东北地区市场野生食用菌种类多样性及资源评价
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摘要
本文从分类学角度系统研究了东北地区(吉林、辽宁、黑龙江及内蒙古东部地区)市场上野生食用菌资源的种类,并对每个种的俗名、采集方式、市场价格、食用方法、功效、相近种、是否出现过中毒事件等诸多方面进行了调查,经过显微鉴定共确定出43种野生食用菌,隶属于30属25科8目3纲2门,其中子囊菌门2纲2目3科3属,担子菌1纲6目22科27属。其中,中国新记录4种,分别是Lyophyllum sykosporum Hongo & Clemencon, Inocybe chrysochroa Tak. Kobay.& Courtec.,假根口蘑Tricholoma radicans Hongo和粉绿乳菇Lactarius glaucescens Crossl.;吉林省新记录3种,分别是钝顶丝膜菌Cortinarius obtusus (Fr.) Fr.,鳞柄口蘑Tricholoma psammopus (Kalchbr.)和橙黄蘑菇Agaricus perrarus Schulzer。
通过观察吉林农业大学菌物标本馆和笔者市场上收集到的165份标本的宏观形态和微观形态结构,对鉴定出来的43种逐一进行了形态描述、显微照线条图的绘制、对每个种的内部结构进行了显微照片的拍摄,并编写了这43种野生食用菌的分种检索表。
野生食用菌在市场上出现以后,人们为了获取更大的经济利益,便开始了盲目的、毁灭性的采集,使野生食用菌的生长环境遭到了严重的破坏。本文针对东北地区野生食用菌资源个别种类(如蒙古口蘑、松口蘑、羊肚菌、猴头菌等)过度采集的现象,提出了几项保护野生食用菌资源的措施。通过市场调查和文献查阅,提出了东北地区需进一步推广栽培的种类,它们包括：银白离褶伞Lyophyllum connatum (Schumach.) Singer,榆生离褶伞Lyophyllum ulmarium (Bull.) Kuhner,珊瑚状猴头菌Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers.,榆耳Gloeostereum incarnatum S. Iho et Imai,斑玉蕈Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) H.E. Bigelow等。
本文选取东北地区市场上常见的25种野生食用菌,分为地生菌、木生菌和地生兼木生菌三部分。地生菌包括棕灰口蘑Tricholoma myomyces、紫丁香蘑Lepista nuda、水粉杯伞Clitocybe nebularis、地鳞伞Pholiota terrestris、金粒蜡伞Hygrophorus chrysodon、金盖鳞伞Phaeolepiota aurea、小海绵羊肚菌Morchella spongiola、红菇腊伞Hygrophorus russula、橙黄蘑菇Agaricus perrarus、松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake、杨树口蘑Tricholoma populinum、美味牛肝菌Boletus edulis、厚环乳牛肝菌Suillus grevillei、血红铆钉菇Chroogomphus rutilus、棱柄马鞍菌Helvella crispa、柠檬蜡伞Hygrophorus lucorum;木生菌包括香菇Lentinula edodes、美味扇菇Panellus edulis、猴头菌Hericium erinaceus、奶油绚孔菌Laetiporus cremeiporus、多脂鳞伞Pholiota adiposa、灰树花Grifola frondosa、金顶侧耳Pleurotus citrinopileatus、金针菇Flammulina velutipes;地生兼木生菌奥氏蜜环菌Armillaria ostoyae进行了安全性评价,重点是对每个种的重金属含量进行测定(主要对铅、镉、砷、汞的测定),测定的结果与国家食用菌卫生限量标准或绿色食品食用菌重金属限量标准进行比较,对这些野生食用菌进行质量评价,提出了相应的建议。
The wild commercial mushrooms in the market of Northeastern China (including Jilin province, Liaoning province, Heilongjiang province and east areas of Inner Mongolia) were surveyed from the point of taxonomy in the present study. Forty-three species belonging to 30 genra,25 families,8 orders,3 classed,2 phyla were identified through macro-and microscopic examination; 3 genra,3 families,2 orders and 2 classes belonged to Ascomycota,27 genra,22 families,6 orders and 1 class belonged to Basidiomycota. Among them, four species, Lyophyllum sykosporum Hongo & Clemencon, Clitopilus lignyotus Hongo, Tricholoma radicans Hongo and Lactarius glaucescens Crossl were new to China, three species, Cortinarius obtusus (Fr.) Fr., Tricholoma psammopus (Kalchbr.) and Agaricus perrarus Schulzer. were new to Jilin province. For each species, the local name, collecting method, price, cooking method, functions, poisonous accident and allied species were surveyed.
