毛细管两相流特性研究
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摘要
本文探讨了毛细管内制冷剂两相流动特性的实验研究与理论分析方法。针对广泛应用于小型制冷装置内的毛细管，分析了毛细管内制冷剂的两相流动过程，运用两相流动的漂移流模型建立了毛细管的稳态数学模型，对毛细管内制冷剂的流动特性进行了数值计算；同时对数值计算进行了实验验证，搭建了毛细管两相流研究的实验装置，数值计算与实验数据得到了较好的吻合；并数值分析了影响各参数变化的决定因素。
此外，本文还完善了基于Visual C++6.0的均相流绝热毛细管数值模拟，软件提供了工质和参数选择，并数值分析了两种制冷剂R12、R134a在毛细管内的流动特性。
This paper mainly describes how to experimentally study and theoretically analyze the two-phase flow characteristics of refrigerants in capillary tubes. I analyze the flow characteristics of refrigerants flowing through capillary tubes used as expansion devices in small vapor compression refrigeration systems. Based on two-phase drift flux assumption for the wwo-phase region, a mathematical mode! of capillary tube is developed to simulate the flow of refrigerant in the capillary tube. This paper also presents an experimental study on capillary tubes. Attempts have been made to compare predictions with experimental results. The predictions from the developed model are found to be in good agreement with the measured data and other studies in the literature. The numerical model also allows simulation and analysis of the different effects of main parameters.
Furthermore, the paper attempts to exploit the homogeneous two-phase flow model to simulate the flow of refrigerant in the adiabatic capillary tube, which is based on Visual C++ 6.0. The model includes the select of various refrigerants and various parameters. The paper also numerically simulates and analyzes the flow of refrigerants, namely R12 and R134a respectively in the adiabatic capillary tube.
此外，本文还完善了基于Visual C++6.0的均相流绝热毛细管数值模拟，软件提供了工质和参数选择，并数值分析了两种制冷剂R12、R134a在毛细管内的流动特性。
This paper mainly describes how to experimentally study and theoretically analyze the two-phase flow characteristics of refrigerants in capillary tubes. I analyze the flow characteristics of refrigerants flowing through capillary tubes used as expansion devices in small vapor compression refrigeration systems. Based on two-phase drift flux assumption for the wwo-phase region, a mathematical mode! of capillary tube is developed to simulate the flow of refrigerant in the capillary tube. This paper also presents an experimental study on capillary tubes. Attempts have been made to compare predictions with experimental results. The predictions from the developed model are found to be in good agreement with the measured data and other studies in the literature. The numerical model also allows simulation and analysis of the different effects of main parameters.
Furthermore, the paper attempts to exploit the homogeneous two-phase flow model to simulate the flow of refrigerant in the adiabatic capillary tube, which is based on Visual C++ 6.0. The model includes the select of various refrigerants and various parameters. The paper also numerically simulates and analyzes the flow of refrigerants, namely R12 and R134a respectively in the adiabatic capillary tube.
