无线传感器网络能量自供应技术研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks，WSNs)涉及众多学科，已经成为目前IT领域中的研究热点之一。在影响WSNs的工作寿命的众多因素中，节点的能量是其中最为重要的。因此，研究WSNs的能量供应技术具有重要意义。
本文总结了WSNs节点的一般设计原则，采用了分层复用的设计方法，研制出实现不同通信距离的两种节点；采用两路供电方案，其中一路可关断，有利于节约能量；添加了锂电池能量计量与充放电保护功能，以便与能量供给系统配合。
在研究了超级电容和锂电池特性的基础上，设计了基于环境能量挖掘技术的传感器节点能量供给系统。采用太阳能电池为能量挖掘装置，以超级电容和锂电池为能量内存组成多级能量存储结构；采用两个容量为25F，额定电压为2.7V的超级电容串连组成能量存储器；采用额定电压为3.7V的锂电池作为后备能量存储器。该系统与节点配合，能够自主从环境中采集能量，并为系统提供能量。
设计了基于嵌入式操作系统μCOS-Ⅱ的系统软件，满足实时功能要求。根据功能需求划分了任务并合理分配优先级，从而能量存储器状态的监控、能量信息的发送和能量存储器的切换可以实时完成。
完成了系统性能的测试，并对测试结果进行了分析。以1％工作周期工作，两级能量存储器可供系统工作24.6小时，基本达到了自主工作的要求。
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) refer to many disciplines, and presently it hasbeen the research focus in IT field. In all of the factors affecting the life-span ofWireless Sensor Network (WSNs), the most important one is the power of WSNsnode. Therefore, researching the WSNs node power supply is very important.
This paper described the common disciplines of node design. Layer DivisionMultiplexing was adopted in order to realize two kinds of nodes which have differentcommunication distance. The node has two power supply routes, one of which can beturned off to save energy. To match power supply system, the charge and dischargeprotection and estimating the rest remaining capacity of Li-ion battery is realized.
Based on the research on the characteristics of super capacity and Li-ion battery, thenode power supply system of environment energy was designed. The system usessolar cell as energy scavenging device, and super capacity and Li-ion batteryconstitute multilevel energy storage structure. The energy store device consists of twosuper capacities in series which both have the rating voltage of 2.7V and capacitanceof 25F. The energy storage and support device consists of Li-ion battery. The systemcooperates with the node to scavenge energy from environment and supply it for thenode.
The system software has been designed based on the embedded operation system,μCOS-Ⅱ. The software is divided into several tasks with different priorities to meetthe demand that the system could monitor the energy status of the energy store device,implement the energy information data sending, and switching among energy storedevices.
The characteristics of the system were tested and the results were analyzed. Withthe duty cycle of 1%, two energy store devices can supply node for 24.6 hours. Theperformance of the system has achieved the design target approximately.
本文总结了WSNs节点的一般设计原则，采用了分层复用的设计方法，研制出实现不同通信距离的两种节点；采用两路供电方案，其中一路可关断，有利于节约能量；添加了锂电池能量计量与充放电保护功能，以便与能量供给系统配合。
在研究了超级电容和锂电池特性的基础上，设计了基于环境能量挖掘技术的传感器节点能量供给系统。采用太阳能电池为能量挖掘装置，以超级电容和锂电池为能量内存组成多级能量存储结构；采用两个容量为25F，额定电压为2.7V的超级电容串连组成能量存储器；采用额定电压为3.7V的锂电池作为后备能量存储器。该系统与节点配合，能够自主从环境中采集能量，并为系统提供能量。
设计了基于嵌入式操作系统μCOS-Ⅱ的系统软件，满足实时功能要求。根据功能需求划分了任务并合理分配优先级，从而能量存储器状态的监控、能量信息的发送和能量存储器的切换可以实时完成。
完成了系统性能的测试，并对测试结果进行了分析。以1％工作周期工作，两级能量存储器可供系统工作24.6小时，基本达到了自主工作的要求。
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) refer to many disciplines, and presently it hasbeen the research focus in IT field. In all of the factors affecting the life-span ofWireless Sensor Network (WSNs), the most important one is the power of WSNsnode. Therefore, researching the WSNs node power supply is very important.
