温变环境下测试信号传输的稳定性分析
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摘要
信号的多变、随机及模糊特性是制约信号特征的识别与分析准确性的一个重要方面。目前,针对信号特征的分析多集中于后续的信号处理方法的研究,而类似车辆发动机的测试信号传输过程中受到的多种干扰因素,尤其是不确定的环境温度,对其特征产生的重要影响仍缺乏系统且深入的探讨。因而,深入地研究变化的环境温度对测试信号造成的多变性为获取测试系统准确的结构原始特征具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。
在本文中,针对测试系统中受干扰因素影响的问题,对环境温度不断变化最终将由外到内的影响信号特征这一重要内容进行了深入的研究,研究的主要内容归纳如下:
(1)推导并建立了信号传输载体-传输导线的热扩散方程,对导线整体进行了热电耦合受热分析。针对车辆测试系统中出现的热传递形式,以同轴电缆为主要研究对象,根据结构和材料的不同,分别建立了热传递方程。分析了自然对流、完全热传导及有限空间强制对流情况下的导线受热情况,并依据传递的电信号特征,建立了热电耦合模型。采用有限元方法模拟计算了各层的热传递特性,结果表明这种细化的热传递形式,有助于提高分析结果的准确性。研究发现导线在完全热传导和有限空间强制对流换热环境中,温度升高迅速,即在短时间内改变了导线的参数特性,进而对信号传输产生很大的影响。
(2)提出了一种有效提取导线传输参数特性的方法,并对其温变和频变特性进行了分析。以Maxwell’s方程为基础,将环境温度对导线的影响转变为对其特性参数的影响,推导出了具有温度参变量的亥姆霍茨(Helmholtz)方程,由此也确定了信号传输中电磁场随温度而变化的特性。结合测试信号传输电路和信号完整性传递的特点,进而给出了一种计算传输参数的分析方法。该方法避免了以往数值方法复杂积分的缺点,减少了计算工作量,得到了经典能量法的验证。导线的RLCG参数在温度的影响下,发生了各自不同的变化,最为突出的是电阻R的变化。而考虑信号频率时,频率越高,参数的变化量愈明显。该方法适用于提取多导线耦合时的自参数和互参数。研究表明信号频率对互参数产生了重要的影响。多导线的互参数也加剧了导线间信号的串扰,参数的温变及频变特性,成为信号传输响应改变的重要参数依据。
(3)基于信号传输理论,以有限差分、基尔霍夫定律和FDTD方法为基础,建立了信号传输的渐变温模型并分析了信号响应变化规律。就导线的温度与时空的关联特点,分别给出了两种渐变温模型,即温度和时间为离散变量的渐变温模型Ⅰ;以时间和空间为离散变量的渐变温模型Ⅱ。研究表明:信号响应与导线温度直接相关联,随着导线温度的升高,传输参数不断变化,信号输出响应幅值逐渐衰减。在中低频范围内,信号频率较低时,信号衰减量越大。多导线结构传递信号时存在串扰现象,输出信号难以复现初始信号特征。
(4)提出了信号响应在温度和频率影响下的灵敏度评价分析方法,建立了相应的多参变量灵敏度方程。以直接法为基础,分别以温度、温度及频率、RLCG参数为参变量,进行二次变换得到参变量的列向量,推导出了相应的灵敏度计算表达式。研究表明,信号输出响应变化量的绝对值随温度的升高及频率的降低而增加,信号响应呈衰减趋势。研究还表明,电阻R的变化是造成信号响应改变的主要影响因素。
(5)设计并加工了试验构件,建立了实现变温环境测试的试验平台,并完成了相应的试验。试验结果表明,信号的自功率谱峰值与时域平均幅值均随温度的升高而逐渐降低,变温的测试环境已改变了信号的原始特征。该试验分析也成功地验证了仿真模型结果的有效性。
综上所述,在本文中,较系统地研究了测试信号传输过程中,以环境温度为主要干扰因素对信号响应产生的影响,对于提高测试信号精度等方面得到了一系列理论分析结果和实验结果。
The identification and analysis of signal characteristics are constrained by the ever-changing, random and fuzzy characteristics of signal. At present, researches on signal analysis are mainly concentrated on subsequent signal processing methods. However, similarly tests of vehicles engine, many kinds of interfering factors are inevitable in the process of signal transimission, and especially the ambient temperature is uncertain. The important effect on signal characteristic from external uncertain factors is still lack of system and deep investigations. Therefore, systematical studies on the test signal variability resulting from changing ambient temperature have not only important theoretical significance, but also practical value.
