拜泉县黑土大豆平衡施肥的研究
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摘要
黑龙江省是我国大豆主产区,大豆种植面积占全国35%左右;总产量占全国的38%,贸易量占全国80%,是国内唯一商品大豆供应省份。产量低、品质差、市场竞争力弱是黑龙江大豆生产的主要问题。而优化施肥无异是增加产量、改善品质的最佳途径。
     平衡施肥简而言之就是依据作物需肥特点和土壤供肥能力以及作物目标产量,确定作物最佳施肥量,最佳施肥时期及最佳施肥比例,达到既能提高肥料利用率,提高作物产量,又能减少肥料浪费的目的。而生态平衡施肥模型是是以“生态平衡施肥理论”为基础,以“生态平衡施肥”技术为手段,以“生态型肥料”为载体,以不引起环境污染为前提,以实现多目标(经济效益、生态效益、社会效益)为目的的施肥方式。
     2006年我们在黑龙江省拜泉县进行了田间肥料试验,通过对大豆生育期各处理土壤速效养分含量的测定发现从花期到鼓粒期是大豆吸氮高峰期;从花期到结荚期是大豆吸磷高峰期;从苗期到花期是大豆吸钾高蜂期。研究结果表明:施氮可以促进大豆对磷、钾的吸收;施磷可以促进大豆对氮、钾的吸收;施钾可以促进大豆对氮、磷的吸收。在一定范围内,随着施肥量的增加,大豆产量增加。
     在整个生育期内,大豆干物质积累量与大豆植株氮、磷、钾积累量呈显著线性相关,随着大豆植株干物质积累量的增加,大豆植株氮、磷、钾积累量增加。
     通过对氮、磷、钾不同施肥量及不同肥料配比的产量分析,获得了拜泉县黑土大豆产区的平衡施肥(测土配方施肥)的特定参数及肥料效应方程,并经F检验,证明该方程可以在拜泉县黑土大豆产区应用。
     生态平衡施肥抛开了传统的养分平衡施肥法中的两个重要参数即肥料利用率和土壤有效养分利用系数。引入了生态平衡施肥特有的“季后土壤有效养分适宜含量下限W_(n+m)”和“有效养分季节性平衡参数△W”两大参数。
     W_(n+m)作为控制参数,可以严格控制施肥过量造成生产成本增加和对农田生态环境带来的负面影响。根据田间试验结果,将试验各处理的季后有效养分含量与产量的关系进行拟合,得到了W_(n+m)的特征参数模型。
     △W则是一个内涵极其丰富的特征参数,它包含了出入农田生态系统有效养分的所有项目。通过田间试验获得的施肥量和产量数据,用回归分析的方法,得到了△W的特征参数模型。
     根据通用施肥模型及有效养分季节性平衡特征参数模型,可以得到拜泉县黑土大豆产区区域施氮模型、区域施磷模型及地块施氮模型、地块施磷模型。
     经F检验,上述施肥模型是实用的,在拜泉县黑土大豆产区的大豆生产中可以作为参考。由生态平衡施肥模型计算的施肥量与传统施肥方法相比,可以减少约10%的肥料用量,节约了生产成本,减少了由施肥引起的农业非点源污染。
Heilongjiang province is China's main soybean production area with a seeded area accountingfor about 35 % of China's total soybean seeded area and a total production accounting for 38 % ofChina's total soybean production. The total soybean amount flowed out from Heilongjiang provinceaccounts for 80 % of China's trading soybean amount. But low yield per unit of area, low qualityand weak competence have been the main problem limiting Heilongjiang's soybean production. Yet,optimizing the fertilizer application would be the best way to increase soybean yield and improvesoybean kernels' quality.
     Balanced fertilization means to determine the rate of fertilizer, fertilizer ratio and applicationtimes according to nutrients supplying capacity of soil, nutrients' uptake mechanism, characters offertilizer and efficiency of fertilizer to optimize the crop's fertilizer response. Balanced fertilizationseeks a higher yield. Yet, based on the "ecological balanced fertilization theory," the ecologicalbalanced fertilization is a way of fertilization to attain multi-goals (economical, ecological andsocial goals) by means of "ecological balanced fertilization" with "ecological type of fertilizer" ascarrier.
     Field experiments of fertilizer were carried out in BaiQuan County of Heilongjiang provincein 2006. It was found that the peak of nitrogen uptake was from flowering stage to seed stage, thatthe peak of phosphorus uptake was from flowering stage to pod stage, and that the peak ofpotassium uptake was from seedling stage to flowering stage. The results also showed thatapplication of nitrogen may stimulate the uptake of phosphorus and potassium, that application ofphosphorus may stimulate the uptake of nitrogen and potassium and that application of potassiummay stimulate the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus. In certain ranges, soybean yield increasedwith fertilizer rate.
     In the entire growing season, cumulative dry-matter weight of soybean was positivelycorrelated with the cumulative weight of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively. Nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium cumulative quantities increased with the cumulative weight of soybeandry-matter.
     Specific parameters of balanced fertilization and fertilizer response equations were obtainedby analyzing the relationship between the soybean yields and the application rates of N, P, K andthe ratio between them. The F test showed that this equation may be used in BaiQuan County.
     The ecological balanced fertilization abandoned the two central parameters of traditionalbalanced fertilization: the efficiency of fertilizer and the efficiency of nutrients from soil byintroducing "the lower limit of available nutrients of soil after the growing season W_(min)" and theupper limit of available nutrients of soil after the growing season W_(max)", two parameters specific toecological balanced fertilization model.
     As the controlling parameter, W_(min) Can strictly control the negative impacts of increased inputand on the environment caused by overuse of fertilizer. According to the results of fieldexperiments, W_(n+m) specific parameter model was obtained by simulating the available nutrients ofsoil after the growing season and the yield.
     △W is a characteristic parameter carrying connotations of influx and effiux of availablenutrients.△W characteristic parameter model was obtained by regressing rate of fertilizer andyield.
     Regional nitrogen fertilizer application model, Regional phosphorus fertilizer applicationmodel, field nitrogen fertilizer application model and field nitrogen fertilizer application modelwere obtained by ordinary model and characteristic parameters of seasonal available nutrientsbalance.
     By Snedecor's F statistic calculation, the above models were proven practical and can beapplied to the soybean production region of BaiQuan County to guide application of fertilizer.Compared to the application rate of fertilizer recommended by traditional fertilization model, theapplication rate of fertilizer recommended by ecological balanced fertilization model was 10%lower, economizing the input and reducing the non site specific pollution caused by fertilization.
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