This paper described the common disciplines of node design. Layer DivisionMultiplexing was adopted in order to realize two kinds of nodes which have differentcommunication distance. The node has two power supply routes, one of which can beturned off to save energy. To match power supply system, the charge and dischargeprotection and estimating the rest remaining capacity of Li-ion battery is realized.
Based on the research on the characteristics of super capacity and Li-ion battery, thenode power supply system of environment energy was designed. The system usessolar cell as energy scavenging device, and super capacity and Li-ion batteryconstitute multilevel energy storage structure. The energy store device consists of twosuper capacities in series which both have the rating voltage of 2.7V and capacitanceof 25F. The energy storage and support device consists of Li-ion battery. The systemcooperates with the node to scavenge energy from environment and supply it for thenode.
The system software has been designed based on the embedded operation system,μCOS-Ⅱ. The software is divided into several tasks with different priorities to meetthe demand that the system could monitor the energy status of the energy store device,implement the energy information data sending, and switching among energy storedevices.
The characteristics of the system were tested and the results were analyzed. Withthe duty cycle of 1%, two energy store devices can supply node for 24.6 hours. Theperformance of the system has achieved the design target approximately.
引文
[1] 崔莉，鞠海玲，苗勇，李天璞，刘巍，赵泽．无线传感器网络研究进展．计算机研究与发展，2005，42(1)：163～174．
[2] 任丰原，黄海宁，林闯．无线传感器网络．软件学报，2003，14(7)：1282～1291．
[3] Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, Pister KSJ. Smart dust: Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer. IEEE Computer Magazine, 2001,34(1):44~51.
[4] http://visitor2.ucc.ie/enext/story/2004/7/8/194417/9706.
[5] http://www.ewsn.org.
[6] 孙利民，李建中等．无线传感器网络。清华大学出版社，2005年5月，北京．
[7] 李建中，李金宝．传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展．软件学报，2003，14(10)：1717～1727．
[8] 马祖长，孙怡宁．无线传感器网络节点的定位算法．计算机工程，2004，30(7)：13～14．
[9] Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, "Cayirci E wire—less Sensor Networks: A survey[J]". Computer Networks, 2002, 38(4): 393-422.
[10] 周又玲，黄本雄，王芙蓉．无线传感器网络的能源策略分析．信息技术，2005，07：43～46．
[11] 孙勇，景博，张宗麟．基于不均匀环带模型能量有效的无线传感器网络节点放置方法．传感技术学报，2006，(19)4．
[12] A. Kansal, D. Potter, and M. B. Srivastava, "Performance aware tasking for environmentally powered sensor networks," in Sigmetrics 2004, 2004.
[13] S. Roundy, B. P. Otis, Y.-H. Chee, J. M. Rabaey, and P. Wright, "A 1.9ghz rf transmit beacon using environmentally scavenged energy," in IEEE Int. Symposium on Low Power Elec. and Devices, Feb. 2003.
[14] P. Zhang, C. M. Sadler, S. A. Lyon,, and M. Martonosi, "Hardware design experiences in zebranet," in SenSys 2004, Nov. 2004.
[15] H. Balakrishnan, R. Baliga, D. Curtis, M. Goraczko, A. Miu, B. Priyantha, A. Smith, K. Steele, S. Teller, and K. Wang, "Lessons from developing and deploying the cricket indoor location system," in MIT Technical Report, Nov. 2003.
[16] University of California, Berkeley, "Mica Platform," http://www.tinyos.net/scoop/special/hardware/, Sept. 2002.
[17] Xiaofan Jiang, Joseph Polastre, and David Culler Computer Science Department. University of California, "Berkeley Perpetual Environmentally Powered Sensor Networks"
[18] J. Schaeffer and D. M. Pratt, "The Real Goods Solar Living Sourcebook:The Complete Guide to Renewable Energy Technologies and Sustainable Living", 11st ed. Gaiam Real Goods, Aug. 2001.
[19] S. Roundy, D. Steingart, L. Frechette, P. K. Wright, and J. M. Rabaey, "Power sources for wireless sensor networks, " in Proceedings of EWSN 2004, Berlin, GERMANY, Jan. 2004.
[20] Christina Nickolas．无线能量传输技术有望用于手持设备充电．今日电子，02．2007．
[21] 振动为无线传感器供电．电子设计技术(EDN CHINA)，2006．09．
[22] Joseph A. Paradiso, Thad Starner, "Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics". Pervasive Computing, JANUARY-MARCH 2005.
