精料型日粮中添加抗生素对绵羊消化代谢的影响
|
摘要
本论文采用体外产气法和绵羊整体消化代谢试验相结合的方法，初步探讨了精料型日粮中添加马杜拉霉素、海南霉素、黄霉素、土霉素对8~9月龄罗母尼羊消化代谢的影响。
试验一：用人工模拟瘤胃体外产气法研究了添加不同梯度的马杜拉霉素(3mg/kg、4mg/kg、 5mg/kg、6mg/kg)、土霉素( 20mg/kg、30mg/kg、40mg/kg、50mg/kg)、海南霉素( 5mg/kg、 6mg/kg、7mg/kg、8mg/kg)和黄霉素( 2.7mg/kg、5.4mg/kg、8.1mg/kg、10.8mg/kg)对人工模拟瘤胃系统中6克底物(70%的精料,30%的粗料)发酵的影响。结果显示：(1) 在三小时净产气量上，前五个时间段内，添加抗生素组的产气量均低于对照组；其中土霉素(50mg/kg)、黄霉素(10.8mg/kg) 、马杜拉霉素(4mg/kg) 和海南霉素(7mg/kg)的产气量均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。 (2) 在累积产气量上，从12h开始，对照组的累积产气量始终比其它试验组高，其中土霉素组(30mg/kg、40mg/kg)显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。上述结果表明，四种抗生素均可以抑制人工模拟瘤胃系统的产气量。
试验二：选用25只罗母尼羊，按体重随机分为5组，研究了在精粗比为7：3的日粮中分别添加马杜拉霉素（1mg/头·天）、土霉素（18mg/头·天）、海南霉素（2 mg/头·
天）、黄霉素（4.5 mg/头·天）对绵羊整体消化代谢的影响。结果显示：(1) 四种饲料添加抗生素能够明显的提高绵羊机体纤维素的表观消化率：马杜拉霉素组58.76±6.8%比对照组52.17±2.83%提高了12.6%（P＜0.05）；土霉素组56.78±3.61%比对照组提高了8.8%（P＜0.05）；海南霉素组59.47±3.73%比对照组提高了13.9%（P＜0.05）；黄霉素组57.45±2.17%比对照组提高了10.1%（P＜0.05）。(2) 四种饲料添加抗生素能够明显的提高绵羊机体半纤维素的表观消化率：马杜拉霉素组52.76±6.8%比对照组46.12±3.6%提高了14.4%（P＜0.05）；土霉素组50.40±4.45%比对照组提高9.3%（P＜0.05）；海南霉素组53.13±4.8%比对照组提高15.2%（P＜0.05）；黄霉素组57.45±2.17%比对照组提高11.5%（P＜0.05）。(3) 四种饲料添加抗生素能够明显提高绵羊平均日增重：马杜拉组比对照组提高了16.9%（P＜0.05）；土霉素组比对照组提高了8%（P＞0.05）；海南霉素组比对照组提高了18.8%（P＜0.05）；黄霉素组比对照组提高了21%（P＜0.05）。(4) 马杜拉霉素降低绵羊干物质采食量（比对照组低3.6%，P＞0.05），但增加绵羊日增
重（比对照组增加16.9%P＜0.05）。上述结果表明：四种饲用添加抗生素均能明显的提绵羊的纤维素和半纤维素的表观消化率，提高饲料利用率，增加绵羊的日增重。
In vitro gas production technique and digestibility trail were used in this paper to preliminaryly study the effects of Maduramicin Ammonium, Oxytetramycin, Hainanmycin Sodium and Flavomycin addition to the concentrate-diet on the digestion and metabolism by Romni sheep.