引文
1． 张转运，徐国华．电冰箱中毛细管的动态特性及计算机辅助设计．家用电器科技，1997，6：20～22
2． 刘海峰，何茂刚，阴建民．替代工质应用于冰箱毛细管的特性研究及优化方法．西安交通大学学报，．1997，31(2)：39～44
3. Staebler L. A.. Theory and use of a capillary tube for liquid refrigerant control. Refrig. Engng, 1948, 1: 55～59, 102～103
4. Bolstad M. M., Jordan R. C.. Theory and use of the capillary tube expansion device. Refrig. Engng, 1948, 56 (12): 519～523
5. Marcy G. P.. Pressure drop with change of phase in a capillary tube. Refrig. Engng, 1949, 57(1): 53～57, 86～87
6. Hopkins N. E.. Rating the restrictor tube. Refrig. Engng, 1950, 58(11): 1087～1095
7. Cooper L., Chu C.K., Bresken W. R.. Simple selection method for capillaries derived form physical flow conditions. Refrig. Engng, 1957, 65 (7): 37～41, 88
8. Rezk A., Awn A.. Investigation on flow of R12 through capillary tubes. Proc 15th Int Congr Refrig, 1979, 2: 443～452
9. H. A. Whitesel. Capillary two-phase flow. Refigerafing Engineering, 1957, 65(4): 42～44
10. Mikol E. P.. Adiabatic single and two-phase flow in small bore tubes. ASHRAE Journal, 1963, 57 (11): 75～86
11. Erth R. A.. Two-phase flow in refrigeration capillary robes: analysis and prediction. Ph. D thesis, Purdue University, 1969, 9
12. Hisao Koizumi, Kunio Yokoyama. Characteristics of refrigerant flow in a capillary tube. ASHRAE Trans., 1957, 86 (2): 19～27
13. Mazek K., Krolicki Z.. Non-adiabatic process in throttling capillary tube with metastable, process Proc 16th Int Congr Refrig, Essen, Germany, 1981: 49～57
14. Mazek K., Krolicki Z, Sochanecka E.. Model of throttling capillary tube with metastable, process Proc 16th Int Congr Refrig, Essen, Germany, 1983: 699～707
15. Kuipjers L. J. M., Janssen M. J. P. Influence of thermal non-equilibrium on capillary tube mass flow. Proceedings of the ⅩⅥth International Congress of Refrigeration, Commission B2, Paris: 307～315
16. S. J. Kuehl, V. W. Goldschmidt. Modeling of steady flows of R-22 through capillary tubes. ASHRAE Transaction: Research, 1991: 139～148
17. Li R. Y., Lin S., Chen Z. Y., Chen Z. H.. Metastable flow of R12 through capillary tubes. Int J Refrig, 1990, 13(5): 181～186
18. Z-H.Chen, R-Y.Li, S.Lin, Z-Y.Chen. A correlation for metastable flow of refrigerant 12 through capillary tubes. ASHRAE Trans., 1990, 96(1): 550～554
19. S. Lin, C.C.K.Kwok, R-Y.Li, Z-H.Chen, Z-Y.Chen. Local frictional pressure drop during vaporization of R-12 through capillary tubes. Int J. Multiphase Flow, 1991, 17(1): 95～102
20．张慈亨，陈祖耀，罗国雄．双相临界流动中滑移比问题的研究．上海机械学院学报，1990，12(1)：1～7
21．张慈亨，陈之航．毛细管双相临界流动的研究．上海机械学院学报，1991，13(2)：20～25
22. Wijaya H.. An experimental evaluation of adiabatic capillary tube performance for R-134a and R-12. International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference Proceedings, Baltimore: 474
23. Melo C., Ferreira R.T.S., Pereira R.H.. Modeling adiabatic capillary tubes: a critical analysis. Proc ⅡR-Purdue Refrigeration Conf, West Lafayette. U.S.A., 1992: 113～123
24．姜正良，张劲松．毛细管设计计算微分方程数值解．流体工程，1992，20(3)：59～62
25．马治坤．毛细管计算．流体工程，1993，21(3)：51～54
26．赵晓宇，韩礼钟，朱明善．冰箱系统毛细管计算模型．工程热物理学报，1995，16(2)：145～148
27．魏风轩．制冷系统中毛细管的特性和选择．制冷技术，1993，4：33～37
28. T. N. Wong, K. T. Ooi. Adiabatic capillary tube expansion devices: a comparision of the homogeneous flow and the separated flow models. Applied Thermal Engineering, 1996, 16 (7): 625～634
