spray- driedplasmaprotein in weanling pigs [J]. J. Anim. Sci., 2001,79(1):190。
[79]Coffey R. D., G. L. Cromwell. The impact of environment andantimicrobial agents on the growth response of early- weaned pigs tospray- dried porcine plasma[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1995,73:2 532~2 539
[80]English P R. Establishing the early weaned pig.Pro Pig Vete Soc一1 981,7:29～33
[81]FD,SmithTK,BayleyH s.Tryptophan requirement ofgrowing swine as determined bythe oxidation offillindicator amino aci,[J].Anita Sci, 1986,62:66O.
[82]FullerM F,WangTC,Giles LR.nle optimum dietary alTlillo acid patternforgn'ingpigs requireformaintenance andtissue protein accretion[J]. Br J Nutr,1989,62:255～261.
[83]Gatnau R, D. Zimmerman. Determination of optimum levels ofinclusion of spray- dried porcine plasma in diets for weanling pigsfed in practical conditions[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1991,70(1):60
[84]Groabach DA,kwisA J,PeoER.An evaluation oft Ire0rr andisoleucine asthethird andfourthlimiting aminoacidsin comfort, swine[J]. Janimi Sci。1985,60:487—494.
[85]Hampson, D. J. Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning [J] Res. Vet. Sci, 1986a, 40: 32-40.
[86]Hampson, D. J. Attempts to modify changes in the piglet small intestine after weaning[J]. Res.Vet.Sci, 1986b, 40:313-317
[87]Jung Tingda, Mo Dihua, Cheng Yiwan and 2ltang Chunping. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1992,37;175
[88]Kats L. J., J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokach, et al. The effect of spraydriedporcine plasma on growth performance in the early- weanedpig [J]. J. Anim.Sci.,1994,72:2 075~2 081
[89]Kats. The Effects of Spray～Dried Blood Meal on Growth Performance of the Early～Weanad Pig[J ] . Anim Sci. 1994 ,72 (11) : 2860～2869
[90]Kelly, D., J. J.O’Brien and K. J. Mc Cracken. Effect of creep feeding on the incidence, duration and severity of postweaning diarrhea in pigs[J]. Res. Vet. Sci.1990,49:223～228
[91]Longland A C,Carruthers J. A G.The ability of piglets 4 go 8 weeks old to digest and perform on diets containing two contrasting sources。f non starch polysaccharide. A nim Pro,1994,58:405～410
[92]M oore R J,Kornegay ET,Grayson R L,et a1.Growth.nutrient utilization and intestlna[morphology of pigs fed high—fiber diets.J Anim Sa i,I988,66:1 570～1 579
[93]M osenthin R,Hamberecht E.Physiology of dietary fibers in monogastric animals.In:Jung J K ,ed.The8th W orld Conference on Animal Production.Proceedings Symposium Series 1,Seoul National UniversityPress, 1998,78～91
[94]McDonald D E,Pluske J R,Pethick D W ,et al Interactions of dieta ry non starch p01ysacchar d withweaner pig growth and postweaning colibacdlosis. In:Cranwell P D.Manipulating Pig Production:Ⅵ. Australasian Pig Science Association.W erribee.Victoria—Austra ia. 1997. 18～l85
[95]P. Bosi, L. Casini, A. Finamore, et al. Spray - dried plasma improvesgrowth performance and reduces inflammatory status of weaned pigschallenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 [J]. J. Anim. Sci., 2004,82:1 764～1 772
[96]Partridge G,Wyatt G.Moreflexibility with new generation ofenzymes[J].World Poultry,1995,l1(4):17～21.
[97]Potkins Z V ,ga,vrence T L J,Thomlinson J R.Dietary fibre in the diet of growing pig-Effects on apparent digestibility and resultant im plications for use in reducing the incidence of㈣oph g。gas parakeratosis.Research in Veterinary Science,1 99g,52:1 5～21
[98]Russell L E.Alternativestomilk productsin.Rrtcrdiel [M].Lowa."Nottingham Univeaity Press,1983.