Experiment 1: It was to compare the effects of Maduramicin Ammonium (3mg/kg, 4mg/kg, 5mg/kg, 6g/kg), Oxytetramycin(20mg/kg, 30mg/kg, 40mg/kg, 50mg/kg), Hinanmycin Sodium（5mg/kg, 6mg/kg, 7mg/kg, 8mg/kg）,Flavomycin（2.7mg/kg, 5.4mg/kg, 8.1mg/kg, 10.8mg/kg）on ruminal fermentation in sheep during adaptation to an high concentrate diet with gas production technique in vitro, the results show：1. On net gas production within forefive time, Four antibi- biotic components adding were decreased than those control. Oxytetramycin（50mg/kg），Flavomycin（10.8mg/kg），Maduramicin Ammonium Premix（4mg/kg），Hainanmycin Sodium Premix（7mg/kg）notable lower those control（P＜0.05）.2. After 12h , the accumulative gas production of those control was higher than four antibiotic components adding. Oxytetramycin(30mg/kg,40mg/kg) notable lower those control（P＜0.05）.the results indicate : four antibiotic components adding restrain gas production of manual rumen.
Experiment 2: Twenty-five 8~9-month-old Ramny sheep were divided into five groups randomly accor -ding to their initial body weight. The basal diet was made up of 70% of concentrated feeding stuff and 30% of block. Four antibiotics was added with Maduramicin Ammonium Premix (1mg/t·d),Oxytetramycin （18mg/t·d）,Hainanmycin Sodium Premix（2mg/t·d）,Flavomycin（4.5mg/t·d）into the diet. The results show as below: 1. Sheep fed Maduramicin Ammonium
Premix ,Oxytetramycin ,Hainanmycin Sodium Pre- ix, Flavomycin increased 12.63%（P＜0.05）,8.8%（P＜0.05）,13.9%（P＜0.05）,10.1%（P＜0.05）more the apparent digest of cellulose than those control.2. Sheep fed Maduramicin Ammonium Premix, Oxytetramycin, Hainanmycin Sodium Premix, Flavomycin increased 14.4%（P＜0.05）,9.3%（P＜0.05）, 15.2%（P＜0.05）,11.5%（P＜0.05）more the apparent digest of semi-cellulose than those control.3. Four antibiotic components adding increased liveweight gain 16.9%（P＜0.05）, 8%（P＞0.05）,18.8%（P＜0.05）,21%（P＜0.05）than those control.4. Sheep fed Maduramicin Ammonium Premix cons- umed 3.6% less DM than those control. But liveweight gain of those lambs increased 16.9%（P＜0.05）than those control. above results show :four antibiotic components adding conspiciously improve the apparent digest of cellulose and semi-cellulose, increase utilizition ratio of forage and live- weight gain.
试验一：用人工模拟瘤胃体外产气法研究了添加不同梯度的马杜拉霉素(3mg/kg、4mg/kg、 5mg/kg、6mg/kg)、土霉素( 20mg/kg、30mg/kg、40mg/kg、50mg/kg)、海南霉素( 5mg/kg、 6mg/kg、7mg/kg、8mg/kg)和黄霉素( 2.7mg/kg、5.4mg/kg、8.1mg/kg、10.8mg/kg)对人工模拟瘤胃系统中6克底物(70%的精料,30%的粗料)发酵的影响。结果显示：(1) 在三小时净产气量上，前五个时间段内，添加抗生素组的产气量均低于对照组；其中土霉素(50mg/kg)、黄霉素(10.8mg/kg) 、马杜拉霉素(4mg/kg) 和海南霉素(7mg/kg)的产气量均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。 (2) 在累积产气量上，从12h开始，对照组的累积产气量始终比其它试验组高，其中土霉素组(30mg/kg、40mg/kg)显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。上述结果表明，四种抗生素均可以抑制人工模拟瘤胃系统的产气量。
试验二：选用25只罗母尼羊，按体重随机分为5组，研究了在精粗比为7：3的日粮中分别添加马杜拉霉素（1mg/头·天）、土霉素（18mg/头·天）、海南霉素（2 mg/头·