A total of 165 specimens from the market and The Herbarium of Mycology of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU) were collected and examined. The morphological characters and line drawings were given, the microscopic characters of each species were photographed by a digital microscopy. The Keys for these 43 species were compiled.
People collect wild mushrooms for their economic value, so that several highly prized species of mushroom were over-collected, their habitat were also destroyed badly. Several measurements for conserving the over-collected species were given (such as Tricholoma mongolicum, Tricholoma matsutake, Morchella spongiola, Hericium erinaceus). Based on market survey and conference study, some species such as Lyophyllum connatum, Lyophyllum ulmarium, Hericium coralloides, Gloeostereum incarnatum, Hypsizygus marmoreus and so on.were suggested to be further extended.
Twenty-five common mushrooms in the market of Northeastern China were selected and evaluated for their safety, especially emphasized on their heavy metals levels (Pb, Cd, Sn, Hg). They were divided into 3 types based on their substrates and ecological characteristics. Tricholoma myomyces, Lepista nuda, Clitocybe nebularis, Pholiota terrestris, Hygrophorus chrysodon, Phaeolepiota aurea, Hygrophorus lucorum, Hygrophorus russula, Agaricus perrarus, Tricholoma matsutake, Tricholoma populinum, Boletus edulis, Suillus grevillei, Chroogomphus rutilus, Helvella crispa, Morchella spongiola were belonged to soil-inhabating fungi, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hericium erinaceus, Laetiporus cremeiporus, Pholiota adiposa, Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Panellus edulis were belonged to wood-inhabating fungi, Armillaria oostoyae was wood-and soil-inhabating fungi. The results were compared with heavy metal level of GB7096-2003 and Green food. The quality of these wild mushroom were evaluated and attached the suggestions.
通过观察吉林农业大学菌物标本馆和笔者市场上收集到的165份标本的宏观形态和微观形态结构,对鉴定出来的43种逐一进行了形态描述、显微照线条图的绘制、对每个种的内部结构进行了显微照片的拍摄,并编写了这43种野生食用菌的分种检索表。
野生食用菌在市场上出现以后,人们为了获取更大的经济利益,便开始了盲目的、毁灭性的采集,使野生食用菌的生长环境遭到了严重的破坏。本文针对东北地区野生食用菌资源个别种类(如蒙古口蘑、松口蘑、羊肚菌、猴头菌等)过度采集的现象,提出了几项保护野生食用菌资源的措施。通过市场调查和文献查阅,提出了东北地区需进一步推广栽培的种类,它们包括：银白离褶伞Lyophyllum connatum (Schumach.) Singer,榆生离褶伞Lyophyllum ulmarium (Bull.) Kuhner,珊瑚状猴头菌Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers.,榆耳Gloeostereum incarnatum S. Iho et Imai,斑玉蕈Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) H.E. Bigelow等。
本文选取东北地区市场上常见的25种野生食用菌,分为地生菌、木生菌和地生兼木生菌三部分。地生菌包括棕灰口蘑Tricholoma myomyces、紫丁香蘑Lepista nuda、水粉杯伞Clitocybe nebularis、地鳞伞Pholiota terrestris、金粒蜡伞Hygrophorus chrysodon、金盖鳞伞Phaeolepiota aurea、小海绵羊肚菌Morchella spongiola、红菇腊伞Hygrophorus russula、橙黄蘑菇Agaricus perrarus、松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake、杨树口蘑Tricholoma populinum、美味牛肝菌Boletus edulis、厚环乳牛肝菌Suillus grevillei、血红铆钉菇Chroogomphus rutilus、棱柄马鞍菌Helvella crispa、柠檬蜡伞Hygrophorus lucorum;木生菌包括香菇Lentinula edodes、美味扇菇Panellus edulis、猴头菌Hericium erinaceus、奶油绚孔菌Laetiporus cremeiporus、多脂鳞伞Pholiota adiposa、灰树花Grifola frondosa、金顶侧耳Pleurotus citrinopileatus、金针菇Flammulina velutipes;地生兼木生菌奥氏蜜环菌Armillaria ostoyae进行了安全性评价,重点是对每个种的重金属含量进行测定(主要对铅、镉、砷、汞的测定),测定的结果与国家食用菌卫生限量标准或绿色食品食用菌重金属限量标准进行比较,对这些野生食用菌进行质量评价,提出了相应的建议。