[99]Southern L L.Digestible flllli/lo acids and digestible flllli/lO acid requirements for swine[J].Biokyowa Teachnical Review,1991,24:33～37.
[100]Sturkie P D.Avian Physiology.4 Edition[M].NewYork:Springer-Verlag, 1986. Tang M, B Laarveld. Effect of segregated early weaning on post-weaning small intestinal development in pigs[J],Journal Animal Science,1999,77:3191～3200.
[101]Trowel1 H .Southgate D A T—W olever T M S.et a1.Dietary fiber redefined Lancet,1976～967
[102]Van Dijk AJ. Spray- dried plasma in diets for weaned piglets: influenceon growth and underlying mechanisms [J].Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 2002,127(17):520～523
[103]Van Dijk AJ. Spray- dried plasma in diets for weaned piglets: influenceon growth and underlying mechanisms [J].Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 2002,127(17):520～523
[104]WeaverEM,Hamilton C R,Libal Gw.Eficacy of adding L—tayptophantoandfinisherdiets containing eO1TIute,l n [J].Anlm Sei, 1991.69:123.
[105]Fleming S E , Fitch M D , Hudes M. Effect s of animalage , st rain and feeding status on subst rate oxidation byjejunal and colonic cells of rat [J ] . J Gerontol ,1994 ,49 : B222B30.
[106] Brooks D , Bessey P Q , Black PR , et al . Insulinstimulates branched chain amino acid uptake anddiminishes nit rogen flux f rom skeletal muscle of injuredpatient s[J ] . J Surg Res , 1986 ,40 :395.
[107] Hampson D J . Attempt s to modify changes in t hepiglet small intestine after weaning [ J ] . Res Vet Sci , 1986 ,40 : 3132317.
[108] LIU Tao (刘涛) . Effect s of glutamine and glutamicacid on growing performance of weaning piglet s [ J ] . ACTA Agric Univ Huangzhong(华中农业大学学报) , 1999 ,18 (5) :4572460. (in Chinese)
[109]Williamson A K,et a1.Topographical Variation In TensileMechanical Properties and Collagen Network Compositionof Articular Cartilage During Development and Growth48th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research SocietyPaper No:008 1
[110] Kerry Hughes.Functional proteins and hydrolysates[J] Prepared Foods,2005,(4)
[111]Judith Hohlfeld,et a1.Tissue engineered fetal skin constructs for paediatric burns[J].The Lancet,2005,366(9):840—842
[112]Zhengwei Mao,et a1.Controlling Biostability of Collagen Films for Fibroblast Cytocompat ility[J].Journal of Bioac—tive&Compatible Polymers,2004,19(5):353-365
[113]BorgB S,LibalGM ,WahlstromRC,eta1.Tryptophan and threonine requirements of young pigs an d their efects on serum calcium , phosphorus and zincconcentrations[J].Anim Sci,1987,(64):1070·1078 [ 114 ] Krebs. Glutamine metabolism in t he animal body [ A ] . Glutamine : Metabolism, Enzymology and Regulation [ C] New York : Academic Press ,1980 ,3192329.
[115] Windmueller H G, Spaet h A E. Respiratory fuels andnit rogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fedrat s[J ] . J Biol Chem, 1980 , 255 :1072112. [ 116 ] Ardawi. Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes of t herat [J ] . Biochem J , 1983 , 212 :8352842. [ 117] Peng Xi , Yan Hong , You Zhongyi. Effect s of enteralsupplementation wit h glutamine granules on intestinalmucosal barrier function in severe burned patient s. Burns , 2004 , 30 (2) :1352139.
[118] Krebs. Glutamine metabolism in t he animal body [ A ] . Glutamine : Metabolism, Enzymology and Regulation [ C] New York : Academic Press ,1980 ,3192329.
[119] Wu G Y, Meier S A , Knabe D A. Dietary glutamine supple2mentation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs[J ] . J Nu2tr , 1996 , 126 : 257822584.
[120] Pinkus L M, Berkowitz J M, Utilization of glutamine by ca2nine pancreas in vivo and acinar cells in vitro[J ] . Fed Proc , 1980 , 39 : 190221903.