With respect to test signal transmission affected by interfering factors, a further study into the change of signal characteristic caused by varied ambient temperature has been made in the paper. The main contents are summarized as follows.
(1) The heat diffusion equations for singal transmission cable are derived and established, and the thermoelectric couple model for whole cable is analyzed. Taking the coxial cable as main rearch subject, the heat diffusion equations are obtained for different structure and materials considering the forms of heat transfer in vehicle test system. By applying characteristic of transmission signal, the thesis constructs thermoelectric couple model to analyze the heat transfer characteristic of cable in environment of natural convection, fully heat conduction and forced convection. FEM is applied to calculate heat transfer characteristic of cable. The results show that the refinement form of heat transfer for cable helps to improve the accuracy of analysis. Moreover, the temperature of cable increases rapidly especially in space of fully heat conduction and forced convection. Correspongdingly, characteristics of cable materials changes in a short period, which has a huge impact on signal transmission.
(2) A novel method for extracting the transmsission parameters of signal cable is proposed. Based on Maxwell’s equations, the Hlemholtz equation with temperature variable is derived. It determines electromagnetic behavior changing with temperature in process of signal transmission. Combined with signal transmission circuit and singal integrity, a method for calculating transmission parameters is described. Contrary to other methods, the proposed method is of less calculation and can also be verified using classical energy method. The behaviors of parameters are pointed out. RLCG parameters change with ambient temperature and the most prominence is of resistance changes in proportion to increasing temperature. Considering different signal frequencies, the parameters change more obviously with respect to the higher frequency. The method is also effective for extracting self and mutual parameters of multiconductors. The results demonstrate that the signal frequency is significant for mutual parameters which exacerbate the crosstalk signal between wires. Temperature and frequency characteristics of parameters become to be the key parameters foundation for change of signal response.
(3) Based on signal transmission theory, finite difference, Kirchhoff’s law and FDTD, the study builds two gradient temperature models. The changes of signal response are also described. Two models are separately of temperature and time for discrete variables in modelⅠand of time and space for discrete variables in modelⅡ. The results indicate that signal responses are directly related with conductor temperature. As the conductor temperature rises, transmission parameters are constantly changing, and the amplitude of output signal is in response to gradual attenuation. In low-frequency range, the amount of signal amplitude attenuation is greater with lower frequency. Crosstalk phenomena come to existence when multiconductor structure is applied for signal transmission, and in this case output signal is difficult to replicate the character of intial signal.
(4) A sensitivity analysis method is put forward according to the change of signal response caused from ambient temperature and signal frequency, and the corresponding multi-variables sensitivity equations are constructed. By adopting the direct method, a second transformation for temperature, frequency, and RLCG parameters has been out to obtain parameter vector and the sensitivity expression are also derived. The results demonstrate that the absolute value of signal changed quality increases with the rise of temperature and lower frequency, and signal attenuation is of positive trends. The study also shows that resistance R has major influence on change of signal response contrary to other LCG parameters.
(5) A test platform is constructed to implement the signal transmission in changing temperature environment by designing and processing components, and corresponding tests are also completed. The experimental results reflect that the power spectrum peak and the average time-domain amplitude of signal are gradually lowered with increasing temperature. The different ambient temperature has changed the characteristics of original signal. And the experimental analysis also verifies the validity of the results of simulation models successfully.