The wild commercial mushrooms in the market of Northeastern China (including Jilin province, Liaoning province, Heilongjiang province and east areas of Inner Mongolia) were surveyed from the point of taxonomy in the present study. Forty-three species belonging to 30 genra,25 families,8 orders,3 classed,2 phyla were identified through macro-and microscopic examination; 3 genra,3 families,2 orders and 2 classes belonged to Ascomycota,27 genra,22 families,6 orders and 1 class belonged to Basidiomycota. Among them, four species, Lyophyllum sykosporum Hongo & Clemencon, Clitopilus lignyotus Hongo, Tricholoma radicans Hongo and Lactarius glaucescens Crossl were new to China, three species, Cortinarius obtusus (Fr.) Fr., Tricholoma psammopus (Kalchbr.) and Agaricus perrarus Schulzer. were new to Jilin province. For each species, the local name, collecting method, price, cooking method, functions, poisonous accident and allied species were surveyed.
A total of 165 specimens from the market and The Herbarium of Mycology of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU) were collected and examined. The morphological characters and line drawings were given, the microscopic characters of each species were photographed by a digital microscopy. The Keys for these 43 species were compiled.
People collect wild mushrooms for their economic value, so that several highly prized species of mushroom were over-collected, their habitat were also destroyed badly. Several measurements for conserving the over-collected species were given (such as Tricholoma mongolicum, Tricholoma matsutake, Morchella spongiola, Hericium erinaceus). Based on market survey and conference study, some species such as Lyophyllum connatum, Lyophyllum ulmarium, Hericium coralloides, Gloeostereum incarnatum, Hypsizygus marmoreus and so on.were suggested to be further extended.
Twenty-five common mushrooms in the market of Northeastern China were selected and evaluated for their safety, especially emphasized on their heavy metals levels (Pb, Cd, Sn, Hg). They were divided into 3 types based on their substrates and ecological characteristics. Tricholoma myomyces, Lepista nuda, Clitocybe nebularis, Pholiota terrestris, Hygrophorus chrysodon, Phaeolepiota aurea, Hygrophorus lucorum, Hygrophorus russula, Agaricus perrarus, Tricholoma matsutake, Tricholoma populinum, Boletus edulis, Suillus grevillei, Chroogomphus rutilus, Helvella crispa, Morchella spongiola were belonged to soil-inhabating fungi, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hericium erinaceus, Laetiporus cremeiporus, Pholiota adiposa, Grifola frondosa, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Panellus edulis were belonged to wood-inhabating fungi, Armillaria oostoyae was wood-and soil-inhabating fungi. The results were compared with heavy metal level of GB7096-2003 and Green food. The quality of these wild mushroom were evaluated and attached the suggestions.
引文
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