天）、黄霉素（4.5 mg/头·天）对绵羊整体消化代谢的影响。结果显示：(1) 四种饲料添加抗生素能够明显的提高绵羊机体纤维素的表观消化率：马杜拉霉素组58.76±6.8%比对照组52.17±2.83%提高了12.6%（P＜0.05）；土霉素组56.78±3.61%比对照组提高了8.8%（P＜0.05）；海南霉素组59.47±3.73%比对照组提高了13.9%（P＜0.05）；黄霉素组57.45±2.17%比对照组提高了10.1%（P＜0.05）。(2) 四种饲料添加抗生素能够明显的提高绵羊机体半纤维素的表观消化率：马杜拉霉素组52.76±6.8%比对照组46.12±3.6%提高了14.4%（P＜0.05）；土霉素组50.40±4.45%比对照组提高9.3%（P＜0.05）；海南霉素组53.13±4.8%比对照组提高15.2%（P＜0.05）；黄霉素组57.45±2.17%比对照组提高11.5%（P＜0.05）。(3) 四种饲料添加抗生素能够明显提高绵羊平均日增重：马杜拉组比对照组提高了16.9%（P＜0.05）；土霉素组比对照组提高了8%（P＞0.05）；海南霉素组比对照组提高了18.8%（P＜0.05）；黄霉素组比对照组提高了21%（P＜0.05）。(4) 马杜拉霉素降低绵羊干物质采食量（比对照组低3.6%，P＞0.05），但增加绵羊日增
重（比对照组增加16.9%P＜0.05）。上述结果表明：四种饲用添加抗生素均能明显的提绵羊的纤维素和半纤维素的表观消化率，提高饲料利用率，增加绵羊的日增重。
In vitro gas production technique and digestibility trail were used in this paper to preliminaryly study the effects of Maduramicin Ammonium, Oxytetramycin, Hainanmycin Sodium and Flavomycin addition to the concentrate-diet on the digestion and metabolism by Romni sheep.
Experiment 1: It was to compare the effects of Maduramicin Ammonium (3mg/kg, 4mg/kg, 5mg/kg, 6g/kg), Oxytetramycin(20mg/kg, 30mg/kg, 40mg/kg, 50mg/kg), Hinanmycin Sodium（5mg/kg, 6mg/kg, 7mg/kg, 8mg/kg）,Flavomycin（2.7mg/kg, 5.4mg/kg, 8.1mg/kg, 10.8mg/kg）on ruminal fermentation in sheep during adaptation to an high concentrate diet with gas production technique in vitro, the results show：1. On net gas production within forefive time, Four antibi- biotic components adding were decreased than those control. Oxytetramycin（50mg/kg），Flavomycin（10.8mg/kg），Maduramicin Ammonium Premix（4mg/kg），Hainanmycin Sodium Premix（7mg/kg）notable lower those control（P＜0.05）.2. After 12h , the accumulative gas production of those control was higher than four antibiotic components adding. Oxytetramycin(30mg/kg,40mg/kg) notable lower those control（P＜0.05）.the results indicate : four antibiotic components adding restrain gas production of manual rumen.
Experiment 2: Twenty-five 8~9-month-old Ramny sheep were divided into five groups randomly accor -ding to their initial body weight. The basal diet was made up of 70% of concentrated feeding stuff and 30% of block. Four antibiotics was added with Maduramicin Ammonium Premix (1mg/t·d),Oxytetramycin （18mg/t·d）,Hainanmycin Sodium Premix（2mg/t·d）,Flavomycin（4.5mg/t·d）into the diet. The results show as below: 1. Sheep fed Maduramicin Ammonium
Premix ,Oxytetramycin ,Hainanmycin Sodium Pre- ix, Flavomycin increased 12.63%（P＜0.05）,8.8%（P＜0.05）,13.9%（P＜0.05）,10.1%（P＜0.05）more the apparent digest of cellulose than those control.2. Sheep fed Maduramicin Ammonium Premix, Oxytetramycin, Hainanmycin Sodium Premix, Flavomycin increased 14.4%（P＜0.05）,9.3%（P＜0.05）, 15.2%（P＜0.05）,11.5%（P＜0.05）more the apparent digest of semi-cellulose than those control.3. Four antibiotic components adding increased liveweight gain 16.9%（P＜0.05）, 8%（P＞0.05）,18.8%（P＜0.05）,21%（P＜0.05）than those control.4. Sheep fed Maduramicin Ammonium Premix cons- umed 3.6% less DM than those control. But liveweight gain of those lambs increased 16.9%（P＜0.05）than those control. above results show :four antibiotic components adding conspiciously improve the apparent digest of cellulose and semi-cellulose, increase utilizition ratio of forage and live- weight gain.