[121] Ardawi. Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes of t herat [J ] . Biochem J , 1983 , 212 :8352842.
[2] GB,T 6436—92饲料中钙测定方法.见:中国饲料工业标准化技术委员会和中国饲料工业梆会编.饲料工业标准汇编.北京:中国标准出版杜.1996.34～88
[3] GB,T 6437 92饲料中总磷测定方法.见:中国饲料工业标准化技术委员会和中国饲料工业协会编.饲料工业标准汇编北京:中国标准出版杜,l 996,39～4l
[4] GB."T 6432 94饲料粗蛋白质测定方法.见:中国饲料工业标准化技术委员会和中国饲料工业西会编.饲料工业标准汇编.北京:中国标准出版社.1996.02
[5] GB/T 6438 92饲料中粗灰分测定方法.见:中国饲料工业标准化技术委员会和中国饲料工业协会编饲料工业标准汇编.北京:中国标准出版杜.1 996.42～43
[6]陈代文.1994.饲料蛋白质对仔猪过敏性腹泻和生产性能的影响[D]博士论文: 5～6
[7]北京农业大学主编.《家畜饲养试验指导》[M].北京:农业出版社,1979
[8]陈冬星,刘伟.添加喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉饲喂仔猪试验[J].中国畜牧杂志,2000,36(5):36~37
[9]陈杰.家畜生理学[M].中国农业出版社,北京,2003:36-44
[10]范志勇,王康宁.早期断奶仔猪的营养研究进展[J],西南农业学报,2000,13 suppl.:121-127
[11]冯晓亮.宣晓君.水解胶原蛋自的研制及应用[J].浙江化工.2001,32(1): 53～54.
[12]高得仪,韩博,王清兰.焦淑贤.猪运输应激血液生化指标的变化[J].中国兽医学报,1996,16(3):285-288
[13]高峰,江芸,周光宏,等.小麦基础日粮添加酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长、代谢和血液I L一2水平的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2002,25(1):57～60.
[14]高士争,葛长荣,田允波,张曦,韩剑众.中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪血液生理生化指标的影响[J].云南农业大学学报.2002.17(2):164~169
[15]葛长荣,韩剑众,高士争,田允波,黄启超,张铁英.以天然植物有效成分为主体的饲料添加剂的制备工艺研究[J],云南农业大学学报, 2002,17(1):51-55
[16]呙于明.家禽营养[M].中国农业大学出版社,北京:2004:238
[17]蒋挺大.张春萍.胶原蛋白粉[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2001.
[18]蒋挺大.张春萍.焦水旭.等.铬革浩资源化处理研究Ⅷ.饲料胶原蛋白粉的毒理试验[J].环境科学.1994, 15( 1):36～39.
[19]蒋挺大.张春萍.饲料胶原蛋白粉的营养特点[J].中国饲料.1994. 3: 36～38.
[20]蒋挺大·环境科学学报.1989,9;396
[21]冷静,朱仁俊,马黎.抗生素对断奶仔猪免疫机能的影响[J].江苏农业科,2004,2:63-64
[22]冷向军.土冠.闰大伟.等.胶原蛋白部分替代鱼粉饲养异育银鲫的试验[J].水产科学.2005,24(5):31～33.
[23]张军民,高振川.谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠粘膜蛋白质/ DNA含量和组织形态的影响[J ] .中国农业科学, 2002 , 35 (10) : 126421268.
[24]李洪龙,文玉兰.饲用血粉的应用现状.国外畜牧学一猪与禽。2004,5:24-26
[25]李香子,张敏,严昌国,林石哲,金辉东.新型猪用绿色饲料添加剂的开发与应用-对血液生化指标的影响[J].延边大学农学学报.2003.25(4):287-291
[26]林映才,蒋宗勇,余德谦,等.超早期断奶仔猪可消化蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸需求参数研究[J].动物营养学报,2001,13(3):30～39.
[27]林映才,蒋宗勇,余德谦,等.断奶仔猪色氨酸需求参数的研究[J].动物营养学报,1999,11(3):45～50.