29. Bansal P K, Rupasinghe A S.. An empirical model for sizing capillary tubes. Int J Refrig, 1996, 19(8): 497～505
30. Swart R. H.. Capillary tube heat exchangers. Refrig Engng, 1946, 9: 221～224,248～249
31. Prosek J.. A practical method of selecting capillary tubes. Refrigerating Engineering, 1953, 61: 644～647
32. Christensen L. B., Jorgensen H. P.. Flow resistance of a capillary tube heat
exchanger. Proceedings of Ⅻth International Congress of Refrigeration, 1967: 1069～1076
33. S. D. Goldstein. A computer simulation method for describing two-phase flashing flow in small diameter tubes. ASHRAE Trans., 1981, 87 (2): 51～60
34. Pate M. B.. A theoretical and experimental anlysis of capillary tube-suction line heat exchangers. Ph. D. thesis, Purdue University, 1982
35. Pate M.B, tree D.R. An analysis of pressure and temperature measurement along a capillary tube-suction line heat exchanger. ASHRAE Trans., 1984, 90(2): 291～301
36. Dirik E., Inan C., Tanes M.Y.. Numerical and experimental studies on adiabatic and non-adiabatic capillary tubes with HFC-134a. Proc ⅡR-Purdue Refrigeration Conf, West Lafayette U.S.A, 1994:365～370
37. Peixoto R. A., Bullard C. W.. A simulation and design model for capillary tube-suction line heat exchangers. Int Refrig Conf Purdue University, West Lafayette U.S.A., 1994: 335～340
38. Bittle R. R., Stephone W. R., Pate M. B.. An evaluation of the ASHRAE method for predicting capillary tube-suction line heat exchanger performance. ASHRAE Trans, 1995, 101(2): 434～442
39. Peixoto R. A.. Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of capillary tube-suction line heat exchangers using refrigerant HFC-134a. Proc 19th Int Congr Refrig The Hague, The Netherlands, 1995, 3 (a): 437～443
40. F. Escanes, C. D. Perez-Segarra, A. Oliva. Numerical simulation of capillary-tube expansion devices. Int. J. Refrig., 1995, 18 (2): 113～122,
41. C. Melo, R. T. S. Ferreira, C. Boabaid Neto, J. M. Goncalves, M. M. Mezavila. An experimental analysis of adiabatic capillary tubes. Applied thermal engineering, 1999, 19: 669～684
42．周兴禧，晋欣桥．制冷系统中毛细管的特性研究．流体工程，1989，4：55～59
43. Robert R. Bittle, Michael B. Pate. A theoretical model for predicting adiabatic capillary tube performance with alternative refrigerants. ASHRAE Transactions: Research, 1995, 102 (2): 52～64,
44. Mikol E. P., Dudley J. C.. Visual and photographic study of the inception of vaporization in adiabatic flow. Transactions of the ASME, Series D: Journal of Basic Engineering, 1964, 6: 257～264
45. Whitesel H. A.. Capillary two-phase flow PartⅡ. Refrig Engng, 1957, 65(9): 35～40
46. Bankoff S. G.. A variable density single-fluid model for two-phase flow with particular reference to steam-water flow. Trans. of the ASME, Ser. C.. J. of Heat Transfer, 1960, 82 (4): 265～272
47. Zuber N., Findlay J. A.. Average volumetric concentration in two-phase flow systems. Trans. of the ASME, Ser. C: J. of Heat Transfer, 1965, 4: 453～468
48. Koizumi H., Yokohama K.. Characteristics of refrigerant flow in a capillary tube. ASHRAE Trans., .1980, 86 (2): 19～27
49．黄庆文．空调器毛细管沿程阻力系数的确定．制冷，1997，58(1)：36～40
