妊娠后期日粮脂肪和淀粉不同比例对母猪生产性能的影响研究
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摘要
本研究采用单因子试验设计，研究了日粮能量水平一致时，母猪妊娠70天后日粮添加不同比例的脂肪和玉米淀粉对高产仔经产长梅(长白♂×梅山♀)杂交母猪繁殖性能的影响。选择血缘、胎次相同，生产性能相近的长梅杂交母猪14头，配种后在相同饲养管理条件下饲喂至妊娠70天，妊娠70天后按配种时体重随机分为4个处理(2％、8％、14％和20％脂肪组，淀粉含量分别为63.25％、50.53％、37.08％和24.19％)。试验日粮为半纯合日粮(3.3Mcal DE／kg，12％CP)，由基础日粮加不同比例的脂肪和玉米淀粉提供母猪的能量，脂肪由菜籽油、大豆油和猪油按1：2：2的比例混合，日粮中其它养分相同。母猪妊娠前期、中期和后期分别按维持需要的1倍、1.2倍和2.0倍供给能量。哺乳母猪饲喂相同日粮。
试验结果表明：
1．在能量水平一致的情况下，随着母猪妊娠后期日粮脂肪添加比例的增加，母猪的产仔数、活产仔数、仔猪初生窝重有增加的趋势。
2．在能量水平一致的情况下，随着母猪妊娠后期日粮脂肪添加比例的增加，极显著降低母猪哺乳期第一周的ADFI(P＜0.01)，2％脂肪组的ADFI比8％、14％和20％脂肪组分别高出20.1％、30.1％和36.7％。
3．在能量水平一致的情况下，母猪妊娠后期日粮中添加8％、14％和20％的脂肪与2％脂肪组相比显著(P＜0.05)提高母猪初乳的乳脂率。妊娠后期日粮脂肪含量为9.1％，淀粉含量为48.1％时，母猪初乳中的乳脂率达5.7％(P＜0.05)。
4．在能量水平一致的情况下，母猪妊娠后期日粮添加20％的脂肪有降低能量利用率的趋势，8％和14％的脂肪水平有提高能量利用率的趋势。母猪妊娠后期日粮脂肪添加比例在8.0％～9.0％(脂肪摄入5.43～5.71g／BW~(0.75)／d之间，淀粉摄入31.44～30.56g／BW~(0.75)／d之间)时，有最大的ADE／GE和AME／GE。
5．在能量水平一致的情况下，随着母猪妊娠后期日粮脂肪添加比例的增加，母猪分娩前体重和背膘有增加趋势，同时也增加母猪哺乳期体重和背膘损失，但对母猪断奶至发情间隔没有显著影响。
由以上结果可得：
1．在日粮能量水平(3.3Mcal DE／kg)一致的情况下，脂肪和淀粉作为能量来源对母猪繁殖性能的影响具有不同的营养效应，单位重量的脂肪和淀粉互作可能对母
猪繁殖性能更有利。
2.本试验条件下，保持日粮能量水平(3 .3Meal DE/kg)一致，母猪妊娠后期日
粮添加8%~10%的脂肪和50.5%一45.9%的淀粉(脂肪和淀粉的摄入量分别为5.12~
6.399/Bw075/d和32.32一29.469/Bwo一75/d)有提高母猪繁殖性能的趋势。
A one-factor experiment was designed to investigate the effect of fat and corn starch as the source of
energy during late gestation (from seventy days of gestation to farrowing ) on the reproductive performance of prolificacy multiparous sows under the same diets energy level . Fourteen LandranceX Meishan crossbred ,sixth-parity sows were blocked randomly to 4 treatments (2.0%, 8.0%, 14.0%, 20.0% of fat level with starch level 63.25%, 50.53%, 37.08%, 24.19% respectively) on d 70 of gestation by the body weight at mating . The sows were given semi-purity diets, which were consist of base diets and differential ratio of fat and corn starch .The digestable energy of diets were 3.3Mcal/kg and crude protein level were 12%.Three kinds of oils, rapeseed oil , soybean oil and lard , were blended as the fat source , in which the ratio were designed to 1:2:2 .Diets provided similar amounts of Ca, P .mineral, vitamin and fiber to all sows . During gestation, the sows in each treatment were fed the assigned amount of experimental diet, feed intake were 1.0, 1.2, 2.0 fold of energy for mantaince in early, mid- and late ge
station All sows were allowed ad libitum access to lactational diet during lactation. The results showed :
1 .Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , with the fat level increased in diets , the total number born .number born alive, litter weight at birth also increased.
