长角血蜱性信息素的研究
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摘要
本文以广泛分布于我国的长角血蜱Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann为研究对象，应用气相色谱(GC)、气相色谱／质谱(GC／MS)、生物测定、X-射线微区分析等现代生物学研究方法及交叉学科的研究技术对长角血蜱体表分泌物的成分进行分析，确定了其性信息素的结构、合成分泌、含量变化以及在蜱类生殖行为中的作用，丰富了蜱类生殖生物学、化学生态和行为生态学内容。所得主要结论如下：
1．长角血蜱的交配行为分为7个时期，其行为模式为：(1)雄蜱离开吸血附着点寻找性活动的雌蜱；(2)趋向并接近性活动的雌蜱，与之接触；(3)攀援到雌蜱的背部；(4)从雌蜱身体后端或侧面转向腹面；(5)雄蜱定位雌蜱生殖孔；(6)雄蜱盾板弯曲，将螯肢和口下板插入雌蜱生殖孔；(7)形成精荚，螯肢将精荚送入雌蜱生殖孔。
2．气相色谱-质谱与生物测定分析结果表明，2，4-二氯酚是长角血蜱吸引性信息素的一种新的有效成分，该化合物与2，6-二氯酚共同调控长角血蜱的前期交配行为。
3．2，4-二氯酚的含量随发育期发生明显变化。饥饿雌蜱含量最少(49.38ng)；吸血后开始增加：交配期达到峰值(98.09ng)；交配完成后含量明显下降，交配后和饱血当天含量分别为75.97ng和54.55ng。2，6-二氯酚的变化趋势与2，4-二氯酚完全一致，为：饥饿期(14.41ng)、刚吸血(16.14ng)、吸血期(27.88ng)、交配期(30.04ng)、交配后(22.22ng)、刚饱血(16.22ng)。在各个发育时期，2，4-二氯酚与2，6-二氯酚的比例基本保持一致。
4．不同发育期长角血蜱雌蜱体表氯元素的X-射线微区分析结果与性信息素含量随发育期的动态变化结果一致；体表不同区域的氯元素X-射线微区分析结果表明，雌蜱吸引性信息素主要由其身体中部分泌。
5．哈氏器是吸引性信息素的主要感觉器官，须肢感器是后期生殖行为中的主要感觉器官。
摘要
上述研究结果表明，2，4一DCP与2，6一DCP是长角血蝉吸引性信息素的主要
成分;其分泌腺体位于其身体中部，哈氏器是吸引性信息素的感受器。
A series of experiments were conducted on Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, components of body surface secretion are analyzed by modern biology technology including GC, GC/MS, bioassay, X-ray etc., then the functional components which play important roles in mating are indentified. Their structure, content changes, and the role in mating of sex pheromones are also researched deeply. The present research will provide foundation for tick reproductive biology, chemical ecology and behavior ecology. The main results were as follows:
1. In H. longicornis, reproductive behaviour can be divided into 7 steps. The following steps of male activity in the mating process were recognised: (1) excitation and localization of female as an source of sexual attractant, (2)contacting the female, (3)mounting on her dorsal surface, (4)crawling over the female opisthosoma to the ventral surface, (5)location of female gonopore, (6)stretching out the palps and inserting chelicerae and hypostome into the gonopore, (7)the male genital opening ejaculation of a spermatophore, fixation of the spermatophore into the female gonopore.
2. The results of GC and bioassay analysis showed that 2,4-DCP is a noval effective component of attractant sex pheromone in H. longicornis, and which regulates the reproductive behaviour during earlier stage together with 2,6-DCP.
3. The content of 2,4-DCP changed along with developmental stages. 2,4-DCP in unfed female is minimum(49.38ng), then increased after feeding, reached its maximum at mating stage (98.09ng), and decreased 75.97ng (after mating) and 54.55ng (after engorgement). The changes of 2,6-DCP is silimar to 2,4-DCP, unfed (14.41ng), feeding (16,14ng, 27.88ng), mating (30.04ng), after mating (22.22ng) and engorgement (16.22ng).
4. The results of X-ray analysis in female body surface at diverse development stages is similar to the change of the contents of sex pheromone along with developmental stages. The results of X-ray analysis at different region in female body surface showed that attractant sex pheromone is mostly excreted at the middle region of female body surface.
5. Male perceives attractant sex pheromones through Haller's organ, and in the later stage of mating behavior, palpal receptor is the main receptor.