[23] E.M. Yeatman, "Advances in Power Sources for Wireless Sensor Nodes," Proc. Int'l Workshop Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, Imperial College, 2004, pp. 20-21.
[24] J. Stevens, "Optimized Thermal Design of Small △Thermoelectric Generators," Proc. 34th Intersociety Energy Conversion Eng. Conf., Soc. of Automotive Engineers, 1999, paper 1999-01-2564; www2.msstate.edu/~stevens/iecec.pdf.
[25] P.D. Mitcheson et al., "Architectures for Vibration-Driven Micropower Generators," J. Microelectromechanical Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, 2004, pp. 429-440.
[26] A.S. Holmes et al., "Axial-Flow Microturbine with Electromagnetic Generator: Design, CFD Simulation, and Prototype Demonstration," Proc. 17th IEEE Int'l Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conf. (MEMS 04), IEEE Press, 2004, pp. 568-571.
[27] O. Yaglioglu, "Modeling and Design Considerations for a Micro-Hydraulic Piezoelectric Power Generator," master's thesis, Dept. Electrical Eng. and Computer Science, Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, 2002.
[28] 胡兴军．多晶硅太阳能电池的制作技术．中国电源博览，2009．10：54～57．
[29] Bobby Maher．超级电容简介．今日电子．2006年增刊：35～36．
[30] 沙超 董挺挺等。无线传感器网络硬件平台的研究与设计电子工程世界，2006．8．
[31] 李刚，林凌．与8051兼容的高性能、高速单片机—C8051FXXX[M]．北京航空航天大学出版社，2002—5．
[32] MCS-51系列单片机实用接口技术．第1版．北京航空航天大学出版社，1993．
[33] 杨喜敏．传感器网络中的能量消耗问题研究．http://article.ednchina.com/2006-05/2006512010106.htm.
[34] 美德新，冯文全．单片机外围器件实用手册．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1998．
[35] 杨克俊．电磁兼容原理与设计技术，人民邮电出版社，2004—08．
[36] MAXIM 2000 New Releases Data Book, VolumeⅨ[DB],2000.
[37] 膝召胜等．便携式智能仪器实用抗干扰研究．中国仪器仪表1992，(2)：12-14．
[38] W. M. Siu, R. S. C. Cobbold. Basic Properties of the Electrolyte-SiO_2-Si System: Physical and Theoretical Aspects, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1979, vol. 26: 1805-1815.
[39] 倪顺康．色敏传感器弱信号预处理分析．传感技术学报，1995(1)：61-63．
[40] 管文军等．便携式血糖仪的研制．中国医疗器械杂志，2000，24(6)：321-323．
[41] Poels I, Sehasfoort R B M, Picioreanu S, et al. An ISFET-based anion sensor for the potentiometric detection of organic acids in liquid chromatography. Sensors and Actuators, 2000, B67: 294-299.
[42] 郭鹏，赵湛，方震，张玉国，分层复用WSNs节点及其软件平台设计，微计算机信息：嵌入式与SOC片上系统，2006，11，49-51．
[43] MAXIM. "DS2411 Silicon Serial Number with VCC Input".2003—05.
[44] MAXIM．“DS2411带有VCC输入的硅序列号”．2003—05．
[45] MAXIM．“1-wire搜索算法”．
[46] intersil. "X1228 Real Time Clock/Calendar/CPU Supervisor with EEPROM" 2005-10-17.
[47] intersil．“X1228带EEPROM的实时时钟日历CPU监控器”．
[48] 潘琢金译．C8051F120／1／2／3／4／5／6／7C8051F130／1／2／3系列混合信号ISP FLASH微控制器数据手册[M]．2004-12．
[49] MAXIM. "DS2760 High-Precision Li+ Battery Monitor".
[50] ST. "M25P80 8Mbit, Low Voltage, Serial Flash Memory With 40MHz SPI Bus Interface".2004-08.
[51] MAXIM. "MAX8881 Ultra-Low-IQ, Low-Dropout Linear Regulators with POK".
[52] Chipcon. "CC1020 Single Chip Low Power RF Transceiver for Narrowband Systems". 2005-10-20.