2.Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , with the fat level increased in diets , the ADF1 was significantly decreased during the first seven days of lactation (P>0.01) .Diets with 2.0 % of fat level compared to 8.0% ,14.0 % and 20.0 % of fat level , increased sows' ADFI during the first seven days of lactation by 20.1%, 30.1% and 36.7% respectively ..
3. Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , diets with8.0% ,14.0% and 20.0 % of fat level compared to 2.0% of fat level significantly (P<0.05) increased the fat concentration of
colostrum .Diets with 9.1% of fat and 48.1% of starch during late gestation , the fat concentration of colostrum was 5.7%. (P<0.05) .
4. Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , diets with 20.0%of fat level decreased the digestibility of energy (P<0.05) ,but 8.0% and 14.0% of fat in diets increased the digestibility of energy (P<0.05) . Sows intaked diets with 8.0 - 9.0% of fat (fat intaked between 5.43 and 5.71g/BW0.75/d, with the same .starch intaked between 31.44 and 30.56 g/BW0.75/d ) during late gestation ,the ADE/GE and AME/GE of energy was optimal.
5. Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , with the fat level increased in diets , the body weight and backfat of sows before farrowing increased,also increased body weight and backfat lost during lactation, and no significantly effects on WEI of sows . It is concluded that :
1.Under the same energy level (3.3Mcal DE/kg) , fat or starch as the energy source of sows during late gestation has different nutritional effect on sow's reproductive performance ,fat compared to starch was more important to improve sow's reproductive performance.
2. Under the same energy level (3.3Mcal DE/kg) in this experiment, the optimal fat level (8~ 10%) and starch level (50.5 ~ 45.9%) in sows diets ,or sows fat intaked between 5.12 and 6.39g/BW0.75/d, with the same .starch intaked between 32.32 and 29.46g/BW0.75/d during late gestation can improve sow's reproductive performance .
试验结果表明：
1．在能量水平一致的情况下，随着母猪妊娠后期日粮脂肪添加比例的增加，母猪的产仔数、活产仔数、仔猪初生窝重有增加的趋势。
2．在能量水平一致的情况下，随着母猪妊娠后期日粮脂肪添加比例的增加，极显著降低母猪哺乳期第一周的ADFI(P＜0.01)，2％脂肪组的ADFI比8％、14％和20％脂肪组分别高出20.1％、30.1％和36.7％。
3．在能量水平一致的情况下，母猪妊娠后期日粮中添加8％、14％和20％的脂肪与2％脂肪组相比显著(P＜0.05)提高母猪初乳的乳脂率。妊娠后期日粮脂肪含量为9.1％，淀粉含量为48.1％时，母猪初乳中的乳脂率达5.7％(P＜0.05)。
4．在能量水平一致的情况下，母猪妊娠后期日粮添加20％的脂肪有降低能量利用率的趋势，8％和14％的脂肪水平有提高能量利用率的趋势。母猪妊娠后期日粮脂肪添加比例在8.0％～9.0％(脂肪摄入5.43～5.71g／BW~(0.75)／d之间，淀粉摄入31.44～30.56g／BW~(0.75)／d之间)时，有最大的ADE／GE和AME／GE。
5．在能量水平一致的情况下，随着母猪妊娠后期日粮脂肪添加比例的增加，母猪分娩前体重和背膘有增加趋势，同时也增加母猪哺乳期体重和背膘损失，但对母猪断奶至发情间隔没有显著影响。
由以上结果可得：
1．在日粮能量水平(3.3Mcal DE／kg)一致的情况下，脂肪和淀粉作为能量来源对母猪繁殖性能的影响具有不同的营养效应，单位重量的脂肪和淀粉互作可能对母
猪繁殖性能更有利。
2.本试验条件下，保持日粮能量水平(3 .3Meal DE/kg)一致，母猪妊娠后期日
粮添加8%~10%的脂肪和50.5%一45.9%的淀粉(脂肪和淀粉的摄入量分别为5.12~
6.399/Bw075/d和32.32一29.469/Bwo一75/d)有提高母猪繁殖性能的趋势。
A one-factor experiment was designed to investigate the effect of fat and corn starch as the source of
