活性炭对水中微量有机物的净化效能与处理工艺中试研究
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摘要
随着工农业的发展,水源水污染日益严重,水中有机物含量不断增多,水质
    成分越来越复杂。同时随着生活水平的提高,人们对饮用水质的要求以及饮用水
    水质标准越来越严格。我国绝大多数水厂采用的传统净水工艺已无法提供完全达
    到新水质标准的安全饮用水。活性炭吸附作为饮用水深度处理的重要手段,因其
    能有效去除水中有机污染物,保障饮用水的化学安全性,且具有相对经济和运行
    管理方便等优势,在发达国家早已被广泛的应用,但在我国仅有个别水厂使用活
    性炭吸附工艺。研究和应用活性炭吸附技术是我国自来水厂净水工艺改造和发展
    的重要课题。
     本论文对活性炭深度处理的组合工艺的研究是“2002 年天津市环保科技工
    程计划——自来水饮用安全保障技术研究”项目的一部分。试验以引滦水为原水,
    在天津市新开河水厂现场进行。试验过程中分别采用预氯化+常规处理+活性炭、
    预氯化+常规处理+臭氧活性炭、预臭氧+常规处理+活性炭的工艺流程,探讨各
    处理工艺中的活性炭深度处理单元的净水效果,为今后水厂采用活性炭深度处理
    工艺提供依据。
     试验结果表明,各组合工艺中的活性炭深度处理单元不仅使常规有机指标
    CODMn 大大降低,出水含量远低于国家饮用水标准,而且对其他有机物指标,
    如 DOC、UV254等的去除效果都很明显;证实活性炭吸附对有机物的去除,尤其
    是对溶解性有机物的去除在各组合工艺中的贡献最大,弥补了常规处理工艺的不
    足;对于有预氯化的组合工艺,将活性炭置于常规工艺之后,可有效缓解常规出
    水三氯甲烷含量增高的不利现象,且活性炭吸附可以降低消毒副产物前体物的含
    量,防止消毒副产物的大量生成,使饮用水的安全性得以保障;GC/MS 分析结
    果表明,活性炭对微量有毒有机污染物具有一定的去除作用;此外,由于活性炭
    滤柱内存在生物作用,活性炭深度处理单元也是组合工艺中氨氮的主要处理单
    元;最后通过对三种组合工艺中活性炭处理性能的综合比较分析,确定预臭氧+
    常规处理+活性炭为最佳工艺。
The development of industry and agriculture in China leads to the deterioration
    of source water quality year by year. On the other hand, as a result of improvement of
    people’s standards of living, the demand of drinking water quality and National
    Drinking Water Quality Standard are enhanced continually. In this situation the
    conventional processes used in most of water treatment works in China can no longer
    reliably supply the safe drinking water which can be up to “ Chinese National
    Drinking Water Quality Standard in 2001” completely. Consequently, the advanced
    treatment techniques are being taken seriously for producing a safe and aesthetically
    satisfactory drinking water. As one of various alternatives, granular activated carbon
    (GAC) adsorption process has been generally applied in advanced countries for many
    years, because of effective removal of organic substances, relative economy and
    convenient management. Unfortunately, GAC adsorption process has only been used
    in few water plants in China. It is a very important task to research and application of
    GAC adsorption process for renovating technical processes in water treatment plants
    in China。
     This study on GAC advanced treatment processes is a part of the research on
    reliable technique for safety drinking water belonging to the environmental protection
    technique project in Tianjin in 2002. The pilot tests are conducted in site for treating
    Linluan water. Three kinds of combined treatment processes are used in this study.
    They are: prechlorination - conventional treatment - GAC filter, prechlorination -
    conventional treatment - ozonation - GAC filter and preozonation - conventional
    treatment - GAC fliter, respectively. The performances of GAC absorption for
    micro-organic matters in the three processes are evaluated and compared.
     It is found that GAC filters of the above three processes have high removal
    efficiency of permanganate index, dissolved organic carbon and UV absorbance at
    254 nm. Dissolved organic matters (DOM) in water are removed mainly by GAC
    filters, which remedies the situation of low DOM removal by conventional treatment.
    In the processes including prechlorination, organic matters react with chlorine to
    produce chloroform, however, GAC filter following sand fliter can effectively
    decrease chloroform. Furthermore, GAC can prevent disinfection by-products (DBPs)
    from forming greatly by decreasing DBP precursors. The results of GC/MS analyses
    
    
    imply some toxic organic micropollutants disappearing after GAC filter. In addition ,
    microorganism can growth in GAC filter. For this reason, the level of
    ammonia-nitrogen in water is reduced by nitrobacteria on GAC. Finally, the combined
    pre-ozonation , conventional treatment processes and GAC fliter is recommended
    after a relatively comprehensive analysis based on the experiments.
引文
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    发表论文和科研情况说明
     发表论文和科研情况说明
    发表或已收录的论文:
    [1]孙丽娜,季民,任智勇,刘卫华,生物陶粒-微絮凝活性滤池工艺处理微
     污染原水的试验研究,给水排水,2003,29(12):24~27
    [2]季民,刘卫华,孙丽娜,周菁,微污染水生物陶粒滤池预处理研究,工业
     用水与废水,2003,34(6)
    [3]季民,刘卫华,任智勇,孙丽娜,新型组合工艺对微污染原水中有机污染
     物和消毒副产物前体物的去除,水处理技术,2004,已录用
    [4]季民,周菁,孙丽娜,刘卫华,贾霞珍,马丽,毕海燕,天津引滦水及引
     黄水水质微污染特征与生物预处理技术,第八届海峡两岸环境保护研讨会
     论文集,2002,10
    [5]Ren Zhiyong,Ji Min,Liu Weihua,Sun Lina,Zhao Ke,Jia Xiazhen,Ma
     Li,Bi Haiyan,“A Pilot Test of Integrated Treatment Processes for Safe
     Drinking Water”,2002 French-Chinese conference on Water Resource and
     Technology,Nov.6-9, 2002, 217~224
    参与的科研项目:
    [1]自来水饮用安全保障技术研究,天津市环保科技工程计划项目,2003~2004
    [2]安全饮用水处理系统综合技术研究,天津市科技发展计划项目,2001~2003
    [3]引滦水微污染特征与生物预处理技术研究,天津市自然科学基金重点项
    目,1999~2001
    [4] 废水与微污染处理创新技术研究,教育部天南大合作项目,2002~2004

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