引文
傅启高,雒秋江.用邻-甲酚酞比色法测定饲料中钙含量的研究.动物营养学报
高巍,孟庆祥,瘤胃细菌、原虫和真菌降解植物细胞壁的相对贡献及其互作,2003中国农业大学学报.
韩春艳，卢德勋. 控制原虫对绵羊日粮中蛋白质在瘤胃内降解和利用的影响. 饲料工业，2002，23（8）：14
韩正康,陈杰主编.反刍动物瘤胃的消化和代谢.北京.科学出版社.1988
胡坚,张婉如,王振全.动物饲养学(试验指导).吉林.吉林科学技术出版社
胡坚主编.动物营养学.吉林.吉林工业大学出版社.1990
黄兵. 离子载体抗球虫新药—海南霉素.养禽与禽病防治.2002，5：16
蒋金书, 刘钟灵, 陆信武, 等. 球虫生物学[M ]. 广西科学技术出版社, 1990. 192～ 193.
李德发主编.中国饲料大全.北京.中国农业出版社，2001
李蕴玉. 黄霉素在畜牧业中的应用. 饲料博览，1999，11（2）：8
林东康（1999饲料工业
刘学剑，黄霉素的生物学功能及其应用.江西饲料.1998，1：6
刘永举、张好治、王清吉.海南霉素对肉牛增重的影响.兽药与饲料添加剂1999.4：8
欧宇，李胜利.莫能霉素在反刍动物中的应用.中国畜牧兽医杂志.2003(2):18
任明强,王子荣,胥清富,陆天水,陈杰,1999, 添喂海南霉素对山羊肝脏含氮化合物代谢的影响, 11卷增刊动物营养学报 Vo1999
沈建忠、肖希龙，黄霉素促进肉牛生长的研究.中国饲料1994，10：13-15（1994）
沈向真，朱祖康，陆天水，陈杰等.海南霉素和半胱胺对水牛瘤胃消化代谢与增重的影响, 江苏农业科学2003年
田亚东,蔡辉益.饲用抗生素的促生长机制.饲料工业, 2004,25 (1):16
佟建明.从“OTC”看四饲用抗生素的发展前景. 中国动物保健.1999（1）：25
王中华,2000, 黄霉素对绵羊消化道蛋白质合成代谢的影响, 山东畜牧兽医2000,1
王子荣,库而班,赵健康等.聚醚类离子载体添加剂对绵羊荷斯坦杂种牛增重的影响.草食家畜(季刊).2004(1):38
翁亚彪.海南霉素. 养禽与禽病防治， 2002，5：17
杨凤主编.动物营养学. 第二版. 中国农业出版社.1999
杨振海，蔡辉益 .饲料添加剂安全使用规范.中国农业出版社2003.4
袁宗辉.饲料药物学.北京.中国农业出版社，2001
张惠云，叶成远.黄霉素概述.畜禽业，1998，3：34
郑君杰，杨宝良.黄霉素及提高动物生产性能作用.饲料研究.2003(8)
钟国清. 黄霉素在饲料中的应用.江西饲料，2000，4：19
周顺伍主编.动物生化. 第三版.
周新民主编.动物药理.中国农业出版社.2001
朱模忠，吴新政等，进口兽药与饲料添加剂手册[M]，上海科技出版社，1996
朱模忠主编.兽药手册.北京.化学工业出版社，2002
Armenlano L E,el al. J Nul,1983,113;1265
Beever, D.E.(1993b) Rumen function .In:Forbes,J.M. and France, J.(eds)
Bergen,W.G. and D.B Bates.Ionophores:Their effect on production on efficiency and mode of action[J]. J.anim.. Sci.1984.(58):1465-1483.