[28]刘强,冯学琴.非淀粉多糖酶制剂的研究与应用进展[J].动物营养学报,1999,ll(2):6-l1.
[29]刘强,汪儆,雷祖玉,等.小麦日粮粘滞性及小麦粘度的研究[J]I动物营养学报,1999,ll(4):44.50.
[30]刘文奎,方开旺.氨基酸杂志.1984(3)38
[31]刘皙洁,刘丽梅,崔丽,等.香猪采食前后胃液分泌与血浆胃泌素浓度的变化[J].东北农业大学学报, 1998,29(1):43～47.
[32]刘媛.张志胜.一种新型动物蛋白源-饲料胶原蛋白粉的研究[J].饲料博览.2005. 11: 38～40.
[33]全炳昭等.早期断奶应激(EWS)对仔猪影响的研究---对生长、体重和发病率的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,1997,27(6):7-9
[34]马翠然.胶原肉粉在蛋鸡日粮中的应用[J].中国饲料.1998. 16: 24.
[35]张阅军李红兵张永清一种优质动物蛋白饲料的研制及营养特点[J]山西农业大学学1995 ,15(3) ,260～262
[36]张振斌蒋宗勇林映才余德谦.超早期断奶应激对仔猪胃肠内容物pH值和微生物区系的影响[J].养猪, 1998 (3):14~15
[37]欧秀琼.钟正泽.黄健.等.水解胶原蛋白粉在生长肥育猪日粮中的应用研究[J].四川畜牧兽医.20oo,27(5):26～27.
[38]彭健.日粮纤维:定义、成分、分析方法及加工影响(综述)猪与禽,1999,4:8～l1
[39]朴香淑,李德发.中草药饲料添加剂促进畜禽生长性能研究现状及展望[J].饲料工业,2002,23(1):12-14
[40]虞泽鹏,金征宇.非淀粉多糖与畜禽营养[J].饲料研究,2002,(6):14-15.
[41]全炳昭等.早期断奶应激(EWS)对仔猪影响的研究---对血液生理指数和血清蛋白成分变化影响的试验观察[J].江西农业大学学报,1997,19(1):65-69
[42]苏有健,李德发,邢建军,等.在低蛋白日粮中添加色氨酸对仔猪生产性能及血清游离氨基酸和尿素氮的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2OO5.41(1):26～28.
[43]王镜岩.生物化学[M].高等教育出版社.2002:103
[44]王九峰等.皮革蛋白粉饲喂生长猪的氮基酸消化率试验(J)中国饲料.1998. (15). 29～30
[45]王丽娟.非常规性动物蛋白饲料的开发与刊用(J).饲料博览.1999: ( 5) 37～38
[46]吴新连,谭会泽,冯定远,等.仔猪色氨酸营养研究进展[J].广东饲料,2OO4,13(6):16～18.
[47]伍喜林,候永清,王衡,等.El粮色氨酸水平对仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标影响的研究[J].动物营养学报,1994,6(2):11～19.
[48]武秀云等.利用铬革渣生产复合蛋白粉(J).饲料工业.1997: ( 3 ) . I 8～20
[49]徐春兰.中草药对断奶仔猪免疫机能的影响[J].饲料博览.2005(7):35-38
[50]徐子伟.卢福庄.刘敏华.等.热喷胶原蛋白饲料的开发、生物效价及饲用效果研究[J].粮食与饲料工业.1996, 5: 18～21.
[51]徐子伟等.胶原蛋白替代进口角粉刘生长猪饲粮养分消化率的影响( J).浙江畜牧兽医1992:(3).2～3
[52]许梓荣,卢建军,杨英.饲粮中添加半纤维素酶对生长猪的促生长作用及其内分泌机制[J].中国兽医学报, 2002,3(2):201～202.