In conclusion, taking the ambient temperature as the main disturbance factor, the change of test signal in transmission process, is systematically studied in the thesis. The study obtains a series of theoretical and experimental results for impoving the precision of test signals.
在本文中,针对测试系统中受干扰因素影响的问题,对环境温度不断变化最终将由外到内的影响信号特征这一重要内容进行了深入的研究,研究的主要内容归纳如下:
(1)推导并建立了信号传输载体-传输导线的热扩散方程,对导线整体进行了热电耦合受热分析。针对车辆测试系统中出现的热传递形式,以同轴电缆为主要研究对象,根据结构和材料的不同,分别建立了热传递方程。分析了自然对流、完全热传导及有限空间强制对流情况下的导线受热情况,并依据传递的电信号特征,建立了热电耦合模型。采用有限元方法模拟计算了各层的热传递特性,结果表明这种细化的热传递形式,有助于提高分析结果的准确性。研究发现导线在完全热传导和有限空间强制对流换热环境中,温度升高迅速,即在短时间内改变了导线的参数特性,进而对信号传输产生很大的影响。
(2)提出了一种有效提取导线传输参数特性的方法,并对其温变和频变特性进行了分析。以Maxwell’s方程为基础,将环境温度对导线的影响转变为对其特性参数的影响,推导出了具有温度参变量的亥姆霍茨(Helmholtz)方程,由此也确定了信号传输中电磁场随温度而变化的特性。结合测试信号传输电路和信号完整性传递的特点,进而给出了一种计算传输参数的分析方法。该方法避免了以往数值方法复杂积分的缺点,减少了计算工作量,得到了经典能量法的验证。导线的RLCG参数在温度的影响下,发生了各自不同的变化,最为突出的是电阻R的变化。而考虑信号频率时,频率越高,参数的变化量愈明显。该方法适用于提取多导线耦合时的自参数和互参数。研究表明信号频率对互参数产生了重要的影响。多导线的互参数也加剧了导线间信号的串扰,参数的温变及频变特性,成为信号传输响应改变的重要参数依据。
(3)基于信号传输理论,以有限差分、基尔霍夫定律和FDTD方法为基础,建立了信号传输的渐变温模型并分析了信号响应变化规律。就导线的温度与时空的关联特点,分别给出了两种渐变温模型,即温度和时间为离散变量的渐变温模型Ⅰ;以时间和空间为离散变量的渐变温模型Ⅱ。研究表明:信号响应与导线温度直接相关联,随着导线温度的升高,传输参数不断变化,信号输出响应幅值逐渐衰减。在中低频范围内,信号频率较低时,信号衰减量越大。多导线结构传递信号时存在串扰现象,输出信号难以复现初始信号特征。
(4)提出了信号响应在温度和频率影响下的灵敏度评价分析方法,建立了相应的多参变量灵敏度方程。以直接法为基础,分别以温度、温度及频率、RLCG参数为参变量,进行二次变换得到参变量的列向量,推导出了相应的灵敏度计算表达式。研究表明,信号输出响应变化量的绝对值随温度的升高及频率的降低而增加,信号响应呈衰减趋势。研究还表明,电阻R的变化是造成信号响应改变的主要影响因素。
(5)设计并加工了试验构件,建立了实现变温环境测试的试验平台,并完成了相应的试验。试验结果表明,信号的自功率谱峰值与时域平均幅值均随温度的升高而逐渐降低,变温的测试环境已改变了信号的原始特征。该试验分析也成功地验证了仿真模型结果的有效性。
综上所述,在本文中,较系统地研究了测试信号传输过程中,以环境温度为主要干扰因素对信号响应产生的影响,对于提高测试信号精度等方面得到了一系列理论分析结果和实验结果。
The identification and analysis of signal characteristics are constrained by the ever-changing, random and fuzzy characteristics of signal. At present, researches on signal analysis are mainly concentrated on subsequent signal processing methods. However, similarly tests of vehicles engine, many kinds of interfering factors are inevitable in the process of signal transimission, and especially the ambient temperature is uncertain. The important effect on signal characteristic from external uncertain factors is still lack of system and deep investigations. Therefore, systematical studies on the test signal variability resulting from changing ambient temperature have not only important theoretical significance, but also practical value.