Chalupa W. Manipulation of rumen fermentation. In: Haresign W , Cole D J A eds . Recent advances in animal nutrition . Boston: Butterworths, 1984.1~14
ChalupaW,etal.JAnimSci,1980,51:170.9
ChenM,etal.ApplEnvMicrobiol,1979,38:72.10
Dow ling L. Ionopho re toxicity in ch ickens: a reviewof patho logy and diagno sis[J ]. A vian Patho l, 1992,21: 355～ 368.
Hedde et al, Nagarja et al,1997 Coe, M. L., T. G. Nagarja, Y. D. Sun, N. Wallace, E. G. Towne, K. E. Kemp, and J. P. Hutcheson.1999. Effect of virginiamycin。
Hungate，R.(1996) The Rumen and its Microbes,Academic Press ,New York
Ichardson L F ,Raun A P, Potter E L,et al .Effect of monensin on fermentation in vitro aqnd in vivo. J Anim Sci, 1976,43:657
Kobow J,Zur wirkung zweier verschieden vorbehandcler flavomycir mycelien auf das wachslum vor kalbern (Effect of two preparal ons of flavomycin mycelien or the growth of calves) [J]. Berl Munch Tierared Wschr, 1969,82:4.
Krirhnamoorthy, U., Soller, H., Steingass, H and Menke, K, H,(1991) A Comparative study on rumen fermentation of energy supplements in vitro. Journal of Animal Physiollgy and Animal Nutrition 65, 20-35.
Naga, M.A. and Harmeyer, J. H. (1975) Gas and volatile fatty acid production at different
rates of rumen microbial protein of rumen microbial protein synthesis in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 40, 374-379.
Orpin ,C.G .The role of ciliate protozoa and fungi in the rumen digestion of plant cell walls.Anim.Feed Sci.Tech.,1983,10:121-143
P. J. Weimeretc. Effect of cellulose Fine Structure on Kinetics of Its Digestion by Mixed Ruminal Microorganisms In Vitro[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 1990 56(8):2421~2429
Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism.CAB International ,WallingFord, UR,PP.187~215
RichardsonLF,etal.JAnimSci,1976,43:657.15
Rogeno P L,,Russell J B. Effect of forage and monensin on the ruminal fermentation of fistulated cows fed continuously at a constant intake . J Anim Sci, 1997,75: 224~229
RogersJA,etal.JDairySci,1982,65:944.16
Russel J B,Stroble H J.Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation.Appl Environ Microbiol,1989,55:1~6
Sambeth W,Bauer F, Dost G, et al. Evaluation of the afety of flavomycin in poultry [C]. Proceeding & abtracts-XV World Poultry Congress & Exponition, New Orleans,Louisiana. 1974,78~80
SauerFD,etal.JDairySci,1989,72:436.19
SchellingGT.JAnimSci,1984,58:1518.20
Umenura J , N akamura H, Go ryo M , et al. U ltra2structural changes of monensin2o l eandomycin my2 opathy in bro iler ch ick s [ J ]. A vian Patho l, 1984,13: 743～ 751.
Van Seest, P.J.(1994) Nutritional Ecology of the Rumen, Zed edn. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York
Weisman Y, Herz A , Yegana Y, et al. The effectof tiamulin adm inistered by different routes and atdifferent ages to turkeys receivingmonensin in theirfeed[J ]. V et Res Communications, 1983, 6: 189～198.
Wilson, J. R, et al . Structural and chemical changes of cell wall types during stem development:consequences for fibre degradation by rumen microflora[J]. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ,1997,48(2):165.
Wilson,Catriona A,et al。 Enzyme and Microbial Technology. Studies on the cellulose f the rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis,1992, 14(4):258~264.