[53]张宏福、李长患,马永喜仔猪消化功能的发育及营养对策[J]见:刘建新主编饲料营养研究进展:M]成都:亚洲中医药杂志社,1998 24-37
[54]杨丽杰.VFA和黏蛋白对肠道微生物和肠避疾病的影响[J].畜禽生产,2004(6):36
[55]杨胜.饲料分析厦饲料质量检测技术.北京.北京农业大学出版社.1 993
[56]喑格迈斯特主编第六届猪消化生理国际学术会议论文集[c].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1997 352～355.
[57]刘涛,彭健.在日粮中添加谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响[J ] .华中农业大学学报, 1999 , 18 (5) : 4572460.
[58]张宏福,杨富林.断奶仔猪消化道酸度及其调控研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2002,38(3):51-52
[59]袁森泉.血浆蛋白粉在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用.国外畜牧学-饲料,1999 ,5 ,42～43
[60]蒋挺大由铬革渣提取蛋白质和铬[J]环境科学学报.19899(3).346～351
[61]寇柏权用制革厂下脚料胶原制造肠衣的研究[J]皮革科技.1989 (10):38～39
[62]王坤余,王碧,但卫华等铬革屑的高值利用研究[J].中国皮革2003.32.(13).26
[63]凌关庭编著食品添加剂手册(第三版)(M).北京.化学工业出版社.2O03.783
[64]周良梅,吴祖连,伍达三.胶原蛋白粉替代鱼粉饲养肥育猪的效果试验[J].浙江畜牧兽医,1995(1):38,14.。
[65]吴新连,谭会泽,冯定远,等.仔猪色氨酸营养研究进展[J].广东饲料,2OO4,13(6):16—18
[66]徐子伟.饲料用热喷胶原蛋白的开发研究[J]浙江畜牧兽医, l996(2):36-37.
[67]陈秀金等.胶原蛋白和明胶在食品上的应用[J].郑州工程学院学报,2002,(3):66-70
[68] Owsley W F , Orr D E , Tribble L R. Effect of age and dieton the development of pancreas and the synthesis and secre2tion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pigs[J] . J Anim Sci , 1986 , 63 : 4972504.
[69]Hamilton C R,IJbal G w,Pete. D N.Efects ofdietary trytophan level on the pe nce of barrows and gilts fed CO1TI—soybean ai [J].AnitaNutr Feed,1993,12:82.
[70]A cul Research Council.nle Nutrient Requirements ofPigs[M].London:Lonndon Common Wealth A cultural Bureaux,1981.
[71]Bach Knudsen K E,Hansen I_Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions: I Digestibility and bulking properties of po[ysacchar]des and other major constitutes.Br J Nutr,l 991,65: 2l 7～232
[72]BachKundsenKE,Eggum BO,SteenfeldtS,eta1.The nutritive vahe of decorticated mill fraction of wheat I.Chemical composition of raw and enzyme treated fraction and balance experiments with rats.Anita Feed Sci an dTech, 1995,52:205·225.
[73]Ball R O .Aherne F X. Effect of diet complex ty and feed restriction on the incidence and severity of diarrhea in early weaned pigs.Can J Anita Sci一1987—62:907～911
[74]Bedford M R . Mechanism of action and potentialenvironmental benefits from the use of feed enzymes[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995 ,53: 145.155.
[75]Bergstrm JR, J L Nelssen, MD Tokach, et al. Evaluation of spraydriedanimal plasma and select menhaden fish meal in transitiondiets of pigs weaned at 12 to 14 days of age and reared in differentproduction systems[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1997,75:3 004~3 009
[76]Boalxl On Agn ture of Na onal Research Council.Nutrient Requirements ofSwine(1Oth ed)[M].Washington:National Academic Press,1998.
[77]BorgB S,LibalGM ,WahlstromRC,eta1.Tryptophan and threonine requirements of young pigs an d their efects on serum calcium , phosphorus and zinc concentrations[J].Anim Sci,1987,(64):1070～1078.