The above result showed that in H. longicornis, reproductive behaviour is regulated by sex pheromones, and the components of attractant sex pheromones are 2,4-DCP and 2,6-DCP. Haller's organ is the main receptor of attractant sex pheromones.
1．长角血蜱的交配行为分为7个时期，其行为模式为：(1)雄蜱离开吸血附着点寻找性活动的雌蜱；(2)趋向并接近性活动的雌蜱，与之接触；(3)攀援到雌蜱的背部；(4)从雌蜱身体后端或侧面转向腹面；(5)雄蜱定位雌蜱生殖孔；(6)雄蜱盾板弯曲，将螯肢和口下板插入雌蜱生殖孔；(7)形成精荚，螯肢将精荚送入雌蜱生殖孔。
2．气相色谱-质谱与生物测定分析结果表明，2，4-二氯酚是长角血蜱吸引性信息素的一种新的有效成分，该化合物与2，6-二氯酚共同调控长角血蜱的前期交配行为。
3．2，4-二氯酚的含量随发育期发生明显变化。饥饿雌蜱含量最少(49.38ng)；吸血后开始增加：交配期达到峰值(98.09ng)；交配完成后含量明显下降，交配后和饱血当天含量分别为75.97ng和54.55ng。2，6-二氯酚的变化趋势与2，4-二氯酚完全一致，为：饥饿期(14.41ng)、刚吸血(16.14ng)、吸血期(27.88ng)、交配期(30.04ng)、交配后(22.22ng)、刚饱血(16.22ng)。在各个发育时期，2，4-二氯酚与2，6-二氯酚的比例基本保持一致。
4．不同发育期长角血蜱雌蜱体表氯元素的X-射线微区分析结果与性信息素含量随发育期的动态变化结果一致；体表不同区域的氯元素X-射线微区分析结果表明，雌蜱吸引性信息素主要由其身体中部分泌。
5．哈氏器是吸引性信息素的主要感觉器官，须肢感器是后期生殖行为中的主要感觉器官。
摘要
上述研究结果表明，2，4一DCP与2，6一DCP是长角血蝉吸引性信息素的主要
成分;其分泌腺体位于其身体中部，哈氏器是吸引性信息素的感受器。
A series of experiments were conducted on Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, components of body surface secretion are analyzed by modern biology technology including GC, GC/MS, bioassay, X-ray etc., then the functional components which play important roles in mating are indentified. Their structure, content changes, and the role in mating of sex pheromones are also researched deeply. The present research will provide foundation for tick reproductive biology, chemical ecology and behavior ecology. The main results were as follows:
1. In H. longicornis, reproductive behaviour can be divided into 7 steps. The following steps of male activity in the mating process were recognised: (1) excitation and localization of female as an source of sexual attractant, (2)contacting the female, (3)mounting on her dorsal surface, (4)crawling over the female opisthosoma to the ventral surface, (5)location of female gonopore, (6)stretching out the palps and inserting chelicerae and hypostome into the gonopore, (7)the male genital opening ejaculation of a spermatophore, fixation of the spermatophore into the female gonopore.
2. The results of GC and bioassay analysis showed that 2,4-DCP is a noval effective component of attractant sex pheromone in H. longicornis, and which regulates the reproductive behaviour during earlier stage together with 2,6-DCP.
3. The content of 2,4-DCP changed along with developmental stages. 2,4-DCP in unfed female is minimum(49.38ng), then increased after feeding, reached its maximum at mating stage (98.09ng), and decreased 75.97ng (after mating) and 54.55ng (after engorgement). The changes of 2,6-DCP is silimar to 2,4-DCP, unfed (14.41ng), feeding (16,14ng, 27.88ng), mating (30.04ng), after mating (22.22ng) and engorgement (16.22ng).
4. The results of X-ray analysis in female body surface at diverse development stages is similar to the change of the contents of sex pheromone along with developmental stages. The results of X-ray analysis at different region in female body surface showed that attractant sex pheromone is mostly excreted at the middle region of female body surface.
5. Male perceives attractant sex pheromones through Haller's organ, and in the later stage of mating behavior, palpal receptor is the main receptor.
The above result showed that in H. longicornis, reproductive behaviour is regulated by sex pheromones, and the components of attractant sex pheromones are 2,4-DCP and 2,6-DCP. Haller's organ is the main receptor of attractant sex pheromones.
引文
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