energy during late gestation (from seventy days of gestation to farrowing ) on the reproductive performance of prolificacy multiparous sows under the same diets energy level . Fourteen LandranceX Meishan crossbred ,sixth-parity sows were blocked randomly to 4 treatments (2.0%, 8.0%, 14.0%, 20.0% of fat level with starch level 63.25%, 50.53%, 37.08%, 24.19% respectively) on d 70 of gestation by the body weight at mating . The sows were given semi-purity diets, which were consist of base diets and differential ratio of fat and corn starch .The digestable energy of diets were 3.3Mcal/kg and crude protein level were 12%.Three kinds of oils, rapeseed oil , soybean oil and lard , were blended as the fat source , in which the ratio were designed to 1:2:2 .Diets provided similar amounts of Ca, P .mineral, vitamin and fiber to all sows . During gestation, the sows in each treatment were fed the assigned amount of experimental diet, feed intake were 1.0, 1.2, 2.0 fold of energy for mantaince in early, mid- and late ge
station All sows were allowed ad libitum access to lactational diet during lactation. The results showed :
1 .Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , with the fat level increased in diets , the total number born .number born alive, litter weight at birth also increased.
2.Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , with the fat level increased in diets , the ADF1 was significantly decreased during the first seven days of lactation (P>0.01) .Diets with 2.0 % of fat level compared to 8.0% ,14.0 % and 20.0 % of fat level , increased sows' ADFI during the first seven days of lactation by 20.1%, 30.1% and 36.7% respectively ..
3. Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , diets with8.0% ,14.0% and 20.0 % of fat level compared to 2.0% of fat level significantly (P<0.05) increased the fat concentration of
colostrum .Diets with 9.1% of fat and 48.1% of starch during late gestation , the fat concentration of colostrum was 5.7%. (P<0.05) .
4. Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , diets with 20.0%of fat level decreased the digestibility of energy (P<0.05) ,but 8.0% and 14.0% of fat in diets increased the digestibility of energy (P<0.05) . Sows intaked diets with 8.0 - 9.0% of fat (fat intaked between 5.43 and 5.71g/BW0.75/d, with the same .starch intaked between 31.44 and 30.56 g/BW0.75/d ) during late gestation ,the ADE/GE and AME/GE of energy was optimal.
5. Supplying same energy level to sows during late gestation , with the fat level increased in diets , the body weight and backfat of sows before farrowing increased,also increased body weight and backfat lost during lactation, and no significantly effects on WEI of sows . It is concluded that :
1.Under the same energy level (3.3Mcal DE/kg) , fat or starch as the energy source of sows during late gestation has different nutritional effect on sow's reproductive performance ,fat compared to starch was more important to improve sow's reproductive performance.
2. Under the same energy level (3.3Mcal DE/kg) in this experiment, the optimal fat level (8~ 10%) and starch level (50.5 ~ 45.9%) in sows diets ,or sows fat intaked between 5.12 and 6.39g/BW0.75/d, with the same .starch intaked between 32.32 and 29.46g/BW0.75/d during late gestation can improve sow's reproductive performance .
引文
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Pettigrew, E.James. 1981 .Supplemental dietary fat for peripartal sows: a review .J.Anim.Sci.53: 107-117.