With respect to test signal transmission affected by interfering factors, a further study into the change of signal characteristic caused by varied ambient temperature has been made in the paper. The main contents are summarized as follows.
(1) The heat diffusion equations for singal transmission cable are derived and established, and the thermoelectric couple model for whole cable is analyzed. Taking the coxial cable as main rearch subject, the heat diffusion equations are obtained for different structure and materials considering the forms of heat transfer in vehicle test system. By applying characteristic of transmission signal, the thesis constructs thermoelectric couple model to analyze the heat transfer characteristic of cable in environment of natural convection, fully heat conduction and forced convection. FEM is applied to calculate heat transfer characteristic of cable. The results show that the refinement form of heat transfer for cable helps to improve the accuracy of analysis. Moreover, the temperature of cable increases rapidly especially in space of fully heat conduction and forced convection. Correspongdingly, characteristics of cable materials changes in a short period, which has a huge impact on signal transmission.
(2) A novel method for extracting the transmsission parameters of signal cable is proposed. Based on Maxwell’s equations, the Hlemholtz equation with temperature variable is derived. It determines electromagnetic behavior changing with temperature in process of signal transmission. Combined with signal transmission circuit and singal integrity, a method for calculating transmission parameters is described. Contrary to other methods, the proposed method is of less calculation and can also be verified using classical energy method. The behaviors of parameters are pointed out. RLCG parameters change with ambient temperature and the most prominence is of resistance changes in proportion to increasing temperature. Considering different signal frequencies, the parameters change more obviously with respect to the higher frequency. The method is also effective for extracting self and mutual parameters of multiconductors. The results demonstrate that the signal frequency is significant for mutual parameters which exacerbate the crosstalk signal between wires. Temperature and frequency characteristics of parameters become to be the key parameters foundation for change of signal response.
(3) Based on signal transmission theory, finite difference, Kirchhoff’s law and FDTD, the study builds two gradient temperature models. The changes of signal response are also described. Two models are separately of temperature and time for discrete variables in modelⅠand of time and space for discrete variables in modelⅡ. The results indicate that signal responses are directly related with conductor temperature. As the conductor temperature rises, transmission parameters are constantly changing, and the amplitude of output signal is in response to gradual attenuation. In low-frequency range, the amount of signal amplitude attenuation is greater with lower frequency. Crosstalk phenomena come to existence when multiconductor structure is applied for signal transmission, and in this case output signal is difficult to replicate the character of intial signal.
(4) A sensitivity analysis method is put forward according to the change of signal response caused from ambient temperature and signal frequency, and the corresponding multi-variables sensitivity equations are constructed. By adopting the direct method, a second transformation for temperature, frequency, and RLCG parameters has been out to obtain parameter vector and the sensitivity expression are also derived. The results demonstrate that the absolute value of signal changed quality increases with the rise of temperature and lower frequency, and signal attenuation is of positive trends. The study also shows that resistance R has major influence on change of signal response contrary to other LCG parameters.
(5) A test platform is constructed to implement the signal transmission in changing temperature environment by designing and processing components, and corresponding tests are also completed. The experimental results reflect that the power spectrum peak and the average time-domain amplitude of signal are gradually lowered with increasing temperature. The different ambient temperature has changed the characteristics of original signal. And the experimental analysis also verifies the validity of the results of simulation models successfully.
In conclusion, taking the ambient temperature as the main disturbance factor, the change of test signal in transmission process, is systematically studied in the thesis. The study obtains a series of theoretical and experimental results for impoving the precision of test signals.
引文
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