50. Bansal P K, Rupasinghe A S.. An homogeneous model for adiabatic capillary tubs. Applied Thermal Engineering, 1998, 18 (3～4): 207～219
51. Wongwises S., Chan P., Luesuwanatat N., Purattanarak T.. Two-phase separated flow model of refrigerants flowing through capillary tubes. Int. Comm. Heat Transfer, 2000, 27(3): 343～356
52. Liang S. M., Wong T. N.. Numerical modeling of two-phase refrigerant flow through adiabatic capillary tubes. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2001, 21: 1035～1048
53．陈愈，陈祖耀，陈之航．非绝热毛细管中制冷工质两相流的研究现状和发展．上海机械学院学报，1998，10(1)：55～64
54. Tuncay Yilmaz, Saban Unal. General equation for the design of capillary tubes. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 1996, 8: 150～154
55．陈学俊，陈立勋，周芳德．汽液两相流与传热基础．科学出版社，1995，9
56．张远君，王慧玉，张震鹏．两相流体动力学基础理论及工程应用．北京航空学院出版社，1987，6
57．陈之航，曹柏林，赵在三．气液双相流动和传热．机械工业出版社，1983，11
58．王文琪．两相流动．水利电力出版社，1989，12
59．李大侃．常微分方程数值解．浙江大学出版社，1994，5
60．林成森．数值计算方法．科学出版社，1998，3
61．王福明，贺正辉，索瑾．应用数值计算方法．科学出版社，1992，7
62．丁国良，张春路．制冷空调装置仿真与优化．科学出版社，2001
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66．苏长荪．高等工程热力学．高等教育出版社，1987，10
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69. Dekang Chen, Sui Lin. Underpressure of vaporization of refrigerant R-134a through a diabatic capillary tube. International Journal of Refrigerantion, 2001, 24: 261～271
70．崔兴华，李瑞阳，郁鸿凌，陈之航．非绝热毛细管中制冷剂流动特性的数学模型及数值计算．上海机械学院学报，1994，16(4)：9～16
71．杨世铭．传热学(第二版)．高等教育出版社，1994，10
72．张春路，丁国良，李灏．毛细管内两相流的通用积分模型．化工学报，1999，50(4)：1～6
73. Melo C., Ferreira R.T.S, Boabaid N.C., Goncalves J.M., Pereira R.H., Thiessen M. R.. Evaluation of HFC-600a and CFC-12 mass flow rates through capillary tubes. Proc New Applications to Reduced Global Warming and Energy Consumption Conf, Hannover Germany, 1994
74. Rupasinghe A. S. Modeling of capillary tubes for household refrigerators and freezers. M. E. Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland New Zealand, 1996
75．王玉贵，夏畹．中小型空调器毛细管最佳长度的选择．流体机械，1997，25(6)：56～58
76．吴业正．小型制冷装置设计指导．机械工业出版社，1998，8
77．张付卿．不可压缩单相流体紊流区沿程阻力计算．油气储运，1999，18(2)：1～6
78．林朝光，陈则韶，胡芃，程文龙．冰箱毛细管内流动特性的研究．流体机械，2000，28(10)：42～46
79. Wongwises S., Songnetichaovalit T., Lokathada N., Kritsadathikarn P., Suchatawat M., Pirompak W.. A comparison of the flow characteristics of refrigerants flowing through adibatic capillary tubes. Int. Comm. Heat Transfer, 2000, 27(5): 611～621
2． 刘海峰，何茂刚，阴建民．替代工质应用于冰箱毛细管的特性研究及优化方法．西安交通大学学报，．1997，31(2)：39～44
3. Staebler L. A.. Theory and use of a capillary tube for liquid refrigerant control. Refrig. Engng, 1948, 1: 55～59, 102～103
4. Bolstad M. M., Jordan R. C.. Theory and use of the capillary tube expansion device. Refrig. Engng, 1948, 56 (12): 519～523
5. Marcy G. P.. Pressure drop with change of phase in a capillary tube. Refrig. Engng, 1949, 57(1): 53～57, 86～87
6. Hopkins N. E.. Rating the restrictor tube. Refrig. Engng, 1950, 58(11): 1087～1095
7. Cooper L., Chu C.K., Bresken W. R.. Simple selection method for capillaries derived form physical flow conditions. Refrig. Engng, 1957, 65 (7): 37～41, 88
8. Rezk A., Awn A.. Investigation on flow of R12 through capillary tubes. Proc 15th Int Congr Refrig, 1979, 2: 443～452
9. H. A. Whitesel. Capillary two-phase flow. Refigerafing Engineering, 1957, 65(4): 42～44