Wolin, M.J(1975) Interactions between the bacterial species of the rumen.In :Mc Donald ,I.W. and Warner.,A.C.(eds) Digestion and Metabolism in the
Ruminant .University of New England Publishing Unit, Armidale，Australia ，PP，134~148
Yang C M J, Russel J B. Effect of monensin on the specific activity of ammonia production by ruminal bacteria and diappearance of amino nitrogen from the rumen . Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993,59:3250~3254
高巍,孟庆祥,瘤胃细菌、原虫和真菌降解植物细胞壁的相对贡献及其互作,2003中国农业大学学报.
韩春艳，卢德勋. 控制原虫对绵羊日粮中蛋白质在瘤胃内降解和利用的影响. 饲料工业，2002，23（8）：14
韩正康,陈杰主编.反刍动物瘤胃的消化和代谢.北京.科学出版社.1988
胡坚,张婉如,王振全.动物饲养学(试验指导).吉林.吉林科学技术出版社
胡坚主编.动物营养学.吉林.吉林工业大学出版社.1990
黄兵. 离子载体抗球虫新药—海南霉素.养禽与禽病防治.2002，5：16
蒋金书, 刘钟灵, 陆信武, 等. 球虫生物学[M ]. 广西科学技术出版社, 1990. 192～ 193.
李德发主编.中国饲料大全.北京.中国农业出版社，2001
李蕴玉. 黄霉素在畜牧业中的应用. 饲料博览，1999，11（2）：8
林东康（1999饲料工业
刘学剑，黄霉素的生物学功能及其应用.江西饲料.1998，1：6
刘永举、张好治、王清吉.海南霉素对肉牛增重的影响.兽药与饲料添加剂1999.4：8
欧宇，李胜利.莫能霉素在反刍动物中的应用.中国畜牧兽医杂志.2003(2):18
任明强,王子荣,胥清富,陆天水,陈杰,1999, 添喂海南霉素对山羊肝脏含氮化合物代谢的影响, 11卷增刊动物营养学报 Vo1999
沈建忠、肖希龙，黄霉素促进肉牛生长的研究.中国饲料1994，10：13-15（1994）
沈向真，朱祖康，陆天水，陈杰等.海南霉素和半胱胺对水牛瘤胃消化代谢与增重的影响, 江苏农业科学2003年
田亚东,蔡辉益.饲用抗生素的促生长机制.饲料工业, 2004,25 (1):16
佟建明.从“OTC”看四饲用抗生素的发展前景. 中国动物保健.1999（1）：25
王中华,2000, 黄霉素对绵羊消化道蛋白质合成代谢的影响, 山东畜牧兽医2000,1
王子荣,库而班,赵健康等.聚醚类离子载体添加剂对绵羊荷斯坦杂种牛增重的影响.草食家畜(季刊).2004(1):38
翁亚彪.海南霉素. 养禽与禽病防治， 2002，5：17
杨凤主编.动物营养学. 第二版. 中国农业出版社.1999
杨振海，蔡辉益 .饲料添加剂安全使用规范.中国农业出版社2003.4
袁宗辉.饲料药物学.北京.中国农业出版社，2001
张惠云，叶成远.黄霉素概述.畜禽业，1998，3：34
郑君杰，杨宝良.黄霉素及提高动物生产性能作用.饲料研究.2003(8)
钟国清. 黄霉素在饲料中的应用.江西饲料，2000，4：19
周顺伍主编.动物生化. 第三版.
周新民主编.动物药理.中国农业出版社.2001
朱模忠，吴新政等，进口兽药与饲料添加剂手册[M]，上海科技出版社，1996
朱模忠主编.兽药手册.北京.化学工业出版社，2002
Armenlano L E,el al. J Nul,1983,113;1265
Beever, D.E.(1993b) Rumen function .In:Forbes,J.M. and France, J.(eds)
Bergen,W.G. and D.B Bates.Ionophores:Their effect on production on efficiency and mode of action[J]. J.anim.. Sci.1984.(58):1465-1483.