[53] Chipcon. "CC2420 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee-ready RF Transceiver" 2004-6-9.
[54] 雷振亚．射频／微波电路导论．西安电子科技大学出版社，2005—8．
[55] David M．Pozar著，张肇仪 周乐柱 吴德明等译．电子工业出版社，微波工程．2006—03．
[56] John D．Kraus著，章文勋译．天线，电子工业出版社，2004—04．
[57] Sol Jacobs．无线传感器的供电考虑．今日电子．2006年增刊：48～51．
[58] Jean J．Labrosse／著，邵贝贝／译．嵌入式实时操作系统μC／OS-Ⅱ(第2版)．北京航空航天大学出版社，2003．
[59] MAXIM．“用软件实现1—wire通信”．
[60] 马忠梅 籍顺心 张凯 马岩编著．单片机的C语言应用程序设计(修订版)．北京航空航天大学出版社，1998—10．
[61] 王柏盛主编．C程序设计．高等教育出版社．2004—2．
[62] MAXIM. "Lithium-Ion Cell Fuel Gauging with Dallas Semiconductor Battery Monitor ICs"
[63] Dhanaraj M, Manoj B S, et al.A New Energy Efficient Protocol for Minimizing Multi hop Latency in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proc of the 3rd IEEE Int'l Conf. on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2005.
[2] 任丰原，黄海宁，林闯．无线传感器网络．软件学报，2003，14(7)：1282～1291．
[3] Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, Pister KSJ. Smart dust: Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer. IEEE Computer Magazine, 2001,34(1):44~51.
[4] http://visitor2.ucc.ie/enext/story/2004/7/8/194417/9706.
[5] http://www.ewsn.org.
[6] 孙利民，李建中等．无线传感器网络。清华大学出版社，2005年5月，北京．
[7] 李建中，李金宝．传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展．软件学报，2003，14(10)：1717～1727．
[8] 马祖长，孙怡宁．无线传感器网络节点的定位算法．计算机工程，2004，30(7)：13～14．
[9] Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, "Cayirci E wire—less Sensor Networks: A survey[J]". Computer Networks, 2002, 38(4): 393-422.
[10] 周又玲，黄本雄，王芙蓉．无线传感器网络的能源策略分析．信息技术，2005，07：43～46．
[11] 孙勇，景博，张宗麟．基于不均匀环带模型能量有效的无线传感器网络节点放置方法．传感技术学报，2006，(19)4．
[12] A. Kansal, D. Potter, and M. B. Srivastava, "Performance aware tasking for environmentally powered sensor networks," in Sigmetrics 2004, 2004.
[13] S. Roundy, B. P. Otis, Y.-H. Chee, J. M. Rabaey, and P. Wright, "A 1.9ghz rf transmit beacon using environmentally scavenged energy," in IEEE Int. Symposium on Low Power Elec. and Devices, Feb. 2003.
[14] P. Zhang, C. M. Sadler, S. A. Lyon,, and M. Martonosi, "Hardware design experiences in zebranet," in SenSys 2004, Nov. 2004.
[15] H. Balakrishnan, R. Baliga, D. Curtis, M. Goraczko, A. Miu, B. Priyantha, A. Smith, K. Steele, S. Teller, and K. Wang, "Lessons from developing and deploying the cricket indoor location system," in MIT Technical Report, Nov. 2003.
[16] University of California, Berkeley, "Mica Platform," http://www.tinyos.net/scoop/special/hardware/, Sept. 2002.
[17] Xiaofan Jiang, Joseph Polastre, and David Culler Computer Science Department. University of California, "Berkeley Perpetual Environmentally Powered Sensor Networks"
[18] J. Schaeffer and D. M. Pratt, "The Real Goods Solar Living Sourcebook:The Complete Guide to Renewable Energy Technologies and Sustainable Living", 11st ed. Gaiam Real Goods, Aug. 2001.
[19] S. Roundy, D. Steingart, L. Frechette, P. K. Wright, and J. M. Rabaey, "Power sources for wireless sensor networks, " in Proceedings of EWSN 2004, Berlin, GERMANY, Jan. 2004.
[20] Christina Nickolas．无线能量传输技术有望用于手持设备充电．今日电子，02．2007．
[21] 振动为无线传感器供电．电子设计技术(EDN CHINA)，2006．09．
[22] Joseph A. Paradiso, Thad Starner, "Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics". Pervasive Computing, JANUARY-MARCH 2005.