[78]Campbell M., B.S. Borg, L. E. Russell, et al. Biosecurity measuresof spray- driedplasmaprotein in weanling pigs [J]. J. Anim. Sci., 2001,79(1):190。
[79]Coffey R. D., G. L. Cromwell. The impact of environment andantimicrobial agents on the growth response of early- weaned pigs tospray- dried porcine plasma[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1995,73:2 532~2 539
[80]English P R. Establishing the early weaned pig.Pro Pig Vete Soc一1 981,7:29～33
[81]FD,SmithTK,BayleyH s.Tryptophan requirement ofgrowing swine as determined bythe oxidation offillindicator amino aci,[J].Anita Sci, 1986,62:66O.
[82]FullerM F,WangTC,Giles LR.nle optimum dietary alTlillo acid patternforgn'ingpigs requireformaintenance andtissue protein accretion[J]. Br J Nutr,1989,62:255～261.
[83]Gatnau R, D. Zimmerman. Determination of optimum levels ofinclusion of spray- dried porcine plasma in diets for weanling pigsfed in practical conditions[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1991,70(1):60
[84]Groabach DA,kwisA J,PeoER.An evaluation oft Ire0rr andisoleucine asthethird andfourthlimiting aminoacidsin comfort, swine[J]. Janimi Sci。1985,60:487—494.
[85]Hampson, D. J. Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning [J] Res. Vet. Sci, 1986a, 40: 32-40.
[86]Hampson, D. J. Attempts to modify changes in the piglet small intestine after weaning[J]. Res.Vet.Sci, 1986b, 40:313-317
[87]Jung Tingda, Mo Dihua, Cheng Yiwan and 2ltang Chunping. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1992,37;175
[88]Kats L. J., J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokach, et al. The effect of spraydriedporcine plasma on growth performance in the early- weanedpig [J]. J. Anim.Sci.,1994,72:2 075~2 081
[89]Kats. The Effects of Spray～Dried Blood Meal on Growth Performance of the Early～Weanad Pig[J ] . Anim Sci. 1994 ,72 (11) : 2860～2869
[90]Kelly, D., J. J.O’Brien and K. J. Mc Cracken. Effect of creep feeding on the incidence, duration and severity of postweaning diarrhea in pigs[J]. Res. Vet. Sci.1990,49:223～228
[91]Longland A C,Carruthers J. A G.The ability of piglets 4 go 8 weeks old to digest and perform on diets containing two contrasting sources。f non starch polysaccharide. A nim Pro,1994,58:405～410
[92]M oore R J,Kornegay ET,Grayson R L,et a1.Growth.nutrient utilization and intestlna[morphology of pigs fed high—fiber diets.J Anim Sa i,I988,66:1 570～1 579
[93]M osenthin R,Hamberecht E.Physiology of dietary fibers in monogastric animals.In:Jung J K ,ed.The8th W orld Conference on Animal Production.Proceedings Symposium Series 1,Seoul National UniversityPress, 1998,78～91
[94]McDonald D E,Pluske J R,Pethick D W ,et al Interactions of dieta ry non starch p01ysacchar d withweaner pig growth and postweaning colibacdlosis. In:Cranwell P D.Manipulating Pig Production:Ⅵ. Australasian Pig Science Association.W erribee.Victoria—Austra ia. 1997. 18～l85
[95]P. Bosi, L. Casini, A. Finamore, et al. Spray - dried plasma improvesgrowth performance and reduces inflammatory status of weaned pigschallenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 [J]. J. Anim. Sci., 2004,82:1 764～1 772
[96]Partridge G,Wyatt G.Moreflexibility with new generation ofenzymes[J].World Poultry,1995,l1(4):17～21.
[97]Potkins Z V ,ga,vrence T L J,Thomlinson J R.Dietary fibre in the diet of growing pig-Effects on apparent digestibility and resultant im plications for use in reducing the incidence of㈣oph g。gas parakeratosis.Research in Veterinary Science,1 99g,52:1 5～21
[98]Russell L E.Alternativestomilk productsin.Rrtcrdiel [M].Lowa."Nottingham Univeaity Press,1983.
[99]Southern L L.Digestible flllli/lo acids and digestible flllli/lO acid requirements for swine[J].Biokyowa Teachnical Review,1991,24:33～37.