Chalupa W. Manipulation of rumen fermentation. In: Haresign W , Cole D J A eds . Recent advances in animal nutrition . Boston: Butterworths, 1984.1~14
ChalupaW,etal.JAnimSci,1980,51:170.9
ChenM,etal.ApplEnvMicrobiol,1979,38:72.10
Dow ling L. Ionopho re toxicity in ch ickens: a reviewof patho logy and diagno sis[J ]. A vian Patho l, 1992,21: 355～ 368.
Hedde et al, Nagarja et al,1997 Coe, M. L., T. G. Nagarja, Y. D. Sun, N. Wallace, E. G. Towne, K. E. Kemp, and J. P. Hutcheson.1999. Effect of virginiamycin。
Hungate，R.(1996) The Rumen and its Microbes,Academic Press ,New York
Ichardson L F ,Raun A P, Potter E L,et al .Effect of monensin on fermentation in vitro aqnd in vivo. J Anim Sci, 1976,43:657
Kobow J,Zur wirkung zweier verschieden vorbehandcler flavomycir mycelien auf das wachslum vor kalbern (Effect of two preparal ons of flavomycin mycelien or the growth of calves) [J]. Berl Munch Tierared Wschr, 1969,82:4.
Krirhnamoorthy, U., Soller, H., Steingass, H and Menke, K, H,(1991) A Comparative study on rumen fermentation of energy supplements in vitro. Journal of Animal Physiollgy and Animal Nutrition 65, 20-35.
Naga, M.A. and Harmeyer, J. H. (1975) Gas and volatile fatty acid production at different
rates of rumen microbial protein of rumen microbial protein synthesis in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 40, 374-379.
Orpin ,C.G .The role of ciliate protozoa and fungi in the rumen digestion of plant cell walls.Anim.Feed Sci.Tech.,1983,10:121-143
P. J. Weimeretc. Effect of cellulose Fine Structure on Kinetics of Its Digestion by Mixed Ruminal Microorganisms In Vitro[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 1990 56(8):2421~2429
Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism.CAB International ,WallingFord, UR,PP.187~215
RichardsonLF,etal.JAnimSci,1976,43:657.15
Rogeno P L,,Russell J B. Effect of forage and monensin on the ruminal fermentation of fistulated cows fed continuously at a constant intake . J Anim Sci, 1997,75: 224~229
RogersJA,etal.JDairySci,1982,65:944.16
Russel J B,Stroble H J.Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation.Appl Environ Microbiol,1989,55:1~6
Sambeth W,Bauer F, Dost G, et al. Evaluation of the afety of flavomycin in poultry [C]. Proceeding & abtracts-XV World Poultry Congress & Exponition, New Orleans,Louisiana. 1974,78~80
SauerFD,etal.JDairySci,1989,72:436.19
SchellingGT.JAnimSci,1984,58:1518.20
Umenura J , N akamura H, Go ryo M , et al. U ltra2structural changes of monensin2o l eandomycin my2 opathy in bro iler ch ick s [ J ]. A vian Patho l, 1984,13: 743～ 751.
Van Seest, P.J.(1994) Nutritional Ecology of the Rumen, Zed edn. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York
Weisman Y, Herz A , Yegana Y, et al. The effectof tiamulin adm inistered by different routes and atdifferent ages to turkeys receivingmonensin in theirfeed[J ]. V et Res Communications, 1983, 6: 189～198.
Wilson, J. R, et al . Structural and chemical changes of cell wall types during stem development:consequences for fibre degradation by rumen microflora[J]. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ,1997,48(2):165.
Wilson,Catriona A,et al。 Enzyme and Microbial Technology. Studies on the cellulose f the rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis,1992, 14(4):258~264.
Wolin, M.J(1975) Interactions between the bacterial species of the rumen.In :Mc Donald ,I.W. and Warner.,A.C.(eds) Digestion and Metabolism in the
Ruminant .University of New England Publishing Unit, Armidale，Australia ，PP，134~148
Yang C M J, Russel J B. Effect of monensin on the specific activity of ammonia production by ruminal bacteria and diappearance of amino nitrogen from the rumen . Appl Environ Microbiol, 1993,59:3250~3254