10. Mikol E. P.. Adiabatic single and two-phase flow in small bore tubes. ASHRAE Journal, 1963, 57 (11): 75～86
11. Erth R. A.. Two-phase flow in refrigeration capillary robes: analysis and prediction. Ph. D thesis, Purdue University, 1969, 9
12. Hisao Koizumi, Kunio Yokoyama. Characteristics of refrigerant flow in a capillary tube. ASHRAE Trans., 1957, 86 (2): 19～27
13. Mazek K., Krolicki Z.. Non-adiabatic process in throttling capillary tube with metastable, process Proc 16th Int Congr Refrig, Essen, Germany, 1981: 49～57
14. Mazek K., Krolicki Z, Sochanecka E.. Model of throttling capillary tube with metastable, process Proc 16th Int Congr Refrig, Essen, Germany, 1983: 699～707
15. Kuipjers L. J. M., Janssen M. J. P. Influence of thermal non-equilibrium on capillary tube mass flow. Proceedings of the ⅩⅥth International Congress of Refrigeration, Commission B2, Paris: 307～315
16. S. J. Kuehl, V. W. Goldschmidt. Modeling of steady flows of R-22 through capillary tubes. ASHRAE Transaction: Research, 1991: 139～148
17. Li R. Y., Lin S., Chen Z. Y., Chen Z. H.. Metastable flow of R12 through capillary tubes. Int J Refrig, 1990, 13(5): 181～186
18. Z-H.Chen, R-Y.Li, S.Lin, Z-Y.Chen. A correlation for metastable flow of refrigerant 12 through capillary tubes. ASHRAE Trans., 1990, 96(1): 550～554
19. S. Lin, C.C.K.Kwok, R-Y.Li, Z-H.Chen, Z-Y.Chen. Local frictional pressure drop during vaporization of R-12 through capillary tubes. Int J. Multiphase Flow, 1991, 17(1): 95～102
20．张慈亨，陈祖耀，罗国雄．双相临界流动中滑移比问题的研究．上海机械学院学报，1990，12(1)：1～7
21．张慈亨，陈之航．毛细管双相临界流动的研究．上海机械学院学报，1991，13(2)：20～25
22. Wijaya H.. An experimental evaluation of adiabatic capillary tube performance for R-134a and R-12. International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference Proceedings, Baltimore: 474
23. Melo C., Ferreira R.T.S., Pereira R.H.. Modeling adiabatic capillary tubes: a critical analysis. Proc ⅡR-Purdue Refrigeration Conf, West Lafayette. U.S.A., 1992: 113～123
24．姜正良，张劲松．毛细管设计计算微分方程数值解．流体工程，1992，20(3)：59～62
25．马治坤．毛细管计算．流体工程，1993，21(3)：51～54
26．赵晓宇，韩礼钟，朱明善．冰箱系统毛细管计算模型．工程热物理学报，1995，16(2)：145～148
27．魏风轩．制冷系统中毛细管的特性和选择．制冷技术，1993，4：33～37
28. T. N. Wong, K. T. Ooi. Adiabatic capillary tube expansion devices: a comparision of the homogeneous flow and the separated flow models. Applied Thermal Engineering, 1996, 16 (7): 625～634
29. Bansal P K, Rupasinghe A S.. An empirical model for sizing capillary tubes. Int J Refrig, 1996, 19(8): 497～505
30. Swart R. H.. Capillary tube heat exchangers. Refrig Engng, 1946, 9: 221～224,248～249
31. Prosek J.. A practical method of selecting capillary tubes. Refrigerating Engineering, 1953, 61: 644～647
32. Christensen L. B., Jorgensen H. P.. Flow resistance of a capillary tube heat
exchanger. Proceedings of Ⅻth International Congress of Refrigeration, 1967: 1069～1076
33. S. D. Goldstein. A computer simulation method for describing two-phase flashing flow in small diameter tubes. ASHRAE Trans., 1981, 87 (2): 51～60
34. Pate M. B.. A theoretical and experimental anlysis of capillary tube-suction line heat exchangers. Ph. D. thesis, Purdue University, 1982
35. Pate M.B, tree D.R. An analysis of pressure and temperature measurement along a capillary tube-suction line heat exchanger. ASHRAE Trans., 1984, 90(2): 291～301