[100]Sturkie P D.Avian Physiology.4 Edition[M].NewYork:Springer-Verlag, 1986. Tang M, B Laarveld. Effect of segregated early weaning on post-weaning small intestinal development in pigs[J],Journal Animal Science,1999,77:3191～3200.
[101]Trowel1 H .Southgate D A T—W olever T M S.et a1.Dietary fiber redefined Lancet,1976～967
[102]Van Dijk AJ. Spray- dried plasma in diets for weaned piglets: influenceon growth and underlying mechanisms [J].Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 2002,127(17):520～523
[103]Van Dijk AJ. Spray- dried plasma in diets for weaned piglets: influenceon growth and underlying mechanisms [J].Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 2002,127(17):520～523
[104]WeaverEM,Hamilton C R,Libal Gw.Eficacy of adding L—tayptophantoandfinisherdiets containing eO1TIute,l n [J].Anlm Sei, 1991.69:123.
[105]Fleming S E , Fitch M D , Hudes M. Effect s of animalage , st rain and feeding status on subst rate oxidation byjejunal and colonic cells of rat [J ] . J Gerontol ,1994 ,49 : B222B30.
[106] Brooks D , Bessey P Q , Black PR , et al . Insulinstimulates branched chain amino acid uptake anddiminishes nit rogen flux f rom skeletal muscle of injuredpatient s[J ] . J Surg Res , 1986 ,40 :395.
[107] Hampson D J . Attempt s to modify changes in t hepiglet small intestine after weaning [ J ] . Res Vet Sci , 1986 ,40 : 3132317.
[108] LIU Tao (刘涛) . Effect s of glutamine and glutamicacid on growing performance of weaning piglet s [ J ] . ACTA Agric Univ Huangzhong(华中农业大学学报) , 1999 ,18 (5) :4572460. (in Chinese)
[109]Williamson A K,et a1.Topographical Variation In TensileMechanical Properties and Collagen Network Compositionof Articular Cartilage During Development and Growth48th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research SocietyPaper No:008 1
[110] Kerry Hughes.Functional proteins and hydrolysates[J] Prepared Foods,2005,(4)
[111]Judith Hohlfeld,et a1.Tissue engineered fetal skin constructs for paediatric burns[J].The Lancet,2005,366(9):840—842
[112]Zhengwei Mao,et a1.Controlling Biostability of Collagen Films for Fibroblast Cytocompat ility[J].Journal of Bioac—tive&Compatible Polymers,2004,19(5):353-365
[113]BorgB S,LibalGM ,WahlstromRC,eta1.Tryptophan and threonine requirements of young pigs an d their efects on serum calcium , phosphorus and zincconcentrations[J].Anim Sci,1987,(64):1070·1078 [ 114 ] Krebs. Glutamine metabolism in t he animal body [ A ] . Glutamine : Metabolism, Enzymology and Regulation [ C] New York : Academic Press ,1980 ,3192329.
[115] Windmueller H G, Spaet h A E. Respiratory fuels andnit rogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fedrat s[J ] . J Biol Chem, 1980 , 255 :1072112. [ 116 ] Ardawi. Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes of t herat [J ] . Biochem J , 1983 , 212 :8352842. [ 117] Peng Xi , Yan Hong , You Zhongyi. Effect s of enteralsupplementation wit h glutamine granules on intestinalmucosal barrier function in severe burned patient s. Burns , 2004 , 30 (2) :1352139.
[118] Krebs. Glutamine metabolism in t he animal body [ A ] . Glutamine : Metabolism, Enzymology and Regulation [ C] New York : Academic Press ,1980 ,3192329.
[119] Wu G Y, Meier S A , Knabe D A. Dietary glutamine supple2mentation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs[J ] . J Nu2tr , 1996 , 126 : 257822584.
[120] Pinkus L M, Berkowitz J M, Utilization of glutamine by ca2nine pancreas in vivo and acinar cells in vitro[J ] . Fed Proc , 1980 , 39 : 190221903.
[121] Ardawi. Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes of t herat [J ] . Biochem J , 1983 , 212 :8352842.