[23] E.M. Yeatman, "Advances in Power Sources for Wireless Sensor Nodes," Proc. Int'l Workshop Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, Imperial College, 2004, pp. 20-21.
[24] J. Stevens, "Optimized Thermal Design of Small △Thermoelectric Generators," Proc. 34th Intersociety Energy Conversion Eng. Conf., Soc. of Automotive Engineers, 1999, paper 1999-01-2564; www2.msstate.edu/~stevens/iecec.pdf.
[25] P.D. Mitcheson et al., "Architectures for Vibration-Driven Micropower Generators," J. Microelectromechanical Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, 2004, pp. 429-440.
[26] A.S. Holmes et al., "Axial-Flow Microturbine with Electromagnetic Generator: Design, CFD Simulation, and Prototype Demonstration," Proc. 17th IEEE Int'l Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conf. (MEMS 04), IEEE Press, 2004, pp. 568-571.
[27] O. Yaglioglu, "Modeling and Design Considerations for a Micro-Hydraulic Piezoelectric Power Generator," master's thesis, Dept. Electrical Eng. and Computer Science, Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, 2002.
[28] 胡兴军．多晶硅太阳能电池的制作技术．中国电源博览，2009．10：54～57．
[29] Bobby Maher．超级电容简介．今日电子．2006年增刊：35～36．
[30] 沙超 董挺挺等。无线传感器网络硬件平台的研究与设计电子工程世界，2006．8．
[31] 李刚，林凌．与8051兼容的高性能、高速单片机—C8051FXXX[M]．北京航空航天大学出版社，2002—5．
[32] MCS-51系列单片机实用接口技术．第1版．北京航空航天大学出版社，1993．
[33] 杨喜敏．传感器网络中的能量消耗问题研究．http://article.ednchina.com/2006-05/2006512010106.htm.
[34] 美德新，冯文全．单片机外围器件实用手册．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1998．
[35] 杨克俊．电磁兼容原理与设计技术，人民邮电出版社，2004—08．
[36] MAXIM 2000 New Releases Data Book, VolumeⅨ[DB],2000.
[37] 膝召胜等．便携式智能仪器实用抗干扰研究．中国仪器仪表1992，(2)：12-14．
[38] W. M. Siu, R. S. C. Cobbold. Basic Properties of the Electrolyte-SiO_2-Si System: Physical and Theoretical Aspects, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1979, vol. 26: 1805-1815.
[39] 倪顺康．色敏传感器弱信号预处理分析．传感技术学报，1995(1)：61-63．
[40] 管文军等．便携式血糖仪的研制．中国医疗器械杂志，2000，24(6)：321-323．
[41] Poels I, Sehasfoort R B M, Picioreanu S, et al. An ISFET-based anion sensor for the potentiometric detection of organic acids in liquid chromatography. Sensors and Actuators, 2000, B67: 294-299.
[42] 郭鹏，赵湛，方震，张玉国，分层复用WSNs节点及其软件平台设计，微计算机信息：嵌入式与SOC片上系统，2006，11，49-51．
[43] MAXIM. "DS2411 Silicon Serial Number with VCC Input".2003—05.
[44] MAXIM．“DS2411带有VCC输入的硅序列号”．2003—05．
[45] MAXIM．“1-wire搜索算法”．
[46] intersil. "X1228 Real Time Clock/Calendar/CPU Supervisor with EEPROM" 2005-10-17.
[47] intersil．“X1228带EEPROM的实时时钟日历CPU监控器”．
[48] 潘琢金译．C8051F120／1／2／3／4／5／6／7C8051F130／1／2／3系列混合信号ISP FLASH微控制器数据手册[M]．2004-12．
[49] MAXIM. "DS2760 High-Precision Li+ Battery Monitor".
[50] ST. "M25P80 8Mbit, Low Voltage, Serial Flash Memory With 40MHz SPI Bus Interface".2004-08.
[51] MAXIM. "MAX8881 Ultra-Low-IQ, Low-Dropout Linear Regulators with POK".
[52] Chipcon. "CC1020 Single Chip Low Power RF Transceiver for Narrowband Systems". 2005-10-20.
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