36. Dirik E., Inan C., Tanes M.Y.. Numerical and experimental studies on adiabatic and non-adiabatic capillary tubes with HFC-134a. Proc ⅡR-Purdue Refrigeration Conf, West Lafayette U.S.A, 1994:365～370
37. Peixoto R. A., Bullard C. W.. A simulation and design model for capillary tube-suction line heat exchangers. Int Refrig Conf Purdue University, West Lafayette U.S.A., 1994: 335～340
38. Bittle R. R., Stephone W. R., Pate M. B.. An evaluation of the ASHRAE method for predicting capillary tube-suction line heat exchanger performance. ASHRAE Trans, 1995, 101(2): 434～442
39. Peixoto R. A.. Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of capillary tube-suction line heat exchangers using refrigerant HFC-134a. Proc 19th Int Congr Refrig The Hague, The Netherlands, 1995, 3 (a): 437～443
40. F. Escanes, C. D. Perez-Segarra, A. Oliva. Numerical simulation of capillary-tube expansion devices. Int. J. Refrig., 1995, 18 (2): 113～122,
41. C. Melo, R. T. S. Ferreira, C. Boabaid Neto, J. M. Goncalves, M. M. Mezavila. An experimental analysis of adiabatic capillary tubes. Applied thermal engineering, 1999, 19: 669～684
42．周兴禧，晋欣桥．制冷系统中毛细管的特性研究．流体工程，1989，4：55～59
43. Robert R. Bittle, Michael B. Pate. A theoretical model for predicting adiabatic capillary tube performance with alternative refrigerants. ASHRAE Transactions: Research, 1995, 102 (2): 52～64,
44. Mikol E. P., Dudley J. C.. Visual and photographic study of the inception of vaporization in adiabatic flow. Transactions of the ASME, Series D: Journal of Basic Engineering, 1964, 6: 257～264
45. Whitesel H. A.. Capillary two-phase flow PartⅡ. Refrig Engng, 1957, 65(9): 35～40
46. Bankoff S. G.. A variable density single-fluid model for two-phase flow with particular reference to steam-water flow. Trans. of the ASME, Ser. C.. J. of Heat Transfer, 1960, 82 (4): 265～272
47. Zuber N., Findlay J. A.. Average volumetric concentration in two-phase flow systems. Trans. of the ASME, Ser. C: J. of Heat Transfer, 1965, 4: 453～468
48. Koizumi H., Yokohama K.. Characteristics of refrigerant flow in a capillary tube. ASHRAE Trans., .1980, 86 (2): 19～27
49．黄庆文．空调器毛细管沿程阻力系数的确定．制冷，1997，58(1)：36～40
50. Bansal P K, Rupasinghe A S.. An homogeneous model for adiabatic capillary tubs. Applied Thermal Engineering, 1998, 18 (3～4): 207～219
51. Wongwises S., Chan P., Luesuwanatat N., Purattanarak T.. Two-phase separated flow model of refrigerants flowing through capillary tubes. Int. Comm. Heat Transfer, 2000, 27(3): 343～356
52. Liang S. M., Wong T. N.. Numerical modeling of two-phase refrigerant flow through adiabatic capillary tubes. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2001, 21: 1035～1048
53．陈愈，陈祖耀，陈之航．非绝热毛细管中制冷工质两相流的研究现状和发展．上海机械学院学报，1998，10(1)：55～64
54. Tuncay Yilmaz, Saban Unal. General equation for the design of capillary tubes. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 1996, 8: 150～154
55．陈学俊，陈立勋，周芳德．汽液两相流与传热基础．科学出版社，1995，9
56．张远君，王慧玉，张震鹏．两相流体动力学基础理论及工程应用．北京航空学院出版社，1987，6
57．陈之航，曹柏林，赵在三．气液双相流动和传热．机械工业出版社，1983，11
58．王文琪．两相流动．水利电力出版社，1989，12
59．李大侃．常微分方程数值解．浙江大学出版社，1994，5
60．林成森．数值计算方法．科学出版社，1998，3
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