Rozeboom, D.W., J.E.Pettigrew, R.L.Moser, S.G.Cornelius, S.M.Kandelgy. 1996. Influence of gilt age and body composition at first breeding on sow reproductive performance and longevity. J. Anim. Sci.74:138-150.
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Schoenherr, W.D.,T.S.Stahly ,and G.L.Cromwell. 1989 .The effects of dietary fat or fiber addition on yield and composition of milk from sows housed in a warm or hot environment.J.Anim.Sci.67:482-495.
Seerley, R.W.,R.A.Snyder, H.C.McCampbell.1981.The influence of sow dietary lipids and choline on piglet survival, milk and carcass composition. J.Anim.Sci.52 (3): 542-550.
Shurson,G.C.,M.G.Hogberg ,N.Defever, S.V.Radecki , and ER.Miller. 1986. Effects of adding fat to the sow lactation diet on lactation and rebreeding performance. J.Anim.Sci.62:672-680.
Shurson,G.C,, and K.M.Irvin .1992.Effects of genetic line and supplemental dietary fat on lactation performance of duroc and landrace sows.J.Anim.Sci.70:2942-2949.
Stahly, T.S.,GL.Cromwell, and W.S.Simpson. 1981.Effects of level and source of supplemental fat in the lactation diet of sows on the performance of pigs from birth to market weight.J.Anim.Sci.51:352-360.
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Tilton,S.L.,P.S.Miller, A.J.Lewis,D.E.Reese,and P.M.Ermer.1999b.Addition of fat to the diets of lactating sows:I.Effscts on milk production and composition and carcass composition of the litter at weaning. J.Anim.Sci.77: 2491-2500.
Toplis, P., M.F.J.Ginesi, and A.E.Wrathhall.1983.The influence of high food levels in early
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Van Den.H., N.M.Soede,and B.Kemp.2000b.Dietary energy source at two feeding levels during lactation of primiparous sows: Ⅱ.Effects on periestrus hormone profiles and embryonal survivaI.J.Anim.Sci.78:405-411.
Van Den.H.,M.J.W.Heetkamp,N.M.Soede,J.W.Schrama,and B.Kemp.2000.Energy balance of lactating primiparous sows as affected by feeding level and dietary energy source.J.Anim.Sci.78:1520-1528.
Van Den.H.,P.Langendijk, N.M.Soede,and B.Kemp.2001.Effect of Dietary energy source on reproductive traits in primiparous sows.J.Anim.Sci.79:420-426.
Van Den.H.,S.J.Dielemant,N.M.Soede,and B.Kemp.2000a.Dietary energy source at two feeding levels during lactation of primiparous sows: Ⅰ.Effects on glucose,insulin, and luteinizing hormone and on follicle development,weaning-to-estrus interval,and ovulation rate.J.Anim.Sci.78:396-404.
Van der, C.P.A.,M.D.Lindemann, and G.L.Cromwell. 2002.Assessment of chromium tripicolinate supplementation and dietary energy level and source on groeth, carcass, and blood criteria in growing pigs.J.Anim.Sci.80:483-493.
Vander Peet-Schwering, C.M.C.,B.Kemp,G.P.Binnendijk,L.A.den Hartog,H,A,M,Spoolder, and M.W.A,Verstegen. 2003.Performance of sows fed high levels of nonstarch polysaccharides during gestation and lactation over three parities. J.Anim.Sci. 81:2247-2258.
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Weldon W. C., A. J. Lewis, G. F. Louis, J. L. Kovar, and P. S. Miller. 1994. Postpartum hypophagia in primiparous sows: Ⅰ. Effects of gestation feeding level on feed intake, feeding behavior, and plasma metabolite concentrations during lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 72:387.
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Williams, I.H., W.H.Close, and D.J.A.Cole. 1985.Strategies for sow nutrition: Predicting the response of pregnant animals to protein and energy intake. 133-147 in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition.London: Butterworth.